Tourism Management and Research Trends

This assignment delves into recent developments and key themes within the field of tourism management. It examines various research papers focusing on crucial areas such as engaging residents as stakeholders in visitor attractions, food management's impact on tourism's carbon footprint, human resource challenges in the tourism and hospitality industry, website evaluation in tourism research, effective visitor attraction management, natural area tourism impacts, and domestic tourism expenditures. Additionally, it analyzes the roles of clustering, cooperation, and complementarities within the visitor attraction sector.

VISITOR ATTRACTION
MANAGEMENT

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
a).............................................................................................................................................1
b).............................................................................................................................................2
c).............................................................................................................................................3
d).............................................................................................................................................4
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
a).............................................................................................................................................5
2.2...........................................................................................................................................6
2.3...........................................................................................................................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
3.1...........................................................................................................................................8
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
4.1...........................................................................................................................................9
4.2.........................................................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Tourism is considered as the major means of earning profit in the country. Thus it
becomes important for the countries to develop tourism by constructing and maintaining their
cultural heritage places. In today's time tourism is considered as the important area to earn profit
and increase their GDP (Dewhurst and et.al., 2014). Further, in this report the study of London
tourism is done. Under this, the development of visitors attraction as development product is
been assessed. In addition to this, classification, typologies and the importance of visitors in the
industry is been analysed. The scope and importance of visitors attraction is been discussed
efficiently. Further, the visitors types, impacts and tourism motivation theories are studied in
detail. Moreover, the issues which are affecting the development process in tourism are stated
and the ways to overcome them are been discussed. In the end, the application of management
techniques and its impact on sustainability are studied in the current report.
TASK 1
a)
Visitor's attraction refers to the place of interest where the tourists visit, mainly for the
cultural, historical significance, beauty of the place, its beliefs, leisure, adventure and
amusement. The visitor's attraction can also be determined as the permanent established
destination, where the public can come and assess it for entertainment, to collect the data about
its historical value, etc. Thus, all the countries must maintain their heritage places so that they
can attract wide range of people to visit it which will directly increase their income (Leask,
2010). The attractiveness depends on several factors such as economy, social life, environment
etc. Moreover there are other factors also which are connected to the tourists such as socio-
demographical and motivation. The travel motivation is a crucial part for the development of the
tourism industry. Further, the attraction can be classified in two ways, man-made or natural and
the temporary or permanent. The former ones are developed to attract the tourists to enjoy the
place and see the images or articles put at the place. On the other hand the permanent places

refers to the ones which are of great value in terms of its beliefs or study. Thus it attract the
people like school children, families and the archaeologists which studies the history of the
place built in the older times (Swarbrooke and Page, 2012).
Further, the countries must make sure that the provisions are made for the visitors so that
they get the convenience while travelling through different places (Law, Qi and Buhalis, 2010).
As the tourists are the life blood of the tourism industry, they must be placed at the centre of the
development process. They must have the feeling that the what they were expecting from the
place is been fulfilled. This can be ensured by providing them with proper transportation, hotels
and other facilities. Moreover, the cost and benefit analysis must be carried out efficiently to
seek the attraction's benefit from the financial perspective and must be executed in a proper
manner. Further the countries must be focused on the following tourism products to enhance the
visitors to their place:
 They must focus on the quality, sustainability and the involvement of everyone of the
industry to attain the maximum profit to the economy.
 The place must be beyond the expectations of the visitors (Garrod and et.al., 2012).
 To enhance with the Hospitality sector so that it becomes easy for the people to take the
accommodation as per their choices.
 They must also make effective marketing for their places so as to make people aware
about the tourist places.
b)
Tourist can be stated as the person who makes the tour to have leisure, to do business or
for some other purposes with or without their family. Further, the following are the classification
of visitors attraction in London:
 Cultural attraction- These places are built years ago as per the culture of the country.
The people come to visit these places to experience the essence of tradition or old culture
(Mason, 2015). In London there are several cultural places which depicts the old tradition
of the country. It includes museums, art galleries, historic places, theatres etc. The
Victoria and Albert Museum is the largest museum which is having decorative arts and
design's collection of around 4.5 million objects.
 Natural attraction- These includes the places which are created by the nature. These
areas are been protected by the government and and provided to the public so that they

can enjoy the sights. WWT London Wetland centre is one of the most ideal place in
London. It is an old wildlife situated in the heart of London. There are number of unique
species of birds, insects and other wildlife animals (Barros and et.al., 2011).
 Heritage attractions- These are placed many years back and now they are become
historical. These assist the people to gain an appreciation of the past places and the
culture. In London there are many historical places (Newsome, Moore and Dowling,
2012).
 Events attraction- These places attract number of tourists to visit the place. They are
having small events or huge ones such as Olympics at the place. London eye is one of the
beautiful place in London. It carries around 25 people and shows the best view from 32
capsules (Page, 2014).
 Religious- These refers to the places which attain some religious or belief factor for a
certain places. These mainly attracts the people who are very religious or have a high
faith in god. Thus it mainly includes the temples, church etc (Coghlan, 2012).
 Purpose built attraction- These places are built purposely to attract number of tourist to
visit the place. They are developed to make the people get entertainment, enjoy and spend
good time with their family members. Buckingham palace is a London residence and
administrative quarter of monarch of UK. It is having the royal hospitality and considered
as the centre of state occasions (Gössling and et.al., 2011).
 Education attractions- These places provides with some educational value to the
students. Thus, it mainly attracts the people who wants to enhance their knowledge or
qualification for a certain place. Tower of London is situated on the bank of river Thames
in central London. It is earlier used as the prison and the grand palace served as the royal
residence for the people (Kusluvan and et.al., 2010).
 Eco- tourist attraction- These places refers to the ones which are environmental friendly
and are having gardens, plants etc. The people who loves the nature are most likely to
visit these places. For example, Hyde Park located in London serves a great view of
nature (Thrane and Farstad, 2011).
c)
Tower of London is place of torture and death as it was a prison in the earlier times.
Further within it there is royal palace behind which there is a long history. It is oriented as the

most strongest and impressive defences overlooking the Saxon London. It is surrounded by the
river Thames (Evans, Stonehouse and Campbell, 2012). The castle in the tower is made up of
three wards, the innermost is named as White tower. Around it, there is a inner ward which was
build during the reign of Richard the Lion heart and finally the outermost ward which
encompasses the castle was built under Edward.
This is mainly comes under the educational attraction as it provides with high knowledge
to the people. As it gives the study of prison and the royal palace formed in earlier times. With
the pace time several wards were created and this gives a large knowledge about the historical
times to the current period. Further, this overlaps with the historical as well as cultural attractions
as it was build in earlier times and now it has gained a historical value to the place (Weidenfeld,
Butler and Williams, 2011). Now, not only the people who want to gain knowledge or want
qualification visits the place rather the tourists who are interested in exploring the historical
cultural monuments also visits the place. As they get to know about their ancestors and the
tradition followed by them in the earlier times.
Similarly the WWT London Wetland centre is a wildlife which is having a number of
species living in it. It is mainly included in the natural attraction of London as it is build by the
nature. There are number of plants, animals and other species which forms the best place to visit
(Page, 2011). Thus, it overlaps the Eco- Tourist attractions as there are different types of trees
and fresh environment, the people who are the lovers of eco-fiendly environment will be fond of
visiting these places. Thus people from both the attractions will have interest to spend their time
in the natural environment. People from far far countries comes to visit the place.
d)
There is a great importance of visitors attraction towards the London. As they are the core
element for the development of tourism industry (Witt, Brooke and Buckley, 2013). Every
country needs more and more tourists to increase their income. Further the following are the
importance of visitor's attraction to the London:
 Increases employment- Tourism serves the maximum employment to the people of the
country. As by this, number of sectors are involved like hospitality sector, foods and
fashion industry etc. The person who come to visit the place naturally eat food in
different hotels and also do purchasing for their family. Thus it helps to provide
employment to number of people (Conlin and Jolliffe, eds., 2010).

 Enhancement in economy- As this sector gives maximum profit, so the country is able
to high amount of money from this. This results with the increase in the GDP level of the
place. Thus it becomes important for the government to take several measures to maintain
tourism industry in their country (Albalate and Bel, 2010).
 Increase international links- As tourism helps to increase the internationals links, this
will assist in getting more business and cultural connections in the long run.
Further, the local areas are highly benefited by the visitors attractions to larger places. The
following are the means in which they gain the benefit: Earn their living- The people coming from different countries are fond of getting cultural
products from the place they visit. Thus the people from smaller areas are making things
which depicts the culture of the place. Thus by selling them they earn their living
comfortably (Uysal, Perdue and Sirgy, eds., 2012). Raises the profile of the local place- As tourism provides the local area people to show
itself to the visitors and raise their profile in the world. This helps them to increase their
standard of living (Weidenfeld, Butler and Williams, 2010).
 Jobs for the local people- As all the places like hotels, bars, transport, shops and
restaurants need a large staff to perform their operations, they appoint these local people
to work as they take lesser pay as compared to others (Conlin and Jolliffe eds., 2010).
TASK 2
a)
Needs and motivation are the major engines of the human conduct and plays an important
part in the mechanics of tourism. The motivation comes when the individual is capable of
developing the impulse which leads to a need, which in return will create a feeling of
dissatisfaction until and unless the need is not satisfied (Benckendorff, Moscardo and
Pendergast, eds., 2010). The main reason behind the person to travel is to become fulfil its need
and get more than its expectation. Thus the country needs to develop the motivation factors for
the visitors so that they can get attracted towards them and develop the tourism industry. Further,
the travel needs and expectations are also related to the person's expectation and may influence
the final outcome of the holiday. Moreover, the subject of tourism needs can be analysed and
studied by different angles such as scientific, psychology, social and anthropology.

Further, in the context of tourism motives the concept of push and pull factors are used.
As there are several external motives which highly influence the visitors and pull them to take
the decision to visit the place. The beautiful places have the power to influence the potential
tourists and can instigate the person to develop a motive travelling to that place. At first, the pull
factors develop some feeling to go to that place and the desire is not satisfied until it is not done.
However, there are push factors also which makes the person to make a holiday plan to go at
different places. It is mainly the inner feeling of the individual which pushes the person to go in
that direction an visit the places. In addition to this, the person is not only get motivated by a
single thing but rather by a series of travel needs and motives which create the urge to travel
around the world (Tourism Theories. 2014). The people gets the views from others which has
already visited a certain place gives a higher level of motivation as they create an imaginative
view for them which directly creates a urge to visit it. Desire are the main the main motivating
factor for a holiday has resulted in a growing number of theme group travel options that
concentrate on certain specializations such as bird watching, orchids or nature photography.
On the basis of some motivations individual get feel motivated towards their attractive
facilities , discounting coupons on an other some extra benefits which may be provide by the
tourism industry to their concerning customer. On the other hand some of destination places are
also aid too atain their large number of customers. So these all such factors where people were
get motivated towards there travel facilitates where they provide higher quality at less price.
2.2
In order to evaluate the positive and negative impact that tourism has on the visitor
attractions. Tourism can only be sustainable if it is managed carefully and so that these impacts
are described as per the different destinations of UK. The various impact of tourism on visitors
are as follows: Economic effects- The tourism creates job with direct employment within the industry
and so that indirectly in the sectors such as transportation and retail (Dewhurst and et.al.,
2014). It provides opportunities for small scale business enterprises which is more
important and generate extra tax revenues such as hotel and airport taxes which is used
for the schools, hospitals and housing. On the other side, it has some negative impact also
on the tourism which includes that successful tourism based on the basic infrastructure

such as visitor centres, roads and hotels. For example Big Ben, London's iconic national
timepiece and this place has a great economic impact on the travellers. Social effects- The destination which is a Tower of London where visitors faces some
problems as there is social impact which may be positive or negative and in that context
there are some effects of that. Improvement in the infrastructure and new leisure which
results from tourism and it also benefits the local community (Leask, 2010). Tourism
helps in encouragement for the preservation of the traditional customs and festivals and
so that it creates civic pride. As there is a negative impact of tourism on the visitor
includes the crowding and congestion, alcohol problems and increase in the level of the
crime. Tourism can even infringe the rights of human with local being displaced from
their land to make way for the new hotels or barred for the beaches. If there is any
interaction with tourists can also leads to erosion of the traditional cultures and values.
 Environmental effects- Environment affects the tourism in various ways which is positive
and negative including the particularly nature and ecotourism which helps in promoting
conservation of natural resources and wildlife such as rain forests, as these are regarded
as assets of tourism. It also helps in generating the funds for maintenance of animal
preserves and marine parks through guide fees and entrance charges (Swarbrooke and
Page, 2012). So that by creating the alternative sources of employment, reduces the
problem of tourism such as deforestation and over-fishing in the developing nations. On
the other side, the negative impact of tourism on the visitor is a threat to the cultural and
natural sources such as beaches, water supply and heritage sites. It also causes in
increasing the pollution through increase sewage production, traffic emission and noise.
Thus, these are the impact on tourism on the visitor attraction in the form of positive and
negative so that they can easily find out the different aspects which are related to increase in the
growth (Law, Qi and Buhalis, 2010).
2.3
Tourist motivation can be referred as the global integrating network of biological and
forces of cultural which provides value and direction to travel choices, behaviour and experience
and simply to motivate the people to pursuit the goals (Garrod and et.al., 2012). Further, in order
to contribution to the successful operation there are some motivational theories which are useful
to visitor attraction which includes that according to the push and pull concept in which push

factors explains the desire for travel in visitors while the pull factors have been used to explain
the actual choice of destination. There are nine motivations of leisures travellers were identified
in which seven are identified as the socio-psychological or push methods which includes the
escape from a perceived mundane environment, evaluation of self, prestige, relaxation, social
interaction, regression and enhancement of kinship relationship which helps in motivating the
tourists for the proper use of travel and tourism in different places as per there choice and
relaxation (Mason, 2015). On the other side, there are two factors of pull concept of the
motivation includes the education and novelty.
In addition to this, Maslow theory identify the two types of motivation which includes
tension-reducing motives and arousal seeking motives. As per the Maslow, there are five need s
forming hierarchy which involves that the tourism industry has borrowed a lot from Maslow as
he provides a useful framework to understand the psychological factors which are helpful for the
motivational factors in tourism. If within the holiday, the various initial needs are satified and
after that others are emerged so as per that the Maslow's theory of needs to argue that if the
initially there is a primary need for the relaxation for the travellers. In addition to this, the Pierce
model which is divided into two categories including that relaxation may be a solo exercise
where the holiday maker seeks a quiet restful time so that this will helpful in increase in the
motivation towards the tourism (Barros and et.al., 2011). Moreover, the motivation will be
increase by the fulfilment of the desires of the visitors such as specific interest, cultural interest
or sports events for the people. It also includes the needs and wants of visitors which plays an
important role in the mechanism of tourism. It also includes the responsible tourism in which it
minimises the economical, social and environmental factors and generate the economic benefits
for the people. Thus, these all are the various types by which there is an increase in the tourist
motivation of the visitors
In Maslow theory where he provides a useful framework to understand the psychological factors
which are helpful for the motivational factors in tourism.
 Physiological needs- In this need individual focus on these the basic needs of air, water,
food, clothing and shelter. In other words, physiological needs are the needs for basic
amenities of life.

 Safety needs- In this need individuals focus on safety needs include physical, environmental
and emotional safety and protection. Social needs- Social needs include the need for love,
affection, care, belongingness, and friendship.
 Esteem needs- In this need individual identify their internal or external qualification which
may affect their performance.
 Self-actualization need- This need is identify their what you are capable of becoming what
you have the potential to become. It includes the need for growth and self-contentment.
TASK 3
3.1
In order to evaluate the various issues which are affecting the development of a visitor
attraction, there are some factors which has a impact on development which includes the services
provided by the tourism sector of UK. There are some issues faced by tourism sector in
attractions of visitor in development which are as follows:
Implementation of policies- Now a days, tourism has become more attractive with new
concepts which require the proper support of government for the development and flourish. The
various concepts of tourism includes adventure tourism, cruise tourism so that there is need of
effective implementation of policies for the growth of the overall industry (Newsome, Moore and
Dowling, 2012). Further, some states of UK are taking proactive measures in formation of policy
and implementation.
Security- security plays an important role in the growth of visitor attractions which includes the
attacks on the visiting places of UK which has been the major problem for the tourism growth.
Sometimes the destinations of near UK are risky for the travellers so that people avoid to go
there and hence it creates a problem in the development of tourism (Page, 2014).
Public private partnerships- Development of tourism in the country especially the
infrastructure has been lack down because there is a requirement of proper ability to raise finance
in order to innovations and efficiencies, environment of budgetary restrictions through the
private sector investors who contribute their own experience, capital and skills. Further, this
support the growth by the private public partnership model so that government need to resolve

the current issues to allow the private sector to earn the return on investment (Coghlan, 2012).
Thus, a successful development of infrastructure is based on the proper implementation of the
different policies.
In addition to this, it also includes the funding and generation of income from the visitor
attraction such as Buckingham palace is one of the most working royal places and it has been
open for the visitors. As the income is generating from the supplement the funding it receives
from the government of UK. This has been seen that there is an increment in the income
generation from household from £6.7 to £11.6 million as per the 2007 and 2013. Further, it also
include the another destination which is Tower of London and it has generate revenues from the
tourism around 5% of the gross value added income and UK spending approximately £15
millions per year. This figure includes all the aspects of London tourism including the
accommodation, transportation and attraction entrance fees (Gössling and et.al., 2011).
Investments are the one of the best source to generate income for development where individual
can invent in some financial institutes and and real estate so these thing can be easily generate
their income for some developments.
TASK 4
4.1
In order to increase the visitor attraction and to give them a memorable experience within
the trip, there are some management strategies and techniques which are used by the the sector of
travel and tourism. The different management strategies and techniques are mentioned below: Festival Tourism- This type of tourism creates a different environment around the city
which includes the local tradition of the them as music festivals, food festivals and more
can draw a big crowd that will spend a huge amount of money at different establishments.
Thus, it is important to closely explain the expenditure by the town and tourists to ensure
that it is a good financial move for the community (Kusluvan and et.al., 2010). Thus, this
strategy of management maximise the attraction of visitors and give them a memorable
experience of the visit. Creating personal connection- The city of London, created an program which help in
connecting the visitors with the city. This program helps both the parties to receives the
discounts on the various activities and it formation of a bond so that the tourists are