Physiology and anatomy of plants

VEGETATIVE ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
Description of plant organs, their structure and function.......................................................1
Determination of key metabolic procedures in plants............................................................2
Energy transfer mechanism in plants.....................................................................................3
Plant adaptive strategies related to environmental changes...................................................4
Flower production in plants using physiology and anatomy..................................................4
How seeds of flowering plants are dispersed and relationship between dispersal method and
environment and habitat.........................................................................................................5
Role of plants hormones in flower production.......................................................................6
TASK 2 ...........................................................................................................................................7
Genetic procedures in plants and how different species inherit traits and characteristics.....7
How processes are adopted to environment and habitats.......................................................7
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Vegetative anatomy and physiology is related to plant and organism. The report will
cover description of plant organs, their structure and function, determination of key metabolic
procedures in plants, energy transfer mechanism in plants and adaptive strategies related to
environmental changes. In addition to this, flower production in plants using physiology and
anatomy and how seeds of flowering plants are dispersed and relationship between dispersal
method and environment and habitat will be discussed. Finally, the report will demonstrate
Genetic procedures in plants and how different species inherit traits and characteristics and how
processes are adopted to environment and habitats.
TASK 1
Description of plant organs, their structure and function
A tissue which can be simple or complex depending upon whether it is composed of one
or more than one type of cells. It can be said that tissues are further combined and arranged into
organs that carry out functions of life of an organism effectively. Plant organs involve stem, leaf,
root and reproductive structures (Keller, 2015).
Structure and function
Stems, leaves and roots are the main structure or organs found in plants. These are made
up from specialised tissues that have structure suited to the job they perform.
Below table summarises the main features:
STRUCTURE FUNCTION
Leaves:
 Leaves are thin with a huge surface
area.
 The cells also contain chlorophyll in
chloroplasts (Coghill, 2015).
 There is a huge area for absorption of
light and short distance for gas
diffusion.
 Leaves aret he food factory of plants as
they are the main site of photosynthesis
in which sugar is made from carbon
dioxide and water using energy from
sunlight that has been absorbed by
chlorophyll.
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Stems:
 Stems are cylindrical and long. Woody
issue such as fibres and xylem in which
sclerenchyma adds strength.
 Stems contains phloem and xylem.
 It helps to support leaves, fruits and
flowers. It can resist or bend the wind.
 Transport minerals and water to leaves
and sugar to root, fruits and flowers.
Roots:
 It branches out extensively through the
soil.
 The root hair provides a large surface
area.
 Roots contain phloem and xylem in
veins.
 Root tip covers area of cells divisions.
 Root cap cover the root tip.
 Roots provide anchorage in the soil.
 It helps to enable absorption of
nutrients and water.
 It enables transport of nutrients and
water and grow into the soil
 Roots protect and lubricate the growing
root effectively.
Determination of key metabolic procedures in plants
Metabolism is divided into two categories in which catabolism refers to the breaking
down of organic matters. For an example, breaking down of glucose to pyruvate by anabolism
and cellular respiration.
There are main two types of harvesting unit that operates together in the chloroplasts of
green plants in order to bring the first phase of photosynthesis which occurs in two successive
procedures (Banerjee, Gantait and Maiti, 2017). These two are Carbon fixing reaction and light
reaction. Photosynthesis is a process that helps to capture energy and covert and store in simple
sugar molecules.
The light reaction: Light reaction include striking chlorophyll molecule embedded in thylakoid
of chloroplast. In addition to this, subsequent reactions result in the conversation of light energy
to chemical energy. Water molecules splits apart into hydrogen ions in the light reaction and
oxygen gas and electron is released.
The carbon fixing reaction: The reaction of carbon fixing is used to be called dark reaction
because light does not play a direct role in the functioning. In this case, the reaction takes place
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