Tourism Management Research Review

This assignment presents a thorough literature review on tourism management. It examines key research articles across diverse areas within the field, including sustainable tourism practices, human resource management in the tourism industry, website evaluation for tourism research, visitor attraction management, and revenue management at capacity-constrained destinations. The review highlights significant trends and advancements in tourism management theory and practice.

VISITOR ATTRACTION
MANAGEMENT

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Different types of visitor attractions.....................................................................................4
1.2 Importance of various types of tourist attractions.................................................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Motivational need for different types of tourist....................................................................6
2.2 The impact of tourism on attraction destination of London..................................................8
2.3 Different kind of tourist motivational theory......................................................................10
TASK 3..........................................................................................................................................11
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................12
4.1 Different visitor management strategies.............................................................................12
4.2 Various management techniques for sustainable development..........................................13
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Tourist destination management is the major source of revenue generation for the
government and the for maintaining the cultural heritage of the country. The government is
playing important role in development of tourism industry and the management of visitor
attraction. The tourist attractions are the destination which allows the people to visit and entrain,
educate or access their interest related to culture, heritage of the country. Tourist management is
very important for the country development. England is the country of great civilisation and
culture. The tourist destination are permanently established places which is having primary
objective of providing source of entertainment , educate and respect the historical culture of the
country. These attraction are not primarily developed as retail outlet or any another market
purposes to built profit over them (Page, 2014).
In this report the different types of visitor attraction in the England is studied. The impact
of the different kind of the destination in England affects the tourist behaviour to large extent.
The visitor attractions are basically involved in the sightseeing activities by the tourist from al
over the word whether it is physically or electronically to entertain their interests. The different
types of theory are discussed in motivation of the tourist to establish a successful management
system of tourist destination.
TASK 1
1.1 Different types of visitor attractions
The tourist places are overlapped by the different type of visitor attractions. As there are
some tourist attractions which are not developed to being involved in the tourist industry but due
to huge interest in the places it eventually become visitor attraction places. The tourist from
various parts of the world come to visit these places to access their interest and eduction. Like
the London eye located on bank of Thames is not established by the purposes of sightseeing
places but it later on developed as one of the most visited tourist attraction in UK by more than
3.5 million tourist annually (Schwartz, Stewart and Backlund, 2012). VisitBritain is the national
tourism agency which is having a major role in management of visitor attraction and motivating
tourist in UK.

The tourist attraction destinations can be categorised on the grounds of various factors.
Visitor attractions are majorly divided in two types i.e. human-made and the natural places.
These places can be also divided on various grounds like-
 On the basis of authority: National, International, Local and Regional,
 On the basis of ownership: Public (government), Private, Charity, Voluntary,
 Pricing for admission: Paid and Free.
Natural attraction are defined as the places which are developed naturally due to
biological activities in the atmosphere of earthy. The natural attractions represents the beauty of
earth. These attraction are not established by any interference from human activities these are
developed naturally. These natural attraction are developed with help of sustainable tourism.
Tourist prefer natural destination because these places provide relief from their stress life in
enjoying beauty of the environment (Swarbrooke and Page, 2012). Natural attraction comprises
of lakes, oceans, mountains, rivers, beaches, coral reefs, islands, forests. The tourist of UK prefer
activities like walking, hiking, river rafting to engage themselves in sightseeing of natural
attractions. These natural attraction requires less staff and management. These attraction involves
management of natural resources and sustainable development of natural attraction.
The human-made attractions are establishes can be further categorised in two types i.e.
developed to attract tourist, and not establish for purpose of tourism. Theme parks, zoos,
botanical gardens, art galleries, casinos are the man-made attractions that are developed
primarily with the purpose of attracting visitors. Other like castles, forts, monuments are the
human-made visitors attraction destinations that are developed for different culture and maintain
historical and cultural heritage of particular country. These are the evidences of development of
civilisation within country. These attraction are requires paid admission. The charges depend on
the various management requirement and cost incurred in maintaining the attractions and
depending upon type of ownership also. The heritage attraction of the country shows the various
places that are very old and established for different purpose and due to some preference and
interest theses places eventually become tourist places (Waligo, Clarke and Hawkins, 2013). The
Stone Henge located in Wiltshire which is man made heritage attraction destination.
The event attraction are the destination or the places which attracts various visitors from
all over the world to enjoy particular event, season, cultural celebration in the specific places.
The events like sporting event, festivals etc. are the tourist attractions. All these man made

attractions are to be managed by different strategies to develop motivated tourist base. The
attractions are also requires more staff, managing and developing cities. Hence these requires
more managing activities from accountable authority.
1.2 Importance of various types of tourist attractions
The visitor sector is the main arena fro development of tourism industry of the country.
VisitBritain is the travel agency which continuously engaged in the activities related to
development of destination and motivating the tourist to visit these attraction places. The visitor
attraction is the one of the tourism product of complex structure of tourism agency of Britain.
However the attractions plays important role in managing marketing activities of tourism
industry to motivate the visitors (Witt, Brooke and Buckley, 2013). Like London eye is the
famous attraction places for National tourist agency VisitBritain to attract more and more visitors
in England. Due to changing numbers of the tourist leads to motivation for development of new
attraction destinations in the country and engaging the travel agency in developing off site
activities and more activities related to developing interest of visitors. These agencies are
countlessly involved in the various kind of conferences, event organization to develop a huge
tourist base by attracting them from different market strategies implementation. The various
tourist agency are involved in managing good accommodation, food, beverages arrangement to
attract tourist at particular attraction and providing them mode of various activities like events,
camping, parties to engage them in entraining themselves and building motivation to visit these
places. So, the success of tourist agency in offering more tourist not only depends on the
destination but also have interrelationship with the product offering with the visitor attraction
places.
The repetitive involvement in the visiting a certain destination depends on the pre and
post visit experience of the tourist. The visitor attraction destination tourism is also influenced by
various external factors and the contiguous activity (Page, 2011). The attraction popularity
depends on the response towards the tourist needs and the problem solving strategies related to
different external factors. The terrorist attack 2005 leads to immediate decrease in visitor count
of London tourism industry. The effective response by the hospitality management and the
government support helps the National tourism industry VisitBritain helps in faster recovery of
visitor count in country.

The different type of visitor attraction are developed with various means of management
techniques. The maintenance and regular development of these attractions helps in fulfilment of
tourist needs faster and in efficient manner. The man made tourist places are maintained by the
different activities like maintaining their architecture, inbuilt heritage and the culture to attract
for tourist base by the tourism industry of the country (Mason, 2015). The tourist motivation of
the attraction place depends on the sustainable development of the natural destination and
availability of important resources according to various visitor needs. These destinations requires
development and maintenance of natural resources by the national tourism agency. The national
tourism agency the VistBritain in more focused about the development of architecture of
historical heritage and the maintaining the inbuilt cultural values of monuments, castles etc. of
England. These agency is involved in enhancing the involvement of local and regional people in
development of cultural values and development of good tourist attraction environment. The
destination is having important source of money for development of country economy through
attracting more visitors to the place.
TASK 2
2.1 Motivational need for different types of tourist
Tourist is the person who are travel away from home for achieving his entertainment
requirement, interest and other purposes may be related to business objectives etc. The person
involves in travelling activities to various destination is an tourist and prospective client for all
tourism industry (Newsoms, Moore and Dowling, 2012). The industry is involved in the different
motivating strategies to attract tourist for making visit of attraction places depending on various
needs of tourist and different kind of tourist. The different type of tourist are categorised below:
 Incentives tourist: These are the person who received holiday package in return of
achieving company targets. These rewards leads to motivation to do work hard in
company.
 Business tourist: These are the people who make trips for enhancing their business
worldwide. These people make visit of different countries to attend various shows,
conferences etc.

 Educational tourist: These are the person who travel to different town , cities, countries in
order to enhance their knowledge and skills. These people are involved in making travel
arrangement to various destination for further studies.
 Adventure tourist: These are the people who decides to visit various attraction places
which are full of adventure and risk like rock climbing, sky diving, river rafting ( Leask,
Fyall and Barron, 2014).
 Cultural tourist: These are the tourist who are fond of experiencing various culture of
attraction places like cultural festival, International jazz festival etc.
 Ecotourist: These type of tourist are interested in enjoying the beauty of nature incurred
inn various natural visitor attractions places. Like for an example different forests, lakes
beaches etc.
 Leisure tourist: These are the person who are involved in revitalize the energy from
travelling various attraction destination in the world for enjoying break for daily routines
and stressed life.
 Religious tourist: These tourist are involved in visiting various religious places to the
world. World is full of the religious attraction places.
 Special Interest tourist (STI): These are the tourist who are passionate towards particular
things like birds, fishing, wine food, books etc. which motivates them to visit various
attraction places to collect for experience and knowledge about these passions.
These various types of tourists are motivated by the different factors to visit different
attraction places in the world. The national tourist agency VisitBritain is involved in analysing
these internal and external motivational factors which can develop England a tourist hub by
providing all tourist needs through attraction destination by the agency (Leask, 2010). The
internal and external motivation factors for the tourists are as follows:
 Attitudes of tourist- The person interest in getting knowledge of person, place and the
negative and positive experience toward the particular destination.
 Personality of tourist- The nature and type of tourist affects the motivational level of
visitor.
 Place of origin: The place from where tourist belong also affects the motivation of the
visitor. Ex. American ladies and families are more prefer to visit new places and
collecting knowledge about their cultures and values.

 Extrinsic motivation: this defines the various factors like money, expenditure, various
environmental condition to plan out tour for enjoying the salary (Law, Qi and Buhalis,
2010).
 Family and age: the nuclear family re more likely to visit new attraction places as
comparison to large families. Nuclear family is having less expenditure in order to that
they can plan out holiday for visiting attraction destinations. Age also change they
motivation level of the tourist depending upon various destinations. Like for instance the
person between 4 to 40 may show interest preferably to visiting Disneyland as compared
to the old person.
2.2 The impact of tourism on attraction destination of London
Tourism can be the building block and destructing block for the development of any
country. The tourism should be sustainably managed to overcome the ill-effect from the mass
tourism in the country. Tourism in the country may have various economical, sociological and
environmental affects on the sustainable development of visitors attractions and the the country.
The various negative and positive impact of the tourism on various visitor attraction places in
London are:
 Economic Effects: The economical effects on the various destination places can be seen
positively as these more tourism results in increasing sales of retails outlet, profitably in
hotels, food and beverages sales. The tourism also leads to employment generation for
that region of attraction destination (Kusluvan, and et.al., 2010). This results in revenue
generation that can be utilised for more development of the attraction place and
maintaining its heritage and culture. These activities can also leads to negative impact on
development of the places. Mass tourism leads to need of more infrastructure like hotels,
roads and other facilities that are the governmental expenditure (Motivation Factors of the
Tourists. 2017. [Online].). These expenditure has to be capitalised from the taxes. This leads
to low tax reserves for other development of the country. The visitor attraction places is
the reason of increasing cost of the goods and services in that area that affects the livings
of regional people. The excessive tourism also enhance the chances of terrorist attacks
that may result in destruction of whole place, forts, castles and heritage monuments of the
London.

 Social Effects- The attraction places results in development of the infrastructure and
facilities in that area and region. This benefits the regional people living in the society
and also help in preserving their culture, handicrafts and customs . The tourist attraction
places provides means of communication between the local community and the tourist
that helps in development of awareness about social issues (Gössling, and et.al., 2011).
The need of infrastructure for development of the attraction places may result in the
migration of local communities to another places for requirement of more need. The mass
communication results in crowding and crime like prostitution etc. that effects the local
people of that region. Crowding and the habits of the tourist also influence the local
people like there may be more attraction of people towards drugs alcohol etc. this affects
the culture of local and regional communities.
 Environmental Effects: The tourism results in the enhanced responsibility of government,
national tourism agency VisitBritain and the local people towards the conservation of
wildlife an the protection of resources of the attraction destination such infrastructure of
man-made heritages places, resources such as rain forests, lakes etc (Garrod, and et.al.,
2012). These also helps in development of the diversity of animal and plants preservation
from the revenue generated from entry charges, guide fees etc. Excessive tourist at a
particular attraction place may results in increased pollution through wastes, littering and
traffic, sound pollution etc. The natural places are affected by the human population to
the large extent as they are the places of natural beauty that is hindered by the human
activities. The region of the attraction places may face scarcity of natural resources like
water supply, lives of the marine animals, coral reefs etc.
2.3 Different kind of tourist motivational theory
The consultant and the manager of the national tourist agency Visitbritain implement
various motivation theories that affects the motivation level of the visitors to specific attraction
places. Crompton says that the tourist is having high motivation for enjoying leisure time from
his busy schedule. The motivation factors are categorised in two parts impelling and compelling
factors of the tourist behaviour which affects the motivation of visitor (The Butler Model of tourist
resort development. 2017.Motivation Factors of the Tourists. 2017. [Online].). Dann concludes that tourist is
motivated to travel to gain self-recognition and ego enhancement. The tourist is desirable for the
love and affection and interested to maintain good communication with others that can be the

motivational factor for the individual to visit different places. The various theory of motivation
are as follows:
 Push and Pull Motives: This theory is well accepted theory given by Dann that defines
the motivation of tourist and behaviour of visitor. Dann defined in his theory that the
push factors are the aspects that let the person go away from home while the pull factors
the aspects which attracts the tourist for the destination. There are 7 socio-psychological
factors which are defined by the crompton that affects the push the factors of the Dann
theory. The internal motivation and the cultural factors are the aspects which helps in
pulling the visitor towards the attracted destination (Evans, Stonehouse and Campbell,
2012)
 Tourist career ladder: This theory is defined by the Pearce. This theory defines that
motivation is more repeatedly changed by the more experienced tourist as compared to
less experienced visitors. This theory is least accepted by the people.
 Decision-making Process: It is studied that the person who is travelling a specific place
repeatedly try to explore new places and adventures about that place because it seems
more excitement level to the visitors. While selecting the destination the tourist make
decision following the particular steps:
1. The tourist makes the total set about the destinations
2. Then the tourist will make out the awareness set out of the total set.
3. Then traveller conclude the destinations in available set.
4. Then tourist will checks the possibility of travel arrangements and develop possible
choices.
5. Then visitor will check out the positivity and negativity of the possible choices (Coghlan,
2012).
6. At last the tourist will select the final destination and conclude to a decision.
TASK 3
Covered in PPT.

TASK 4
4.1 Different visitor management strategies
For sustainable development of the visitor attractions it is necessary to implementation
of various visitors strategies by the governing bodies and the national tourism agency
Visitbritain. The different strategies are defined below:
1. Reduce use of entire protected area: this allows the decreased involvement of the human
being which may damage the natural resources of the attraction (Cellini, 2011). This
strategy is very much productive for the sustainable development of natural attractions
and their resources.
2. Managing the supply of tourism and visitors opportunities: This can be achieved by
applying limitation on the no. of visitors at the same time. This management helps in
managing the utilisation of primary and secondary resources at the visitors attractions.
3. Modify the location of use: this will enables managing the secondary attractions built
nearby the main arena of attractions and help in managing the development of
sustainable development of the visitors attractions.
4. Modify the timing of use: By managing the time of travelling and division of the group
of travellers in small clusters help in reducing the crowding in the attraction places.
5. Modify the type of use and the behaviour of visitors: Apply limitation over the use of
resources available and the type of tourism at the attraction destination. The different
behaviour of the visitors in attraction places affects the sustainable development of the
places. The behaviour shown by the business tourists re more professional as compared
to the another regional and local tourist. This affects the development of the destination
to the large extent. By implementing restriction over different behaviour of the visitor
can help in development of the place (Barros, and et.al., 2011).
6. Modify the visitor expectations: The different type of customers shows different
expectation and need toward the destination. The visitor expectation can be changed by
informing and spreading awareness about the importance of the destinations and the
sustainable development of the place.
7. Maintain and rehabilitate resources: This helps in making available new resources for
the tourists and local communities for decreasing the conflict between the host and the

guests.
4.2 Various management techniques for sustainable development
The different strategies of the sustainable development requires implementation of
manageable techniques. Some of the techniques are as follows:
 Limiting quantity of the tourist at the attraction places where the sustainable
development is needed.
 Apply restriction over the time period of stay engaged by the particular tourist.
 Develop other secondary areas of attraction resulting in the distribution of concentrated
of visitors from single place to other places.
 Implementation the procedure of charging visitor fee or the admission fee for the tourist
attraction. This will help in generating revenue for sustainable development of the
attraction and also reduces the no. of visitors.
 Provide information about the problem issues and the scarcity of resources and other
solution to concur the problem (Ab Karim and Chi, 2010).
 Prohibit the dangered area by the interference of human activities for preserving the
heritage and culture of the attraction place of the country.
 Eliminate availability of facilities in the prohibited are for the tourist this will ultimately
reduce the no. of visitors.
 Implementation of natural methods for the use of facilities this results in development of
the attraction in environment friendly manner and less effect of the natural beauty of the
attraction.
 Decrease or prohibiting the commercial and industrial establishment near the
monument , castle and the natural attraction of the country for increasing the life of the
visitor attraction.
 Regulate the behaviour and the attitude of visitors towards the visitor attraction for
sustainable development of the attraction.
 Shield and preserves the natural and scare resources available in the site of attraction.
And provide knowledge about the available resources and importance of the resources to
the visitors. So that they can respect and take care of development of the resources.
CONCLUSION

The tourism industry is having very important role in development of economic growth
within the country. After the crisis of 2008 the economy shows recovery and the tourism
industry is also growing at faster rate with economy. People are involved in leisure time and
enjoying vacation in visiting different destinations. The different types of tourist are attracted by
the different destination. Hence to motivate the tourist towards the visitor attraction the national
tourism agency is utilising different motivational approaches in managing the development and
growth of the destination. The local communities are aslo having important role in sustainable
development and managing the resources of the tourist attraction. The governing bodies and the
national tourist agency like VsitiBritain is developing various strategy and techniques for
sustainable development of the protected destination by implementing limitation over the
activities of human being.

REFERENCES
Books and Journal
Ab Karim, S. and Chi, C.G.Q., 2010. Culinary tourism as a destination attraction: An empirical
examination of destinations' food image. Journal of Hospitality Marketing &
Management. 19(6). pp.531-555.
Barros, C.P., and et.al., 2011. Performance of French destinations: Tourism attraction
perspectives. Tourism Management. 32(1). pp.141-146.
Cellini, R., 2011. Is UNESCO recognition effective in fostering tourism? A comment on Yang,
Lin and Han. Tourism management.32(2).pp.452-454.
Coghlan, A., 2012. Facilitating reef tourism management through an innovative importance-
performance analysis method. Tourism Management. 33(4). pp.767-775.
Evans, N., Stonehouse, G. and Campbell, D., 2012. Strategic management for travel and
tourism. Taylor & Francis.
Garrod, B., and et.al., 2012. Engaging residents as stakeholders of the visitor
attraction. Tourism Management. 33(5). pp.1159-1173.
Gössling, S. and et.al., 2011. Food management in tourism: Reducing tourism’s carbon
‘foodprint’. Tourism Management. 32(3). pp.534-543.
Kusluvan, S and et.al., 2010. The human dimension: A review of human resources management
issues in the tourism and hospitality industry. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly. 51(2).
pp.171-214.
Law, R., Qi, S. and Buhalis, D., 2010. Progress in tourism management: A review of website
evaluation in tourism research. Tourism management. 31(3). pp.297-313.
Leask, A., 2010. Progress in visitor attraction research: Towards more effective
management. Tourism management. 31(2). pp.155-166.

Leask, A., Fyall, A. and Barron, P., 2014. Generation Y: An agenda for future visitor attraction
research. International Journal of Tourism Research. 16(5). pp.462-471.
Mason, P., 2015. Tourism impacts, planning and management. Routledge.
Newsome, D., Moore, S.A. and Dowling, R.K., 2012. Natural area tourism: Ecology, impacts
and management (Vol. 58). Channel View Publications.
Page, S., 2011. Tourism management: An introduction. Routledge.
Page, S.J., 2014. Tourism management. Routledge.
Schwartz, Z., Stewart, W. and Backlund, E.A., 2012. Visitation at capacity-constrained tourism
destinations: Exploring revenue management at a national park. Tourism Management.
33(3). pp.500-508.
Swarbrooke, J. and Page, S.J., 2012. Development and management of visitor attractions.
Routledge.
Waligo, V.M., Clarke, J. and Hawkins, R., 2013. Implementing sustainable tourism: A multi-
stakeholder involvement management framework. Tourism management.36. pp.342-
353.
Witt, S.F., Brooke, M.Z. and Buckley, P.J., 2013. The Management of International Tourism
(RLE Tourism). Routledge.
Online
The Butler Model of tourist resort development. 2017. [Online].
<http://geographyfieldwork.com/ButlerModel.htm>. [Accessed On: 1 May 2017].
Motivation Factors of the Tourists. 2017. [Online]. Accessed Through:
<https://www.tutorialspoint.com/tourism_management/tourism_management_motivation_factor
s_of_tourists.htm>. [Accessed On 1 May 2017]