Waste Biomass of Crops in United Kingdom: Biomass Conversion Technology and Combustion Process

The research undertaken helps in estimating the potential energy produced from the waste biomass of five crops such as Wheat, oats, potato, sugar beet, and Barley. The purpose of producing a bioenergy from the food crops waste is to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, helps in keeping the environment clean, renewable source of energy, and others. The research is proposed with an agenda of calculating waste biomass of crops such as Wheat, Barley, Oats, Potato, and Sugar beet in the United Kingdom.

Engineering Management

Executive Summary:
The research undertaken helps in estimating the potential energy produced from the waste
biomass of five crops such as Wheat, oats, potato, sugar beet, and Barley. In this paper, we
have taken five food crops items such as Wheat, Barley, Oats, Potato, and Sugar beet grown
in the United Kingdom for undergoing the research study. The purpose of producing a bio-
energy from the food crops waste is to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, helps in
keeping the environment clean, renewable source of energy, and others. It helps in meeting
the sustainable development of the environment and urbanization of the United Kingdom.
The research is proposed with an agenda of calculating waste biomass of crops such as
Wheat, Barley, Oats, Potato, and Sugar beet in the United Kingdom.

Contents
Executive Summary:..................................................................................................................1
1. Proposed Title:....................................................................................................................5
2. Introduction.........................................................................................................................5
3. Project Outline....................................................................................................................6
Research questions.................................................................................................................6
Research Aim.........................................................................................................................6
Research Objectives...............................................................................................................6
Rational for Investigation.......................................................................................................7
4. Literature Review...............................................................................................................7
Categorisation of Biomass Sources:.....................................................................................10
Process of Biomass Energy Conversion...............................................................................11
UK government and Waste Biomass....................................................................................13
Characteristics of the energy crops:.....................................................................................14
5. Methodology.....................................................................................................................17
Literature Review.................................................................................................................18
Data Collection procedures..................................................................................................18
6. Evaluation and Analysis of Data collected.......................................................................18
Combustion Process.............................................................................................................38
Bioenergy conversion process..............................................................................................38
7. Time Plan..........................................................................................................................45
Work Breakdown Structure:.................................................................................................45
Gantt chart............................................................................................................................46
8. Results and Discussion.....................................................................................................46
Description of Crops Undertaken for research.....................................................................46
9. Conclusion........................................................................................................................57
10. References:....................................................................................................................58

List of Table
Table 1: Cost of different biomass collected from the numerous resources............................12
Table 2: Description of the waste production from the growth of the crops produced...........16
Table 3: Change in the production of cereals during the past year 2014 and 2015.................21
Table 4: Percentage of biomass characteristics in different crops...........................................22
Table 5: Content of carbon, nitrogen hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and ash in the crops
undertaken for study.................................................................................................................23
Table 6: Analysis of the crops to represent the amount of value present of carbohydrate,
protein, fat, fibre, and etc.........................................................................................................23
Table 7: selection of the crops for generating the waste biomass............................................24
Table 8: Part of the plant is used for converting the waste biomass accumulated into the
potential energy........................................................................................................................25
Table 9 Climatic Conditions for the crop growth....................................................................25
Table 10: Heating values generated from the crops.................................................................28
Table 11: Difference in the gross potential and surplus potential energy produced................28
Table 12: Production of the biomass can be influenced by these factors................................29
Table 13: Deployment of the technology in the construction of biomass plant.......................30
Table 14: type of biomass and technology applied..................................................................31
Table 15: Difference in the characteristics value of the different crops..................................34
Table 16: Difference in the characteristics of the internode taken for crops...........................34
Table 17: Calculation of dry weight according to the characteristics of the crops..................35
Table 18 Estimation of the energy produced by the dry matter accumulated from the crop
taken.........................................................................................................................................36
Table 19 Production for six Year.............................................................................................37
Table 20 Types of conversion Methodology...........................................................................37
Table 21: Description of combustion process..........................................................................38
Table 22: analysis of the crop residues present in the variety of crops....................................50

List of Figures
Figure 1 Changes in Energy Supplied till 2020.....................................................................................8
Figure 2 Accelerated growth of using the renewable source of energy production................................8
Figure 3 implementation process of waste management system to attain sustainable environment.......9
Figure 4: Categorisation of the different sources of biomass...............................................................11
Figure 5: Differentiation of Biomass Conversion Process...................................................................12
Figure 6: Different kinds of energy crops............................................................................................14
Figure 7: Part of the potato which is used for generating waste:..........................................................14
Figure 8Part of the Wheat which is used for generating waste:...........................................................15
Figure 9: Part of the Oats which is used for generating waste:............................................................15
Figure 10: Part of the Barley which is used for generating waste:.......................................................15
Figure 11: Part of the Sugar beet which is used for generating waste:.................................................16
Figure 12: Graph shows that wheat, barley, sugar beet, potato, and oats are the top five crops grown in
the United Kingdom............................................................................................................................19
Figure 13 Early Bird Survey for estimating the harvesting of crops in UK.........................................19
Figure 14: Comparison between the production of cereal in the year 2014 and 2015..........................20
Figure 15: Difference in the crop production produced during the year 2014 and 2015......................21
Figure 16: flowchart of the combustion process..................................................................................41
Figure 17 Process Flow Chart for the conversion of waste biomass to the potential energy:..............44
Figure 18: Part of the wheat used for biomass.....................................................................................47
Figure 19 Cause and Effect diagram for wheat....................................................................................47
Figure 20: Potato plant........................................................................................................................48
Figure 21: Varieties of potatoes found in UK......................................................................................48
Figure 22: Cause and Effect Diagram of Potato..................................................................................49
Figure 23: Percentage of waste used for biomass................................................................................50
Figure 24 bio-process used for generating by-products of the barley crop..........................................51
Figure 25: Cause and effect diagram of Barley....................................................................................51
Figure 26: parts of the oats plant which are used as fuel......................................................................52
Figure 27 Cause and Effect Diagram of oats:......................................................................................53
Figure 28 Part of the sugar beet used for biomass...............................................................................54
Figure 29 Cause and Effect Diagram of Sugar beet.............................................................................54
Figure 30 waste biomass of the crops will be the largest producer of bioenergy in 2025....................55

Title: Waste Biomass of the crops grown in United Kingdom
1. Proposed Title:
The Research is going to be conducted on calculating waste biomass of crops such as Wheat,
Barley, Oats, Potato, and Sugar beet in the United Kingdom.
Keywords: Biomass conversion technology, combustion process
2. Introduction
The biomass is the waste collected from the dead remains of plants and animals. The
accumulation of the biomass can be used for producing different forms of energy. It is a
renewable form of energy which has a positive effect on the environment sustainability. The
growing rate of pollution from industrialization and urbanization is the major concern for the
government of United Kingdom. The government is looking forward to make use of bio-
energy for preserving the sustainability of the environment because the use of bio-energy is
helpful in minimizing the emission of greenhouses gases which can increase the rate of
Global warming. The waste biomass is collected from the organic matter of plants and
animals for producing Bio energy. The renewable bio-energy can be retrieved from the waste
biomass by undergoing through the process of biomass conversion process. In this paper, we
have taken five food crops items such as Wheat, Barley, Oats, Potato, and Sugar beet grown
in the United Kingdom for undergoing the research study. The purpose of producing a bio-
energy from the food crops waste is to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, helps in
keeping the environment clean, renewable source of energy, and others. It helps in meeting
the sustainable development of the environment and urbanization of the United Kingdom.
The research is proposed with an agenda of calculating waste biomass of crops such as
Wheat, Barley, Oats, Potato, and Sugar beet in the United Kingdom. These crops are largely
produced by the United Kingdom so it helps in clear understanding of the waste biomass
accumulation for the conversion into bio-energy. The research undertaken helps in focusing
on the parts of plants which are used for producing bio-mass, selection of the crops according
to the agricultural yield produced in a year, geographic complexity of the United Kingdom,
and others.

3. Project Outline
The major areas which are going to be covered in the research study on calculating waste
biomass of crops such as Wheat, Barley, Oats, Potato, and Sugar beet in the United Kingdom
are analysis of the crop production, literature review conducted for analysing and estimating
the use of waste biomass, methodology undertaken to synchronise the research agenda and
associated aim, and final discussion on the findings and evaluation of the literature review
and methodology.
Research questions
The research questions which are designed for achieving the research aim are as follows:
RQ1: What is the statistical data of the agricultural yield produced for Wheat, Barley, Oats,
Potato, and Sugar beet in the United Kingdom?
RQ2: What are the properties of crops which are used for generating waste biomass?
RQ3: What are the equipment and processes used for collecting waste biomass of different
crops?
RQ4: What are the procedures used for calculating the waste biomass from the parts of the
plants?
RQ5: How the biomass can be converted into potential energy?
RQ6: What are the advantages of converting waste biomass into useful bioenergy?
Research Aim
The research undertaken helps in estimating the potential energy produced from the waste
biomass of five crops such as Wheat, oats, potato, sugar beet, and Barley.
Research Objectives
The Objective of this research paper is to focus on predicting the solution of the following
research questions undertaken:
 Statistics of the data related to the production of the crops placed by the government
 Generation of the waste biomass by different crops
 Research study on the properties of the crops

 Data related to the generation of waste biomass
 Classification of the part of the plant which is utilized for the generation of the waste
biomass
 Processing undertaken for the agricultural practices of the crops
 Potential waste generated from each crop
 Determining of the equipment required for the accumulation of the waste biomass
 Calculation procedure for the calculation of the waste biomass
 Conversion of biomass to the potential energy
Rational for Investigation
The undertaking research study helps in analysing the effect of biomass and bioenergy on
achieving the sustainability of the environment. The contribution of the research study is that
is that it helps in reducing the constraints associated with the environment protection
mechanism. The increasing growth of industrialization and urbanisation has direct ill-effects
on the green environment of UK. The calculation and estimation of bio energy produced from
the waste biomass helps in analysing the facts and figures for contributing towards the
maintenance of protection mechanism of the environment (Energy, 2016). From the study, it
can be predicted that it will be the most acceptable form of energy in the coming future.
4. Literature Review
The UK government is continuously working to find out the alternate solutions for
conducting low emission carbon based energy resources. It is found that the waste biomass
energy is the considerable solution to be used for low carbon biomass energy (Crocker, and
Crofchek, 2006). The UK government is planning for transforming their energy production to
the utilization of the bioenergy. The following graph shows in 2020, most of the energy is
supplied to the nation from renewable form of energy i.e. 31% of the total energy sources.

Figure 1 Changes in Energy Supplied till 2020
(Source: Kajikawa, and Takeda, 2008. Structure of research on biomass and bio-fuels: A
citation based approach. 1st. ed.)
The UK government is focusing towards biomass energy production and other sources of
renewable energy. Every year the production of renewable energy is increasing tremendously
up to 5.3%. The utilization of biomass helps in providing clean and sustainable environment
to the UK residents (Faij, 2006). The global warming issues can be effectively reduced by
indulging biomass energy production which focuses on reducing the carbon components from
the environment. The zero cost is required for managing the raw material for the production
of bio energy because it is based on the waste accumulated from the crops production and
agricultural yield (Rawat, 2016).The following graph shows the accelerated growth of using
the renewable source of energy production
Figure 2 Accelerated growth of using the renewable source of energy production

(Source: Kajikawa, and Takeda, 2008. Structure of research on biomass and bio-fuels: A
citation based approach. 1st. ed.)
The waste management process helps in achieving sustainability in the environment by
reducing the carbon particles and emission of carbon dioxide. It helps in managing the global
warming due to the limited supply of greenhouse gases. The over-exemption of the green
houses gases increases the complexity of adverse effect of global warming on the
surroundings such as melting of glaciers. The following figure shows the implementation
process of waste management system to attain sustainable environment.
Figure 3 implementation process of waste management system to attain sustainable
environment

(Source: Kajikawa, and Takeda, 2008. Structure of research on biomass and bio-fuels: A
citation based approach. 1st. ed.)
Categorisation of Biomass Sources:
The waste biomass can be collected from various sources such as plants, crops, and animals.
The availability of biomass helps in effective development of biomass energy which can be
utilized for processing units of small and medium sized organization (Indian Institute of
science, 2014). The research undertaken helps in estimating the potential energy produced
from the waste biomass of five crops such as Wheat, oats, potato, sugar beet, and Barley. The
virgin wood is the wood collected from bark, sawdust, logs, and brash. The sugar crops,
starch crops, and the oil crops comes under the category of agricultural energy crops. The
continuous power supply can be effectively managed with the utilization of waste biomass
(IBSS, 2012). The following diagram shows the clear categorisation of the different sources
of biomass.

Figure 4: Categorisation of the different sources of biomass
(Source: Sriram, 2012. Renewable biomass energy. 1st. ed.)
Process of Biomass Energy Conversion
The process of biomass conversion starts with the accumulation of the waste biomass
collected from different sources to convert it into required bio energy and ends up with the
use of biomass energy for the industrial and domestic purposes. There are four processes
involved in the biomass conversion process which are categorised as biomass resources and

its collections, process of supply system, conversion process, and End use of the bio energy
(Panepinto, Zanetti, Gitelman, Kozhevnikov, Magaril, and Magaril, 2017).
The biomass resources can be collected from conventional forest areas, short rotation forest
areas, sawdust conversion process, residues of agricultural crop production, oil crops, starch
crops, and sugar crops, animal products, municipal solid waste, and industrial waste
(McKendry, 2002). The supply system is the collection of various processes such as
harvesting, collection, handling, delivery and storage. The conversion of biomass energy is
the amalgamation of various processes such as biochemical processes, combustion,
gasification, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestions, combined heat and power, heating, de-
oxygenation, depolymerisation, hydrolysis, and fermentation. The bioenergy is used for
transportation fuels, heat, electricity, solid fuels, renewable construction materials, plant
based pharmaceutical, and renewable chemical including polymers (GCEP analysis, 2005).
The following diagram shows the clear differentiation of the processes:
Figure 5: Differentiation of Biomass Conversion Process
(Source: Sriram, 2012. Renewable biomass energy. 1st. ed.)
The following table shows the cost of different biomass collected from the numerous
resources:

Table 1: Cost of different biomass collected from the numerous resources
Type of Biomass Central Price Price Range
Wood fuels from forest in the
form of chips
2.5 2.0 to 3.0
Wood fuels from forest in the
form of logs
2.0 1.5 to 2.5
Variety of energy crops 2.5 2.6 to 3.6
SRC 3.4 2.8 to 3.6
Miscanthus 3.2 2.5 to 3.4
Arboricultural 2.6 2.1 to 3.2
Straw 2.0 2.2 to 3.4
Waste wood 1.8 1.2 to 3.5
UK government and Waste Biomass
The government takes several policies and agendas for developing bioenergy from the
biomass collected from different crops such as oats, barley, wheat, potato, and sugar beet to
generate bioenergy for domestic and industrial consumptions. The government is looking
forward for minimising the potential problems associated with the collection and
accumulation of waste biomass in the environment. The utilization of biomass for converting
it into bio energy helps in minimizing the carbon emission from industries and houses. The
heat energy and electricity can be generated from the bioenergy for domestic and industrial
purposes. The government should undertake some strategic plan for the effective distribution
of the bioenergy for domestic and industrial usage by the small and medium sized industries.
In the United Kingdom, 5.5 % bioenergy is consumed for performing business operations of
the big organizations. It increases the dependability of the industries on the renewable form
of energy. It helps in reducing 1.3m tonnes of carbon di oxide in the environmental
surroundings which ultimately helps in reducing the level of pollution and effects of global
warming. The strategy should be developed for consuming the bio-energy up to 31% till the
year 2020.

Characteristics of the energy crops:
The energy crops are categorised into three categories such as oil crops, sugar crops, and
starch crops. In the undertaking research study we have taken oats as oil crops, sugar beet as
sugar crops and wheat, Barley, and potato as starch crops. The energy crops are undertaken
for the research study because they can be kept for much longer duration of time in-situ,
harvesting of the energy crops in done in winters and spring seasons, they are deep rooted,
and others. The following diagram shows the different kinds of energy crops.
Figure 6: Different kinds of energy crops
(Source: Sriram, 2012. Renewable biomass energy. 1st. ed.)
The united Kingdom is the agricultural dependent country. 69% area of the country is utilized
for the development of the agricultural field to grow variety of crops such as wheat, barley,
oat, potato, sugar beet, ant etc. 476,000 people are involved in the development of the
agricultural field in the country. The farmers are equipped with the high technological
advanced resources for making the soil fertile to produce good yield of the crops grown over
the area. The farmers are provided with the low rates of their production. The earnings of the
farmers are limited. The farmers are working hard to improve their profitability from the
production therefore they started looking forward to develop source income from the organic
farming which depends on the waste produced from the plant production. The production of
the biofuels helps in increasing the profit of the farmers at much higher rates. The cost of the
fossil fuels depends on the energy produced by them. The farmers are becoming aware of the
utilization program of waste produced by their assets to convert them into profit. The residues
accumulated from the agricultural farms with the growth of different cereals such as wheat,
barley, oat, potato, sugar beet, ant etc.
Figure 7: Part of the potato which is used for generating waste:

(Source: Google Image)
Figure 8Part of the Wheat which is used for generating waste:
(Source: Google Image)
Figure 9: Part of the Oats which is used for generating waste:
(Source: Google Image)
Figure 10: Part of the Barley which is used for generating waste:

(Source: Google Image)
Figure 11: Part of the Sugar beet which is used for generating waste:
(Source: Google Image)
The survey on the agricultural farms of the cereals helps in finding out the residues
accumulated in the particular farm. The table below (Lehtomaki, 2011) shows the description
of the waste production from the growth of the crops produced.
Table 2: Description of the waste production from the growth of the crops produced
Name of the crop Waste Produced (In percentage) (%)
Wheat 4 to 11 %
Barley 7 to 13 %
Oats 7 to 13 %
Sugar beet 14 to 21 %
Potato 13 to 17 %

Different strategies have to be placed for increasing the profits from the waste residue
collected from various farms of cereals (Lehtomaki, 2011). The growth rate of the crops can
be improved with the deployment of strategies like sowing variety of crops, improving
fertilization, providing protection to the crop, changing practices for cultivation, rotation of
the crops, and management of the crop and residue produced. Different procedures are used
for the accumulation of the biogas produced from the crop cultivation (Olesen, 2015). The
harvesting of the crops should be associated with the activities of storing the crops, and
production of the biogas for the energy utilization in the form of heat, electricity, and others.
The production of the methane gas depends on the crop yielded in the particular farm. The
crops like wheat, barley, oat, potato, sugar beet, ant etc. are having high potential of
producing large amount of methane gas which can be effectively utilized for producing
biogas for the production of bio-energy. The conventional crops are efficient in producing
large amount of waste residues which can be utilized for the management of biomass to
convert it into bio-energy which in turn is capable of increasing the profitability ratio of the
farmers and thereby the economy of the united kingdom. The emission of the fossil fuels
helps in managing the ecological balance of the greenhouse gases. 35% of the electricity is
produced from the biogas which is generated from the management of the waste biomass of
the crops production. Barley and wheat are having 15% of protein, 3% of fat, 10% of water,
2% of ash, and rest is carbohydrate. The estimation of the biomass can be measured from the
management of the supply chain between the production of the energy and the supply of the
biomass.
5. Methodology
The qualitative and quantitative approach in applied on calculating waste biomass of crops
such as Wheat, Barley, Oats, Potato, and Sugar beet in the United Kingdom. The literature
review and online sources helps in collecting qualitative data on the research agenda and
survey and statistical reports and related calculations helps in analysing the quantitative
approach and evaluation of the waste biomass collection and production of the bio-energy
with the application of different biomass production processes.

Literature Review
The literature review is conducted for analysing the concept of biomass energy production,
accumulation of waste biomass into potential energy, analysis of the combustion process used
for converting the waste biomass into useful bioenergy and its related bio-products. The
review of the literature and related online sources helps in finding the gaps which exist in the
research agenda. The literature review was conducted on the waste accumulated from the
agricultural energy crops like potato, wheat, oats, barley, and sugar beet. The statistical
reports are collected from the literature review on the five crops for analysis and estimated
calculating waste biomass of crops such as Wheat, Barley, Oats, Potato, and Sugar beet in the
United Kingdom.
Data Collection procedures
The primary source of the data collection is the literature review which is used for collecting
the technical and statistics report on the energy crops. The data can be collected from the
government websites for the production of agricultural crops such as Wheat, Barley, Oats,
Potato, and Sugar beet in the United Kingdom (Sanke and Reddy, 2012). Surveys are
conducted for gathering the statistical data on the waste biomass of different crops.
6. Evaluation and Analysis of Data collected
The data collected from the online and offline sources are used for analysing the waste
biomass of the different crops according to their characteristics and waste parts collected
from the harvesting of the agricultural yield. It helps in analysing the utilization of the waste
produced in the development of the waste energy. The key concept is to develop a strategic
approach for collecting the waste biomass and converting it into bioenergy. The analysis of
the agricultural crops and its associated waste and relative bio-energy produced should be
undertaken.
Statistics of the data related to the production of the crops placed by the government
In the survey, on the production of different crops (wheat, barley, oat, potato, sugar beet)
which are undertaken in the research study we come across that they come under the top 20
agricultural crops produced by the country (Department for environment, 2017). The crop
residue of wheat, barley, and sugar beet is used for producing the bio-ethanol for the use of
corporate sector. The residue of crops and oats is used for producing bio-diesel and bio-tar.
The volume of the bio-fuels produced from the waste biomass has been increased in the last

five years due to the awareness of the people toward the environment and making use of
renewable energy. The statistics collected from different sources is helpful in estimating the
bioenergy produced from the different crop residue. The bioethanol, fossil fuels, and
biodiesel are the by-products of the bioenergy produced through the transformation process
of biomass generated from different crops collected. The following graph (Sharma,
2013)shows that wheat, barley, sugar beet, potato, and oats are the top five crops grown in the
United Kingdom:
Figure 12: Graph shows that wheat, barley, sugar beet, potato, and oats are the top five
crops grown in the United Kingdom
The early bird survey of 2018 (Gross, 2010)helps in analysing the production of wheat,
barley, and oats are the top most crops produced by the United Kingdom.
Figure 13 Early Bird Survey for estimating the harvesting of crops in UK

40% of the land is utilized in the deployment of the agricultural practices of the crops which
are taken under research study (Wheat, barley, oats, sweet beet, and potato). From the year
2015, the wheat becomes the second larger crop produced in the country. 9.0 tonnes per
hectare yield is produced by the country (Gross, 2010). The following pie chart shows the
comparison between the production of cereal in the year 2014 and 2015 because from the
year 2015 the production of the cereals is becoming constant.
Figure 14: Comparison between the production of cereal in the year 2014 and 2015
The difference in the crop production produced during the year 2014 and 2015 is graphically
represented:

Figure 15: Difference in the crop production produced during the year 2014 and 2015
From the figure it is estimated that the production of wheat is decreased from 16.6 to 16.4 in
the year 2015. The level of production of the spring barley and the winter barley is increased.
The change in the production of cereals during the past year 2014 and 2015 is depicted from
the table below (Gilbert, 2014):
Table 3: Change in the production of cereals during the past year 2014 and 2015
Crops Yield produced per
hectare (Tonnes)
Change in
Percentage
(%)
Production in tonnes Change in
percentage(%
)
2016 2017 2016 2017
Wheat 8.6 9.1 4.7 16 605 16443 -1.1
Winter
Barley
6.5 6.8 4.7 6910 7375 6.4
Spring
barley
5.8 6.2 3.2 3818 3989 4.6
Oats 6.1 6.2 1.8 821 123 -7.3
Potato 5.0 4.5 -3.6 4554 4557 2.3
Sugar beet 4.3 4.5 1.2 7321 8222 5.4
Waste Biomass Produced by every crop under research study:

In the year 2016, the harvesting of the cereals like wheat and barley is decreased due to
unfavourable climatic condition. The wheat is the second larger crop in the production. 29
thousands of hectares land is occupied for the harvesting of wheat over the country. The
following graph shows the difference in the production of wheat in the year 2014 and 2015 at
different location. The production of barley is increased from 4.6 % to 6.7 % tonnes per
hectare. The highest yield is produced on the location named as Humber region in UK which
is 7.7 tonnes per hectare. The agricultural farms supporting the production of the different
crops are increased due to the benefit gained from the bio-energy utilization. The lowest
production of barley is at location of Merseyside and North-West of UK which is around of
5.4 tonnes per hectare. The biomass produced from the different cereals are comprised of
different characteristics such as content of moisture in it, demonstration of the calorific value,
rate of carbon present, content of ash and residue, content of alkali metal, and cellulose
(Department of food and rural affairs, 2015). The moisture content of the biomass can be
controlled by the drying process. The exhibition of the moisture helps in producing good
quality crop residue which increases the efficiency of the potential energy. The quantification
of the biomass is done on the basis of dry biomass. The following table (Vasile, 2016) shows
the percentage of biomass characteristics in different crops undertaken for study:
Table 4: Percentage of biomass characteristics in different crops
Biomass of
the crop
Percentage of
Moisture
present (%)
Volatile
matter
percentage(%)
Fixed carbon
content(%)
Ash(%) Lower
Heating
value (LHV)
(Mg/Kg)
Wheat 21 83 17 2 18.7
Barley 17 60 22 5 17.5
Oats 31 45 19 7 16.2
Potato 35 30 32 6 28.7
Sugar beet 12 36 46 9 35
The following table (Vasile, 2016) shows the content of carbon, nitrogen hydrogen, oxygen,
sulphur, and ash in the crops undertaken for study which helps in judging the quality of the
crop residue:

Table 5: Content of carbon, nitrogen hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and ash in the crops
undertaken for study
Crop Carbon
(%)
Hydrogen
(%)
Oxygen
(%)
Nitrogen
(%)
Sulphur
(%)
Ash (%)
Wheat 56.0 6.5 37.5 0.2 0.1 0.3
Barley 49.8 6.8 43.2 0.3 0.1 0.45
Oats 56.1 6.2 41.2 0.5 < 0.1 1.2
Potato 48.2 6.2 39.2 0.4 0.1 2.3
Sugar beet 41.1 5.6 38.6 0.25 <0.1 0.67
Research study on the properties of the crops:
The research on the crops helps in analysing the percentage of carbohydrate, protein, fat,
fibre, and oil present in the wheat, barley, oats, sugar beet, and potato. The significance of
these components helps in measuring the quality of the biomass produced by the
accumulation of the crop produced. The analysis of these components helps in balancing the
ecological balance in the conversion process. Barley and wheat are having 15% of protein,
3% of fat, 10% of water, 2% of ash, and rest is carbohydrate. The following table (Falvey,
2010) shows the analysis of the crops to represent the amount of value present of
carbohydrate, protein, fat, fibre, and etc.
Table 6: Analysis of the crops to represent the amount of value present of carbohydrate,
protein, fat, fibre, and etc.
Crop Carbohydrate
(%)
Protein (%) Fat (%) Fibre (%) Oil (%)
Wheat 55.0 6.6 38 0.4
Barley 49.8 6.8 43.1 0.3
Oats 51.7 6.4 41.5
Potato 51.3 6.4 41.2 0 0.2
Sugar beet 48.2 5.6 23.5 0.5 0.4
The following properties (Falvey, 2010) should be taken under consideration during the
selection of the crops for generating the waste biomass for the production of bio-energy.

Table 7: selection of the crops for generating the waste biomass
Crops Types of
waste
Moisture
content
(%)
High
heating
value
(MJ/KG)
Fixed
carbon
content
(%)
Variable
moisture
content
(%)
Ash
content
(%)
Alkali
Metal
content
Wheat 6.6 21.5 17.2 82.5 0.5 4.6
Barley 8.1 20.2 18.3 72.3 1.2 15.2
Oats 60 21.4 19.6 79.4 1.3 12.23
Potato 42 17.3 13.2 66.5 2.1 11.34
Sugar
beet
45 18.5 23.8 35.2 4.2 14.32
Research on the generation of waste biomass:
The analysis of the crop production helps in analysing the residue components which present
in the wheat, barley, oats, potato, and sugar beet. The development of the power plant helps
in the conversion of the waste biomasss into the production of efficient energy. Different
power plant works on collection of crop residues such as stalk, husks, bagasse, and others
(Renewable energy association, 2016). The bioenergy produced from different power plant is
supplied to industries like rice and sugar.
Classification of the part of the plant which is utilized for the generation of the waste
biomass
Wheat is the second larger production in the United Kingdom. There are two types of variety
of wheat which are classified as hard wheat and the soft wheat. The hard wheat is responsible
for producing husks and pod as a biomass produced. The soft wheat is responsible for
producing bagasse for the production of bioenergy. Barley and wheat are having 15% of
protein, 3% of fat, 10% of water, 2% of ash, and rest is carbohydrate. Hard wheat produce
more biomass waste than soft wheat. The following table (Das, 2013) shows which part of
the plant is used for converting the waste biomass accumulated into the potential energy.
Table 8: Part of the plant is used for converting the waste biomass accumulated into the
potential energy

Sn
.
Feedstoc
k
Trade Conversion
technology
Calorifi
c value
Mg/kg
Potentia
l of
biogas
Tonnes
Busk
densit
y
Kg/m3
Ash
content
%
Moistur
e
content
%
1 Wheat Bales Fermentatio
n and
combustion
process
16.7 to
20.2
240 to
445
25 to
45
No data
require
d
No data
required
2 Barley Bales Fermentatio
n and
combustion
process
16.7 to
20.2
240 to
445
25 to
45
No data
require
d
No data
required
3 Oats Pelletize
d
Combustion 15.2 to
19.2
Not
required
220 to
265
0.3 to
1.6
10 to 55
4 Potato Shredded Fermentatio
n and
combustion
14.9 to
20.6
240 to
440
20 to
45
6.7 1.5
5 Sugar
beet
Pelletize
d
Combustion
and
fermentation
18.9 240 to
325
30 to
50
4.5 to
9.2
1.5
Processing undertaken for the agricultural practices of the crops
The wheat is grown in the plenty and little rain condition. 400mm of rain is required for the
irrigation. Loamy soil is the best suitable soil for the growth of the wheat production. Mild
winter is the suitable climate for the wheat healthy production.
Modern technology is used for the production of the wheat with the use of mechanical sowers
and the drilling methods are shown in the table below (Das, 2013).
Table 9 Climatic Conditions for the crop growth
Crop Soil
Required
Rainfall
mm
Temperature
Centigrade
Season Modern
technology
Wheat Loamy soil 400 mm 20 – 25 Hot and dry Drilling

centigrade summer methods,
broadcasting
methods,
tractors, and
mechanical
sowers
(Zhang,
2012).
Barley Clayey and
sandy soil or
loamy soil
with the Ph
of 6-7
390 to 430
mm
5 to 27
centigrade
May- June Drilling
methods,
broadcasting
methods,
tractors, and
mechanical
sowers
(Ignatius,
2016).
Potato Well-drained
clayey soil
300 mm 15 to 20
centigrade
All over the
year
Crop rotation
Oats Well drained
loamy soil
120 to 150
mm
15 to 25 January to
march
Techniques
for seed
germination
Sugar beet Sandy soil
and clayey
soil of ph 6.5
to 7
460 mm 15 to 21
centigrade
February to
April
Crop rotation
The methodology which is opted for the production of bio-energy from the waste biomass
includes various step which are described below:
Crop selection procedure:
The crop is selected on the basis of the residue collected from the drops like husk, pod, bales,
and etc. The residue production ratio can be calculated for categorising the type of residue

collected from different crops which are taken under research study. The potential constraints
which are discovered during the course work are categorised as climatic factors such as
temperature and precipitation and bio-geographical factors such as biodiversity, altitudes,
water supply, and nutrient availability (Eurostat statistics explained, 2017).
Estimating the potential of the crop residue:
The by-products of the crops can be measured on the basis of the quality of the crop residue.
The potential of developing energy depend on the amount of gross residue produced from the
crops.
Gross residue potential:
The three parameters are used for measuring the gross residue potential are named as land
area, crop yield, and residue production ratio (Saeed, 2011).
Surplus residue potential:
The surplus residue potential can be calculated on the basis of number of crops and the
quality of crop residue (Kumar, 2015).
Estimating the potential of the bioenergy:
The potential of the bioenergy depends on the gross residue potential, surplus residue
potential, and their resultant variation (Eurostat, 2015).
Potential waste generated from each crop
The quality of the crop residue helps in determining the amount of potential energy produced
from the biomass collected for processing (Omer, 2011). The crop residue which is used for
production should have very low amount of moisture content in it to yield higher amount of
heat content. The pre-treatment of the crops to convert it into dry biomass helps in reducing
the amount of moisture present in it. The implementation of anaerobic digestion process is
helpful in adding more amount of hydrogen and carbon component in it. The balance of the
components present in the crops is maintained by the wheat, barley and sugar beet while the
contents can changed in potato and oats due to the application of anaerobic digestion (Leff,
2010). The following table (Foley, 2004) shows heating values generated from the crops
undertaken:

Table 10: Heating values generated from the crops
Crop Residue Heating value MJ / Kg
Wheat Straw 15.54
Husk 15.54
Barley Straw 1.3
Sugar beet Bagasse 20
Top and leaves 20
Potato Stalk 1.1
Peel 3
Oats Cob 0.34
Stalk 0.3
Husk 4
The following table (Foley, 2004) shows the difference in the gross potential and surplus
potential energy produced:
Table 11: Difference in the gross potential and surplus potential energy produced
Crop Gross potential Tonnes Surplus potential Tonnes
Wheat 131.1 28.4
Barley 1.6 0.3
Oats 0.6 3.5
Potato 6..3 1.4
Sugar beet 110.6 55.8
The following table shows the risks and constraints associate with the potential resources.
The potential constraints which are discovered during the course work are categorised as
climatic factors such as temperature and precipitation and bio-geographical factors such as
biodiversity, altitudes, water supply, and nutrient availability. The production of the biomass
can be influenced by these factors which are discussed in the table (Foley, 2004) below:
Table 12: Production of the biomass can be influenced by these factors
Constraints Research question Description

Water Availability of sufficient
water
Requirement of the water for
long term project
Impact of water on the
project
The need of water and its
availability should be
measured.
The bioenergy crops depends
on the availability of the
water.
Climatic zone Weather hazards
Supply of biomass
Risk assessment of the
weather condition
Mapping of the digital tool
for measuring the weather
condition in relation to the
rainfall and temperature
Ideal condition for crops
Availability of land and soil Suitability of the soil
Circulation of the epidemic
speicies
The soil should be suitable
for the healthy growth of the
plant
The epidemic species can
harm the plantation of the
crops. Grazing farming
system should be
implemented.
Determining of the equipment required for the accumulation of the waste biomass
The awareness program should be arranged for managing the ecological balance for the
production of energy produced (Department of food and rural affairs, 2015). The
accumulation of bio waste helps in generating bio energy which is eco-friendly. The by-
products of the agricultural crops should be accumulated for generating the biomass. The
collection of straw, husks, and chaff from different crops generate the biomass for converting

it into bio fuels and bio energy (Lal, 2004). The electrical energy should be supplied to the
boiler for the conversion of biomass. The fuel receptors are used for handling the moisture
control on the waste biomass accumulated over the area. The focus should be given on the
carbon and nitrogen components in the yield produced of the undertaking cereals because it
will result in improving the quality of the waste biomass generated from the accumulation of
the crops (Kendry, 2002). Arable lands are used for collecting cereals to create waste
biomass. The crops which are collected for developing the waste biomass are wheat, barley,
oats, potato, and sugar beet. The crops were calculated from 30 different field located at 5
different locations. The biometric factors for every crops are calculated for measuring the
numbers, diameter, length, and accumulation of the mass at each internode.
The equipment which are used for the conversion of biomass into potential energy are listed
below:
 Good quality steam boiler for the deployment of biomass combustion plant
 Bubbling fluidized bed technology is used with the combination of boiler to develop
the power plant.
 Circulating fluidized bed is used for combining with the water and steam boiler for
the construction of the biomass plant
 Deployment of the organic Rankine cycle.
 Anaerobic digestion in the biogas plant.
The following table (Joint nature conservation committee, 2009) shows the deployment of the
technology in the construction of biomass plant during different phases:
Table 13: Deployment of the technology in the construction of biomass plant
Technology Research and
development
phase
Demonstration Early
commercial
Commercial
Water and steam
boiler
Bubbling
fluidizied bed
Circulating
fluidized bed

Organic rankine
cycle
Downdraft
gasification
Updraft
gasification
Fluid bed
Torrefaction
Pyrolysis
The following table (Joint nature conservation committee, 2009) shows the type of biomass
and technology applied on it:
Table 14: type of biomass and technology applied
Biomass Typical humidity (%) Technology applied
Wheat >65% Biogas technology
Barley >65% Biogas technology
Oats <60 % Combustion technology
Potato < 60 % Combustion technology
Sugar beet < 60 % Combustion technology
(Source: Department for environment. (2017). Crops grown for bio energy in England and
UK: 2016)
Handling of biomass and energy produced:
The fuel received from the biomass accumulation and treatment should be handled carefully
for storing purposes (Frear, 2005). The boilers are used for converting the biomass into
subsequent potential energy. The release of the fuel gases should be kept under pressure in
the steam boiler. The electrical energy should be supplied to the boiler for the conversion of
biomass. The fuel receptors are used for handling the moisture control on the waste biomass
accumulated over the area. The fuel yard management is used for storing the biomass.

Shredding, drying, and grinding process is used for handling the fuel oil. The risk associated
factor in relation to the fire should be handled carefully. Environmental issues with the
government and local community should be resolved for managing the supply of biomass to
the bioplant organized for the production of bio-energy.
Reception of the fuel:
The reception of the fuel focuses on managing the moisture control in the biomass used for
producing the energy. The fuel supplier is responsible for the delivery of the fuel at the
destination. The biomass is kept for 24 hours at the temperature of 430 centigrade to control
the moisture content present in the biomass and convert it into dry biomass.
Preparation of the biomass for the production of potential energy:
Three processes are involved for the preparation of biomass to produce potential energy
which are named as drying, pelleting, and grinding and shredding process. The moisture
content of the biomass can be controlled by the drying process. The exhibition of the
moisture helps in producing good quality crop residue which increases the efficiency of the
potential energy.
Calculation procedure for the calculation of the waste biomass
The waste biomass collected is stored at dryer for the period of 24 hours in the temperature of
105 centigrade. The parameters which are calculated for estimating the waste biomass are
highlighted below:
 The mass density of the internode is calculated on the basis of area 1cm. sq.
 The calculation of the ratio between the dry weight of the grain and total weight of
the grain which is called as harvest index.
 The accumulation of energy on the basis of harvest index with the union of straw and
husks
 The multiplication of the mass with the production of straw is used for calculating
analogical calculation.
 Straw loss in different natural climatic condition
20 atmospheric pressure and 10 kilolitre higher heating value of the biomass is used for
measuring the energy concentration produced from the waste biomass. The following
indicators are used for the calculation of waste biomass. UDM (Upstream Deposits Middle

layer) is the unit which is used for calculating energy produced by the dry matter of the waste
biomass shown in the calorimeter (Table for UDM calculation of waste Biomass is described
below). Internodal Mass is the mass of the moisture content in the dry matter if present.
WI = UDM * Internodal mass of the dry matter (Eurostat statistics explained, 2017)
CE = ∑ WI1 + WI2………..Win
SI = WI * 100 / CE (Eurostat statistics explained, 2017)
Where WI stands for value of whole internode
CE stands for total energy produced by the units of dry matter
SI stands for share of energy produced by the dry matter.
For Example: (Joint nature conservation committee, 2009)
Wheat:
Internodal mass of dry matter = weight of the grain / total weight of the dry mass
Weight of the grain = 1.116
Total weight of the dry mass = 3.592
Total Internodal mass of dry matter = 1.116 / 3/592
= 0.310
Similarly we will calculate for every unit of Barley, wheat, and etc.
WI = UDM * Internodal mass of the dry matter
WI1 = 17.94 * 1.02
= 18.29
WI1= 17.57 * 2.98
=52.35
Similarly,we will calculate WI2 …….Win

Than, Summation of all the value of the whole internode to calculate total energy produced.
One way ANOVA method is used for the analysis of the waste biomass.
The following table (Joint nature conservation committee, 2009) shows the difference in the
characteristics value of the different crops which are taken:
Table 15: Difference in the characteristics value of the different crops
Characteristics
of the crop
Wheat Barley Oats Potato Sugar beet
Length (m) 2.9 8.5 13.4 17.4 22.5
Low heating
value (MJ /
Kg)
0.26 0.32 0.48 0.86 1.24
Weight (Kg) 0.058 0.175 0.243 0.296 0.312
Diameter
(mm)
0.005 0.013 0.019 0.021 0.027
Level of
significance
3.15 3.93 3.94 3.73 2.76
The following table (Slade, 2015) shows the difference in the characteristics of the internode
taken for crops:
Table 16: Difference in the characteristics of the internode taken for crops
Internodes Wheat Barley Potato Oats Sugar beet
Length mm
1 6.2 4.5 4.7 4.7 4.2
2 12.4 11.8 9.8 11.3 9.6
3 24.1 16.7 13.6 14.9 13.8
4 38.8 21.9 22.8 20.8 18.2
5 28.5 29.3 18.7 35.4
∑ 80.8 83.4 80.3 70.4 81.1
Weight Tonnes
1 0.141 0.093 0.052 0.078 0.061

2 0.246 0.210 0.214 0.217 0.132
3 0.361 0.234 0.332 0.241 0.198
4 0.369 0.231 0.320 0.280 0.291
5 0.176 0.312 0.348 0.294
∑ 1.116 0.944 1.464 1.405 0.976
Table below (Slade, 2015) shows the Calculation of dry weight according to the
characteristics of the crops:
Table 17: Calculation of dry weight according to the characteristics of the crops
Internodes Wheat Barley Potato Oats Sugar beet
Calculation of dry biomass per unit length Kg /M
1 22.77 21.98 21.98 31.12 25.88
2 19.56 22.30 17.69 25.84 23.18
3 15.33 19.41 13.91 22.48 20.31
4 9.90 16.13 10.62 18.67 16.66
5 11.05 6.25 14.99 10.00
UDM 0.847 1.349 1.236 3.263 2.007
Calculation of dry biomass per unit weight Kg / M
1 12.7 5.3 10.1 3.7 9.8
2 21.7 15.7 22.1 14.6 17.3
3 32.5 22.4 24.7 22.6 21.4
4 33.2 29.4 24.5 21.8 29.3
5 27.1 18.6 21.5 22.2
UDM 3.952 0.847 0.861 1.454 1.278
(Source: Department for environment. (2017). Crops grown for bio energy in England and
UK: 2016)
The table below (Slade, 2015) shows the estimation of the energy produced by the dry matter
accumulated from the crop taken:
Table 18 Estimation of the energy produced by the dry matter accumulated from the
crop taken

Internode Wheat Barley Oats Potato Sugar beet
UDM (KJ /
g)
1 18.34 17.73 17.72 18.06 17.62
2 17.04 16.66 17.81 17.39 16.79
3 17.59 17.98 17.80 18.37 17.38
4 17.69 16.56 17.78 18.47 16.22
5 17.56 17.07 16.87 18.31 16.61
LSD 0.12 0.16 0.08 0.13 0.21
WI (KJ)
1 2.84 1.30 0.93 1.08 1.05
2 4.07 3.73 3.80 2.34 2.08
3 6.53 5.48 5.73 3.62 1.98
4 6.26 7.34 5.45 5.38 2.07
5 6.67 5.45 5.35 1.53
0.97 0.40 0.62 0.44 0.24
SI in CE% 14.3 5.3 10.4 3.5 10.0
20.7 15.4 21.5 15.0 17.6
33.2 22.3 25.7 22.2 21.7
31.8 29.8 23.9 21.6 28.2
27.2 18.5 22.3 22.6
LSD 3.98 0.84 0.90 1.21 1.31
(Source: Department for environment. (2017). Crops grown for bio energy in England and
UK: 2016)
Table 19 Production for six Year
Indicator
s
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6
UDM
(KJ / g)
2016 17.94 17.57 17.24 17.46 17.39 17.63
2017 18.13 16.83 18.08 16.91 17.66 17.01

LSD 0.06 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.22
WI kg 2016 1.02 2.98 4.27 5.24 5.51 4.49
2017 1.58 2.87 3.61 4.10 3.71 4.50
LSD 0.13 0.24 0.33 0.35 25.5
SI in CE
%
0.57 0.70 0.63 0.99 1.66 0.99
(Source: Department for environment. (2017). Crops grown for bio energy in England and
UK: 2016)
From the above calculation it is estimated that significance can be given to the electricity
produced through the accumulation of the biomass waste. 20% of the potential energy
produced through the biomass is used for transmission of electricity to the destination area
such as industrial sector and commercial sector. 30 to 45% I used for generating the steam
turbines of the biogas power plant. The 60% of the efficiency can be increased by the
integration of integrated gasification combined cycle. 20 % of the energy is supplied to the
power plant generation. 20 atmospheric pressure and 10 kilolitre higher heating value of the
biomass is used for measuring the energy concentration produced from the waste biomass.
35% of the electricity is produced from the biogas which is generated from the management
of the waste biomass of the crops production. The efficiency of the steam and water boiler
depends on the quality of the crop residue which is used for the conversion of biomass.
Conversion of biomass to the potential energy
The four conversion techniques are used for converting the waste biomass of the crops to the
required potential energy to increase the efficiency of the specific product which are
categorised (Sahiti, 2014) below:
Table 20 Types of conversion Methodology
S.no
.
Types of conversion methodology Description
1. Thermal conversion of biomass into potential
energy
The oxygen and the heat is
supplied to the conversion of
biomass material into the specific
form of required energy.

2. Thermochemical conversion of biomass into
potential energy
The chemical process and the
quantity of heat is supplied for the
conversion of biomass into
potential energy
3. Biochemical conversion of biomass into
potential energy
Accumulation of enzymes,
microorganism, and bacteria are
used for the conversion of biomass
into potential energy through the
process of fermentation and
anaerobic digestion
4 Chemical conversion of biomass into potential
energy
Biomass is converted into
chemical energy through the
accumulation of chemical agents.
Combustion Process
Bioenergy conversion process
The combustion process is the most frequently used process for converting the waste biomass
into heat energy. The biomass acts as a fuel for house hold purposes such as drying, cooking,
and others. The combustion furnaces are developed for minimizing the emission of carbon
and its compound during the conversion process. The steam produced from the combustion
process is used for generating the turbine for converting the CO2 emission into the
production of electricity. The house hold works can be effectively done with the use of
electricity produced from the combustion process.
Underfeed Stokers:
These biomass energy production system are developed and designed for producing less
amount of energy i.e. up to 6 Mega watt. In this process, very less amount of ash is collected
during the process of combustion for conversion into bio-energy which helps in retaining
sustainability of the environment. The unstable condition of combustion is arised due to the
accumulation of ash component on the upper surface of the furnace.
Grate Stokers:

It is the most commonly combustion process which is based on burning the fuel bed. The
three main processes are underlying in the grate stoker combustion system which are
classified as initialization of the fuel drying process, burning of the volatile components of
the biomass, and complete combustion process with the release of negligible amount of
residue. It is the most reliable technology for the conversion of biomass into bio-energy.
Fluidized Bed boiler:
It is used for converting the waste biomass collected from different sources into the heat
energy. It is used for producing 10 to 30 mega watt electricity for industrial and domestic
purposes. The 10 megawatt bioenergy plant is based on bubbling fluidized bed and 30
megawatt bioenergy plant is based on circulating fluidized bed (Dalwadi, Patel, Upadhyay,
2016).
Thermal conversion:
There are different processes which comes under the thermal conversion of the biomass to the
potential energy such as pyrolysis, gasification, combustion, and torrefaction. The oxygen
and the heat is supplied to the conversion of biomass material into the specific form of
required energy. The description of each process (Department for environment, 2017) is
given below:
Table 21: Description of combustion process
Category Types of processes Description
Thermal conversion Combustion The furnaces and boilers are
used for providing direct
combustionfor driving the
turbines to produce relevant
potential energy.The air and
water is supplied for he
conversion of biomass into
the relevant potential energy.
The transformation of the
renewable energy is done
through the process of co-
firing.

Gasification Combined heat and power
supply is supplied for the
production of heat and
electricity. The waste heat is
directly used for heating the
equipment.
Torrefaction The biomass is converted
into potential energy in the
absense of oxygen. 200 to
320 centigrade temperature is
required for the conversion
of waste biomass to the
potential energy. The process
of torrefaction is applied
during the pre-treatment of
the biomass at the
temperature of 300 to 400
centigrade in the absence of
oxygen for developing into
volatile biomass components.
Pyrolysis 430 centigrade high
temperature is required for
the generation of potential
energy at pressurized
environment wih the suply of
low amount of energy. The
biochar is the form of
charcoal which is collected as
the by-product of this
process.
Figure 16: flowchart of the combustion process
The flowchart of the combustion process is shown below:

Complete Combustion process:
The complete combustion process takes place in the presence of oxygen to form by-products
such as oxygen and water. In the complete combustion process, carbon will release Co2,
suphur will release So2, and Iron will release Iron oxide.
CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + H2O
Incomplete Combustion process
Incomplete combustion process occurs in the absence of oxygen or in the presence of limited
oxygen. In this process, carbon monoxide is released in place of carbon di oxide.
CO2 = CO + [O]
Thermochemical conversion:
The use of chemicals and fuel gases are used for converting the biomass to the potential
energy through the process of thermochemical conversion. Multiple processes are laid down
in the complete cycle. The fuel gases are released in the first stage of conversion process. The
gases are then converted into oils through the process of condensation. The syngas is
produced in the third stage of thermochemical conversion which contains high amount of
carbon and hydrogen which are capable of producing ammonia and other lubricants. The

chemical process and the quantity of heat is supplied for the conversion of biomass into
potential energy. The use of turbo generator plays an important role in production of the
electricity. The crop residue which is used for generating the electricity should be in the range
of 17 to 21 MJ/KG. The analysis of alkali metal helps in knowing the quality of the residue.
Gasification:
The high temperature is applied to the waste biomass for the conversion into fuel gas. The
partial conversion is to be undertaken for producing gas and charcoal by the proce of
chemical reduction. Gasifier is implemented for the designing and implementing waste
biomass. 800 centigrade temperature is supplied in the process of gasification. In this process
combined heat and power supply is supplied for the production of heat and electricity. The
waste heat is directly used for heating the equipment.The energy produced by the biomass
plantation can be doubled with the use of gasifiers for the production of electricity at large
scale. The direct coupling process is applied to the process for the movement of the gas
turbines.
Biochemical Conversion:
The accumulation of the microorganism is applied on the waste biomass for producing the
large amount of ethanol. The treatment of waste biomass helps in producing ethanol through
the process of fermentation. The fuel and fertilizers are processed through the anaerobic
digestion process to carrying out the breakdown process of organic component. The main
process which is used in the biological conversion of the waste biomass is the process of
anaerobic digestion. Accumulation of enzymes, microorganism, and bacteria are used for the
conversion of biomass into potential energy through the process of fermentation and
anaerobic digestion.
Anaerobic digestion:
The microorganism react in the oxygen free environment for the breaking down of the
organic products through the process of anaerobic digestion. The crop residues are rich in
methane and carbon components for the preparation of manure. The emission is released
from the landfills for treating the waste water management system. Multi-stage process is laid
down for the determination of the anaerobic digestion. 0 to 60 degree temperature is supplied
to the biomass for converting it into biogas components.

Fermentation:
The yeast is used for converting the carbohydrates into alcoholfor the production of
bioethanol. The waste biomass is combined with water to form slurry. The application of
enzymes on the slurry is responsible for breaking down into simpler and finer slurry. The
glucose sugar is prepared from the starch with the use of enzymes. The fermentation of the
sugary sluury is done with the process of 40 to 50 hours fermentation to prepare alcohol.
Chemical Conversion
The chemical conversion process is used for converting the biomass into different forms of
useable energy with the application of sequence of chemicl interaction. The most commonly
used chemical converion process is named as transesterfication. This process is used for
making oils from the fatty acids and alcohol from the accumulation of grease and fats.The
viscosity of the fatty acids can be reduced through the process of combustion. Biodeisel is
prepared from the bio-oil collected from the conversion process of waste biomass. Biomass
is converted into chemical energy through the accumulation of chemical agents.
The raw biomass is treated with the solar energy to make it into dry biomass. The process of
gasification is applied on the raw biomass for the release of carbon, hydrogen, and
hydrocarbon. The quality of the bio-energy produced through the conversion process of
biomass depend on the measurement of moisture content in it. The biomass is pre-treated to
minimize the moisture content in it through the accumulation of high temperature with the
support of water and steam boiler. The calorific value of thefuel can be measured on
measuring the ash component present in the system. The power generation through the
biomass components helps in managing the ecological balance with the environment. The
compression technique applied on the biomass for reducing the size of it to be handled easily
and hence reducing the cost of transportation. The quality of the crop residue depend on the
the alkanity of the soil components during the growth of the plant because it helps in inducing
the required amount of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen components in the crop residue whih
are essential for the production of ethanol. The process of torrefaction is applied during the
pre-treatment of the biomass at the temperature of 300 to 400 centigrade in the absence of
oxygen for developing into volatile biomass components.
Figure 17 Process Flow Chart for the conversion of waste biomass to the potential
energy:

7. Time Plan
Work Breakdown Structure:
Research Analysis on calculating waste biomass of crops such as Wheat, Barley,
Oats, Potato, and Sugar beet in the United Kingdom
Project
Registration
Literature
Review
Availability of
undertaken crops
for research
agenda
Evaluation of
agricultural
products
Calculation of
the biomass Evaluation and
closure report
Production of
bioenergy
crops in UK
Legal
agreement
Analysis of
the
agricultural
production of
the
undertaken
Collection of
waste
biomass for
every crops
such as
potato,
Mapping the
availability of
the waste
biomass with
the required
biomass for
Reviewing
the
requirement
Calculating
and
Generating
report
Approval of
the research
study

Gantt chart

8. Results and Discussion
Description of Crops Undertaken for research
a) Wheat:
The wheat crops in first largely produced crop in UK. 23% of the total agricultural yield of
the wheat is used for accumulation of waste biomass. 1354000 tonnes is the total residue
produced from the agricultural yield in UK. The wheat straw is the main part of the wheat
which is used for waste accumulation (Omer, 2011). The parts of wheats which are used as a
waste biomass for the production of the bio-energy are categorised as Sawdust, wood chips,
peat, bark chips, wheat straws, husk, bran, and other which ar highlighted in the figure below
Figure 18: Part of the wheat used for biomass

(source: Google image)
Cause and Effect Diagram for wheat:
Figure 19 Cause and Effect diagram for wheat
b) Potato
The potato is the international crop which is available in around 4000 varieties across the
world. It was grown from 16th century. It is the fourth largest agricultural crops produced in
the world. Potato is the stem tuber which is used as cooked food for eating.
Figure 20: Potato plant
Wheat:
Bagasse
Wheat Straw
Husks
Wood Chips
Rape Straw
Combustion
process
Thermo chemical
process
Generation of bio-
energy
Manual
Labour

(Source: Google Image)
The following graph shows the top 10 varieties which are grown in UK in the year 2016
Figure 21: Varieties of potatoes found in UK
(Source: Google Image)
The research study helps in analysing that in the year 2017, the potato production was around
4,876,000 approx. tonnes in the United Kingdom only. The 139,000 hectare area is used for
the production of the potato in the UK. With the aggressive consumption of the potato, the
government has to import 1.3 million tonnes potato in the country for managing the supply

and demand of the potato. Root, stems, fruit, and leaves are the main parts of the potato
which are used for waste biomass.
Cause and Effect Diagram
Figure 22: Cause and Effect Diagram of Potato
c) Barley
The Barley is the energy rick agricultural crop which is 6 largely produced crop in UK.
Cellulose, starch, bagasse, acetyl groups, ash, and proteins are the major components of the
biomass collected from the waste of barley because it is protein rich agricultural crop. 6% are
the barley components present in the waste biomass collected for the production of the bio-
energy.
Figure 23: Percentage of waste used for biomass
Potato:
Stem
Roots
Tuber
Fruits
Leaves
Combustion
process
Thermo chemical
process
Generation of bio-
energy
Manual
Labour

(Source: Sriram, 2012. Renewable biomass energy. 1st. ed.)
The barley waste is used in the fermentation process of sugar, proteins, anti-oxidants, and
others. 85% of the waste barley is used for recycling for the development of the by-products.
It is used for the production of beer. The following diagram shows the bio-process used for
generating by-products of the barley crop.
Figure 24 bio-process used for generating by-products of the barley crop

(Source: Sriram, 2012. Renewable biomass energy. 1st. ed.)
Cause and Effect Diagram
Figure 25: Cause and effect diagram of Barley
Barley:
Bagasse
Wheat Straw
Husks
Combustion
process

d) Oats
The quaker oats are prepared by the process of steam boiler for the production of quaker oats
products. The Oats Hull is the waste produced in the process of making quaker oats which is
used for the production of bio energy. 1500 tonnes of the oats hull is used for producing the
bio energy. The steam production of the boiler is used for converting the oats into quaker oats
for the domestic purpose. 42% of the oats production is converted into waste biomass which
can be utilized for bio energy production process. The following figure shows the parts of the
oats plant which are used as fuel (Kumar, Kumar, Baredar, and Shukla, 2015).
Figure 26: parts of the oats plant which are used as fuel
Thermo chemical
process
Generation of bio-
energy
Manual
Labour

(Source: Google Image)
Cause and Effect Diagram of oats:
Figure 27 Cause and Effect Diagram of oats:
Oats:
Glumes
Floret
Awns
Spikelet
Combustion
process
Thermo chemical
process
Generation of bio-
energy
Manual
Labour

e) Sugar Beet
The sugar beet is the lowest produced among the crops taken under study in the UK
geographical location. The heavy agricultural machines are used for harvesting of the sugar
beet (Sriram, 2012). The part of the sugar beet which is used as an accumulation of the waste
biomass for the production of bio-energy to be consumed for domestic and the industrial
purpose are shown below in the figure. The leaf, crown, and taproots are the major parts of
the beet root which are used for the production of the waste biomass and relative waste
energy.
Figure 28 Part of the sugar beet used for biomass
(Source: Google Image)
Cause and Effect Diagram of Sugar beet:
Figure 29 Cause and Effect Diagram of Sugar beet
Sugar Beet:
Leaf
Crown
Hypocotyl
Taproot
Combustion
process
Thermo chemical
process
Generation of bio-
energy
Manual
Labour

The analysis of the crops parts which are used for waste biomass and production of the
bioenergy helps in revealing that sugar beet is effective in producing high amount of bio
energy which can be used for the operational working of the small and medium sized
organization. The high amount of bio-potential energy can be gained from oats and sugar
beets over the production of wheat, potato, and barley. The potato is the least producer of the
bio-energy in relation to the high amount of biomass. It is advantageous to develop the
agriculture farms of wheat, sugar beet and barley over oats and potatoes because they are the
larger producer of bio-energy than potato and oats (Kajikawa, and Takeda, 2008). The
statistical analysis of the waste consumption in producing bio-energy helps in estimating the
amount of carbon component reduced in the environment for achieving sustainability. The
selection of the crops for the research study depends on the agricultural production in the
geographical location of the United Kingdom. The effective harvesting methods should be
used so that the waste of the agricultural farms can be used for the production of the bio-
fuels. In the United Kingdom, 5.5 % bioenergy is consumed for performing business
operations of the big organizations. It increases the dependability of the industries on the
renewable form of energy. It helps in reducing 1.3m tonnes of carbon di oxide in the
environmental surroundings which ultimately helps in reducing the level of pollution and
effects of global warming. The strategy should be developed for consuming the bio-energy up
to 31% till the year 2020. The following graph shows that the waste biomass of the crops will
be the largest producer of bioenergy in 2025.
Figure 30 waste biomass of the crops will be the largest producer of bioenergy in 2025
(Sou
rce: Sriram, 2012. Renewable biomass energy. 1st. ed.)

Research on the generation of waste biomass:
The analysis of the crop production helps in analysing the residue components which present
in the wheat, barley, oats, potato, and sugar beet. The following table shows the analysis of
the crop residues present in the variety of crops undertaken for the study:
Table 22: analysis of the crop residues present in the variety of crops
Crops Productio
n of the
crops in
Tonnes
Productio
n of
wastes
Residue
to
Crop
rotation
(Tonnes
)
Residue
in the
productio
n (*103)
(Tonnes)
Collectio
n
(*103) in
(Tonnes)
Calorifi
c value
(MJ/Kg
)
Heat
conten
t
(*106)
Wheat 4823.4 Husks
and stalk
0.2 and
1.5
964.8 337.64 15.17 5.13
Barley 25213.7 Pod and
stalk
0.4 and
1.6
7564.15 2648.45 14.48 38.5
Sugar beet 55308.5 Bagasse
and top
leaves
0.35 18252.9 6386.14 15.64 97.8
Potato 3708.3 Cobs and
stalk
0.4 and
3
1113.5 389.6 16.15 6.4
Oats 3245.67 Husks
and stalk
0.33
and 1.5
7412.6 2593.84 14.45 6.2
Accumulatio
n of heat
content in
the five
crops
4.8 * 108
Obtaining
energy
1400

Efficiency 40 %
Total
average
requirement
in UK
70 %
9. Conclusion
In this paper, we have concluded the amount of potential energy produced from the biomass
of crops wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, and sugar beet. The volume of the bio-fuels produced
from the waste biomass has been increased in the last five years due to the awareness of the
people toward the environment and making use of renewable energy. The agricultural farms
supporting the production of the different crops are increased due to the benefit gained from
the bio-energy utilization. From the year 2015, the wheat becomes the second larger crop
produced in the country. 9.0 tonnes per hectare yield is produced by the country.
Environmental issues with the government and local community should be resolved for
managing the supply of biomass to the bioplant organized for the production of bio-energy.
The calorific value of thefuel can be measured on measuring the ash component present in
the system. The furnaces and boilers are used for providing direct combustionfor driving the
turbines to produce relevant potential energy.The air and water is supplied for he conversion
of biomass into the relevant potential energy. The transformation of the renewable energy is
done through the process of co-firing. The waste biomass collected is stored at dryer for the
period of 24 hours in the temperature of 105 centigrade for converting it into dry biomass.
20% of the potential energy produced through the biomass is used for transmission of
electricity to the destination area such as industrial sector and commercial sector. 30 to 45% I
used for generating the steam turbines of the biogas power plant. The 60% of the efficiency
can be increased by the integration of integrated gasification combined cycle. . The balance
of the components present in the crops is maintained by the wheat, barley and sugar beet
while the contents can changed in potato and oats due to the application of anaerobic
digestion. The purpose of producing a bio-energy from the food crops waste is to reduce the
emission of greenhouse gases, helps in keeping the environment clean, renewable source of
energy, and others. It helps in meeting the sustainable development of the environment and
urbanization of the United Kingdom. The bioethanol, fossil fuels, and biodiesel are the by-

products of the bioenergy produced through the transformation process of biomass generated
from different crops collected
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