Dissertation Proposal on Waste Management

This dissertation proposal explores the need for a waste management system and its integration to sustainability planning for urban areas. It investigates the effects of urban growth on waste management systems, opportunities and challenges in solid waste management systems and the nature of current waste management as well as actions being taken to account for future increase in waste loads in Russia.

Running head: DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 1
Dissertation proposal on waste management
Name
Institutional Affiliation

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 2
Table of Content
Section 1: Introduction...........................................................................................................................4
1.1 Section Overview..............................................................................................................................4
1.2 The Research Background.................................................................................................................6
1.3 The Justification of this Study...........................................................................................................9
1.4 The Research Objective and Questions............................................................................................10
1.4.1 Research Goal & Objectives.....................................................................................................10
Research Goal....................................................................................................................................10
Research Objectives..........................................................................................................................10
1.4.2 Research Questions.......................................................................................................................10
1.5 The Contribution of this Study........................................................................................................11
Section 2: Literature review.................................................................................................................11
2.1 Section Overview............................................................................................................................11
2.2 Corporate Social Responsibility......................................................................................................15
2.3 Sustainability...................................................................................................................................17
2.4 CSR and Sustainability Practices in Russia.....................................................................................18
2.5 Sustainability and CSR Global Practices in waste management......................................................20
2.6 Theoretical Framework....................................................................................................................22
Section 3: Methodology.......................................................................................................................24
3.1 Section overview.............................................................................................................................24
3.2 Research Philosophy, Research Approach and Methodological Choice..........................................25
3.2.1 Quantitative research methods..................................................................................................25
3.2.2 Qualitative research method.....................................................................................................25
3.4 Research Methods............................................................................................................................26
3.5 Case selection, Sampling and Participants, Case study design.........................................................27
3.5.1 Selection of respondents...........................................................................................................28
3.6 Data Collection and Data Analysis..................................................................................................29
3.6.1 Data collection..........................................................................................................................29
3.6.1.1 Secondary data collection..................................................................................................29
3.6.1.2 Primary data collection......................................................................................................30
3.6.1.3 Interview............................................................................................................................30
3.6.1.4 Structured interview...........................................................................................................31
3.6.1.5 Non-participant observation...............................................................................................31

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 3
3.6.1.7 Field Survey.......................................................................................................................33
3.6.1.8 Focus Groups.....................................................................................................................34
3.6.2 Data analysis.............................................................................................................................35
3.7 Data reliability and validity..............................................................................................................37
3.8 Ethical considerations......................................................................................................................37
Section 4: References...........................................................................................................................38

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 4
Section 1: Introduction
1.1 Section Overview
Urban solid waste management remains a serious problem in cities around the world. It is a
nuisance to the quality of the environment in cities and with the rapid growth of cities and urban
centers, the problem is even more pronounced.
Waste management plays a critical role in the sustainability of cities. This research seeks to
demonstrate the need for a waste management system and its integration to sustainability
planning for urban areas. A sustainable urban system should assimilate the waste it generates
instead of exporting it to other jurisdictions for disposal.
Waste management can be linked with three major planning lenses including
 Land use
 Economic development
 Environmental planning
Russia being one of the largest economies in the world is a large producer of waste. In total
about 55-60 million tons of waste is produced annually and is mainly composed of food, paper,
polymers, glass, wood, street waste metal, textile, and other waste materials (Howes, 2009).
More than 200 cities have exceeded the pollution limits in Russia and this limit is exceeded even
more with the increase of vehicles on the roads.
Moscow contributes averagely 20% of the total waste due to its dense population with only 4%
of this waste getting recycled. Solid waste management practices like recycling; separation and
incineration are not used in Russia (Kurian, 2007). With over 90% of waste ending up in
landfills, waste has exceeded the capacity limits of existing landfills in the country leading to

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 5
challenges for the environment and the populations living around. Some of these challenges
include
1. Oder/ bad smell
2. Release of Toxic gases
3. Pollution of ground water resources
4. Unauthorized landfills and waste disposal sites that occupy up to 4 million hectares
This research investigates the effects of urban growth on waste management systems,
opportunities and challenges in solid waste management systems and the nature of current waste
management as well as actions being taken to account for future increase in waste loads in
Russia
The Russian government, in response to the solid waste management problem, has
pursued different ways to improve its waste management system. These include:
1. Processing of solid waste -The Russian government targets achieve 80% processing of its
solid waste by 2030
2. Enactment of new policies to guide packaging and waste management (2016)- as per this
legislation producers are mandated to either recycle between 10-30 % of waste produced
themselves or hire qualified third parties to do it for them otherwise they are supposed to
pay the government an ecological fee for their waste.
3. Development of a map by green peace Russia showing the nearest points for separated
waste collection to allow citizens contribute to separation of the waste they produce
4. Development of new smart land fills
5. Upgrading of preexisting land fills

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 6
6. Incineration of waste
7. Building of waste utilization plants
8. Development of infrastructure for recycling of waste
1.2 The Research Background
Municipal solid waste (MSW) management system is one of the key components of a country’s
overall environmental and resource efficiency framework. Russia’s waste management system
has largely been dominated by the state however today private companies have taken
approximately 40% of the total market. The private establishments work closely with the
municipal solid waste management to ensure efficiency in collection, transportation and the
disposal.
According to the United Nations (2005), the conference held on agenda 21 of the Rio
declaration declared waste management as a global environmental problem that should be
handled with haste in order to maintain the quality of the earth’s environment. Waste generation
has been there with man since the beginning of life on earth. During the nomadic life when man
had to roam from one place to another, the issue of waste management was not a major concern,
not until recently when man started building permanent communities, the municipal government
started giving priority to waste management as a response to maintaining good public health and
safety. It is until the 19th century that the respective governments took the initiative of collecting
and disposing off waste in a more fashionable manner (Giusti, 2009). In most cities today, waste
is either managed by disposing them in designated areas or recycled for substantive use. A good
example is Russia.

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 7
Russia today has 243 treatment plants, 40 incineration or combustion plants, and 53 sorting
station, which are unable to handle the load from its urban centers (Tulokhonova & Ulanova,
2013). A large number of the landfills were established two decades ago and so many do not
meet the sanitation standards pf the modern world.
Owing to the need to allocate more landfills, the Russian government has committed to
establishing better waste management policies. This problem is compounded by the fact that
about 70 % of collection and haulage infrastructure for waste in Russia is obsolete
Waste recovery rate in Russia is nearly zero compared to its European Union counterparts that
recover averagely 60% of their Municipal solid waste. This is due to resource inefficient waste
management practices in Russia and suboptimal use of energy and raw materials. It is predicted
that with the current trend the municipal solid waste in Russia will double in 10-15 years
By implementation of modern technologies and optimization of its waste management practices
Russia can shift fully to efficient and environmentally friendly waste management system by the
year 2025. The recovered waste, which is averagely 45%, will act as energy and raw materials as
opposed to occupying landfills. This represents about 200 metric tons of municipal solid waste
Moscow Russia’s capital contributes largely to the municipal waste management problem
producing over 25 Million tons of waste due to the level of industrial production in the city
spanning many of the economic branches (Tulokhonova & Ulanova, 2013). The composition of
this waste mainly includes residential solid waste, industrial waste, bulk waste, waste from water
treatment facility and construction site waste.
Vehicles continue to increase in Moscow while increasing the atmospheric pollution, land

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 8
pollution, pollution of reservoirs and accumulation of vehicle refuse. Moscow therefore has to
tackle the challenge of collection and utilization of decommissioned vehicles and automobile
wastes to avoid the littering. The city is also supposed to set up a system for collection and
utilization of electronic refuse and domestic waste. Both automobiles and electronic wastes
provide a good source for production of recycled products and should be in the cities short-term
outlook.
The following are volumes of secondary raw materials in Moscow in the year 1999 that were
either used in the city is recycled:
 Construction waste – 300.000 tons
 Metal scrap - 296,000 tons
 Car battery lead - 265 tons
 Glass - 21,000 tons
 Oil-bearing waste - 4,328 tons
 Paper waste - 62,500
 Galvanizing plant refuse - 306 tons
The above waste is not recycled in Moscow rather it is transported to other regions. This is in
contravention of the world practice for sorting and recycles which requires that there is no
segregation of waste to reduce inefficiency.
Enterprises in Moscow, both private and medium sized, are gradually adapting the rational use of
waste as awareness of the economic profitability spreads. Many of these establishments have

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 9
specialized in dealing with different types of waste, most of the waste in Moscow is not
hazardous and can be fully recycled and used in manufacturing even as much as the recycled
volume of waste is about 15 % of the required volume(Tulokhonova & Ulanova, 2013). Only 8%
of solid domestic waste is incinerated. If industrial waste on the other hand is grouped according
to classes of risk, 80% of the waste, which is refuse, is safe for recycling. first-third classes of
dangerous wastes amount to 3.5 percent of the total volume of waste and fourth-class low-hazard
wastes 14 percent and 32% of the waste is not dangerous (Tulokhonova & Ulanova, 2013). The
first and second-class risk factors pose a challenge in the allocation of an ecologically safe
facility for their disposal owing to their hazardous nature.
Domestic waste and hazardous industrial waste can be taken care of through thermal
neutralization reducing the volume by 30%. The city is also constructing waste handling stations
to bring to an end the traditional approach of rubbish burning. The waste handling stations the
number of transportation significantly and reduces the atmospheric pollution
1.3 The Justification of this Study
It is evident that solid waste poses a great challenge for the urban societies in Russia and the
environment. This study is aimed at educating the public and the sustainability planners on the
role of solid waste management in the Russia. The study explores the different solutions to the
menace, discusses the opportunities and challenges associated, and proposes an environmentally
responsible, economically efficient, and socially acceptable system of solid waste management.
The need for incorporation of the long term effects of activities relating to waste management
and the solid waste management process has been demonstrated in contrast to the current solid
waste management practices which are mainly short term and do not focus on long term impacts
that present greater urban sustainability challenges.

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Employing both theoretical and empirical research methods, this research investigated how
planners may play a proactive and effective role in promoting Sustainable waste management
that addresses both short-term and long-term impacts,
In the current phenomena of rapid urbanization and global economic meltdown this study
provide know how on how to achieve efficient and economical solid waste management system
1.4 The Research Objective and Questions
1.4.1 Research Goal & Objectives
Research Goal
To conduct a study of the structure of municipal solid waste management and their recycling
techniques adopted in major cities of Russia.
Research Objectives
1. Analysis of the current state and problems of handling household waste.
2. To classify and determine the structure of municipal solid waste management.
3. Investigation of aspects of the formation of the population’s conscious attitude towards
the disposal of household waste.
4. To conduct a survey of the population
5. To identify options for reducing household waste
1.4.2 Research Questions
Research questions that will help in improving the delivery of sustainable waste management
solutions in major cities of Russia are:
i. What are the current situation of solid waste management (SWM) in Russian cities?
ii. What content of waste is generated by major cities in Russia?
iii. What is the quantity of solid waste generated?

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 11
iv. What are the management practices adopted by Russian municipalities?
1.5 The Contribution of this Study
Findings from this study will enable informed decision making by the policy makers in relation
to solid waste management. This study will also raise awareness to the different stakeholders and
highlight their role in alleviating the negative impacts of solid waste to the environment. The
information is also useful to residents in urban centers since it helps them identify opportunities
in the waste recycling process that they can exploit to generate income.
Section 2: Literature review
2.1 Section Overview
Solid waste is a global issue that is of major concern which need to be addressed. To efficiently
deal with the problem of waste management which is a threat to public health and the
environment. The issue of increase in levels of waste in the management is highly connect to the
manner in which the community consumes products and therefore, increase in population results
to increase in waste disposed in a particular locality. In the 21st century, management of waste
has been emphasized as it is an important utility in the society equivalent to basic human need. A
clean environment is essential to the dwellers of a particular place as it will mean a reduction in
diseases caused by accumulation of waste. However, the implications of no taking waste
management seriously may hurt the economy as a whole. This is because more funds will be
channeled to efforts of treating the ailing in the society and investors will pull out due to
unfavorable environmental conditions. In the absence of regulations and legislations that govern
proper waste management practices the dwellers of the given locality will tend to opt for the
cheapest available course of action in waste disposal which eventually will have a long term
negative effect on the environment, (UN Report on Waste Management, 2010).

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Municipal solid waste is simply defined as the solid waste that are generated by dwellers of a
particular locality from the houses, shops, offices and other institutions serving the locals. The
responsibility of collecting the disposed waste is bestowed on municipal government authority.
Industrial waste also contributes majorly to increasing levels of waste and therefore cannot be
ignored when formulating policies to manage waste. Respective industries generating waste have
the sole responsibility to ensure that the waste are properly managed and don’t end up disposed
in public dwellings. (Anand et al, 2010).
Environmental challenges are generally linked to the levels pollution. Soil, water and air and
noise pollution come about as introduction foreign components which is the waste generated by
companies and human beings. Landfills have become a breeding site for bacteria and viruses
which causes infections to the population especially the children whose immune system are to
greater challenge during rainy season which causes floods hence loss of life and outbreak of
diseases like cholera.
Globally, the focus on management of waste has been addressing innovative recycling
technologies and disposal methods which include incineration and landfills in the developed
countries in the world. Nevertheless, the main issues to be addressed when handling solid wastes
stands to be the need to reduce to find a way to dispose waste at a reduced cost and the
production of environmentally friendly products (Korfmacher, 1996). He further argues that,
increased solid waste in major cities across the world has been majorly attribute to increased
populations which have resulted from industrialization. Many have moved to urban destination

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 13
in continents in search of jobs as most industries are located in the urban areas. The people
dwelling in the urban areas rely mainly products originated from the companies present. Solid
waste is therefore, generated by both industries and the city dwellers. In the 14th century Europe
was hit a major catastrophe which lead to death as a result of increased uncontrolled waste
disposal as diseases were prevalent in the cities (Tilman et al. 2007).
In various states the responsibility of cleaning up the cities and towns are bestowed on
municipalities. They are mandated to develop proper waste management systems and procedures
that will see to it that the dwellers of the said locality are living healthy and away from waste
which results to increased diseases. Waste management not only focuses on the disposal of the
solid but also the ability to reuse the waste or use it for other purposes than those that they were
originally meant for (Barton, et. al., 2007). He further illustrates that, the bodies in charge come
up with ways to dispose the waste that will be cost effective to the community while at the same
time being efficient. Incineration and landfills have been the traditional methods used but in the
recent past recycling and reuse has been much encouraged as they significantly reduce the level
of waste present in the universe.
In the 21st century, proper management of solid waste in a municipality is essential at all levels
of development. These levels are the planning, designing, implementation and evaluation of the
techniques put in place to manage solid waste. As a result, various mechanisms to control solid
waste menace have been geared towards treatment of waste not only for sustainability
environmental purity at present but rather to also meet needs of the future generations. To attain
the environmental conservation various aspects of a solid waste management system should be
scrutinized and enhanced fully, being that they are inter-twined with one another and

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 14
developments in the said area frequently affect practices or activities in another area (UNEP,
2005).
The use of landfills in Germany has significantly dropped as much effort has been placed on
recycling and reuse of solid waste. The reminder therefore is subjected to incineration in
coalfield electricity generating stations and also utilized in mechanical and biological activities.
(Schnurer, 2002; Hempen, 2005). The reduction in the number of landfills and proper
management of waste in Germany has significantly helped to reduce the levels of pollution in the
country and further encouraging better living.
China is a highly industrialized country in the world with numerous processing plants. It is
estimated that it is the largest generator of waste in the world after the United States. This was
determined in the year 2004 when the level of waste rose to 190 million tons. It is evidently from
the inconsistent database that the China government is having a challenge in managing solid and
this could get detrimental.
Russia is the largest country in the world and it is located in between the continents of Europe
and Asia. Russia has an estimated population of 142,600,000 and approximately 73.1 per cent of
the population lives in the urban centers. Moscow being the largest city accommodates
approximately 10.523 million people therefore, the need to have a robust structured waste
management system is essential.

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In previous research conducted it was evident that Russia does not have the tradition of
recycling, waste separation or incinerating. 90% of waste in Russia is brought to landfills and
this has resulted to the existing landfills to reach their capacity-limits. In total, about 55-60
million tons of waste are brought to landfill every year. The whole country has a total of 1,000
municipal solid waste landfills, 15,000 authorized and 17,000 unauthorized landfills, and 13.000
unauthorized waste disposal sites with a total surface of 4 million hectares. The waste increases
annually by 300-400 thousand hectares, waste in Russian landfills generally is composed of:
34% food, 19% paper, 14% polymers, 12% glass, 6% wood, 6% street waste, 4% metal, 3%
textile, 2% other, (Netherlands Environmental Agency, 2013).
2.2 Corporate Social Responsibility
Recently a company or organization success is equally contributed by the amount of recognition
and efforts they place in ensuring the lives of those living within their area of operation are
improved either socially, economically or environmentally. Corporate social responsibility could
be applied in different ways. A company can engage in CSR through philanthropy which is by
engaging in charity activities within their area of operation, volunteering in activities whose end
goal is to protect the environment or uplift the livelihoods of the people, CSR is also practiced
when an organization carries out its duties in an ethical manner which in turn ensures that those
employed in the establishment are well taken care of and that the labor laws and regulations are
followed to the later. (Schwartz, 2017).
Matten and Moon (2008) noted that particularly with the corporate social responsibility, the end
goal and objectives of a certain company as determined by stakeholders should be in a way that
will enhance the company relationship with the society. This will be easily attained by

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 16
understanding the needs of the society the company operates in other than its original mandate.
The needs could range from provision of clean water, cleaning of the environment, eradication of
poverty to creating awareness by educating the community about solid waste management.
Companies get to interact with society through corporate social responsibility as the activities
will involve the locals and thus creating a good relationship between the two parties. CSR has
since become the point of engagement between the society and the companies. (Lindgreen et al
2010). Companies in the recent past have involved themselves in activities that see to it that the
society lives in a clean and healthy environment. This has been achieved through routine
cleaning exercises that are conducted by collecting waste and disposing it either in the landfills
or incinerators.
Additionally, companies involved in production help to conserve the environment by making
sure that they stick to the set-out rules and regulations. The regulations revolve around ensuring
that the products produced are environmentally friendly and that any waste originating from the
firm is disposed in a manner that won’t affect the environment negatively. Minimizing on noise,
water, soil and air pollution goes a long way in ensuring that the world remains safe for its
dwellers. Companies therefore help in funding organizations whose main objectives is to protect
the environment. Through the United Nations wing UNEP, a number of activities have been
launched with bid to protect the environment for sustainability purposes.
Over the years, corporate social responsibility has been viewed as engaging willingly in
voluntary activities in the community to better the livelihood of the community members in
which the company or organization operates, (Davis, 1973). Nevertheless, recently the

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 17
assumption that corporate social responsibility is not part of the firms legal and economic
responsibility has faced back clash from various scholars who argued that its essential and ethical
for companies and organizations to factor in the CSR in their legal and economic obligation,
(Argandoña & Hoivik, 2009; Dobers, 2009; Dobers & Halme, 2009).
2.3 Sustainability
The world over sustainability has been a concern, the thought of having minimal resources in the
universe has hit many and thus various efforts have been enacted to ensure that the resources in
the world are used responsibility. Sustainability is simply the ability of a generation to utilize the
resources present consciously to ensure that the coming generations are also taken care of,
(Melville, 2010).
Mc Williams, (2015) argues that depletion of resources is major concern in the world due to the
increased use of natural resources in production without replacement. Global warming is living
condition that is currently being discussed in all major environmental forums. Forest cover has
drastically reduced over the years as the trees are harvested in large quantities without
replacement. Industrialization in the developing countries is quickly growing and this is equally
leading to an increase in the changes experienced in the world at large. As a result, there has
been an increase in population in the cities has people migrate from upcountry in seek of
employment in the cities, therefore, putting a strain in the available resources in the cities.
Consequently, due to increased industrialization in the countries there is increased demand on
natural resources which are used as raw materials in the respective industries in production
process. This has naturally led to increased generation of waste by urban dwellers, (Wackernagel
& Rees, 2006).

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To arrest the situation, there is need to develop proper frameworks that will see to it that
resources are utilized in a manner that will protect the environment while at the same time will
ensure the need of the future generation are met without compromise. The regulations put in
place are to ensure companies relying on natural resources for production use the resources
sparingly and also has a plan on how to replenish the resources used within a certain period of
time. Solid waste if not properly managed in a given locality will have adverse effect to the
community and the environment at large, therefore there arise the need to manage solid waste so
that the needs for the future generation are met and the current resource are not wasted. The
authorities should adopt mechanism of solid waste management that are environmentally
conscious and long run sustainable to enhance utilization of the minimal resource. Some of these
mechanism that embrace the concept of sustainability may include; recycling, reuse and reduce
in production process, (Dangellico et al, 2010).
2.4 CSR and Sustainability Practices in Russia
Dobers, (2009) illustrates that Corporate Social Responsibility is a common idea in the Russian
economic sector, however it is facing challenges in implementation within the organizations in
an integrated way. Further, the definition of Corporate Social Responsibility among Russian
organization and companies is generally in unison to that applied from a Dutch and other
Western Countries perspective. Environmental awareness is still low in general, although
climate-neutral production is also becoming important in Russia. There is clear room for
improvement in the labor participation of disabled people.

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Moscow is the most highly populated unit of the country since it’s the largest city in Russia. It
receives approximately 20% of waste of the country produced in Moscow and in the region.
Only 4% of Moscow’s waste is recycled while the rest percentage of the waste is disposed in the
landfills. The rise of ban on unauthorized landfills and reorganization of authorized ones, which
received higher load, recently led to problems regarding smell and toxic gasses. In 2017, in
response to rising popular pressure in the city due to migration of people seeking for jobs, the
local government increased its efforts to solve these challenges. As a result, since the beginning
of 2018 a fast development can be seen in the approach of the local government towards
managing waste-challenges, aiming to reduce the problems for the local populations. To this end,
they actively attract foreign technology-suppliers. As an example, a Dutch company was
contracted to provide a solution for an overloaded landfill in Moscow Oblast to stop the smell
within three months. A large number of small pipes were installed to extract the gas from the
landfill, (UNEP, 2009).
When Vladimir Putin got into power he worked hard to ensure that Russia gets back to its feet in
various aspect of governance. He started off by reinstating the Russian ability to engage in
business globally, he also ensured that the governing rules and regulation were adhered to by all.
Unlike before, where the economy was closed to global markets which discouraged foreign
investors from investing in Russia hence the spirit of international trade was revived. The
President through various governmental institutions worked on the need to have tightened and
working framework that will enhance international trade mostly industries focusing in extraction
on mining and other heavy industries which eventually improved on revenue generation thus
boosting the Russia economy. (Abdelal, 2010).

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The government under Putin streamlined operations of all companies either commercial or
productive. The industries operated under strict regulations and laws that when violated the
companies could lose the licenses and even worse the ownership. This went ahead to ensure
transparency in operations and also sticking to the set standard ethical values, (Yakovlev, 2006).
2.5 Sustainability and CSR Global Practices in waste management
Globally solid waste management has become an issue of major concern which if not carefully
handled with the relevance which it deserves it might pose a threat socially, economically and
ecologically hence the need to focus on the need to manage solid waste that are sustainable and
are acceptable as well as beneficial to the community, (Dobers, 2009).
There are a number of methods used globally to efficiently manage waste; Landfill, Recovery
and Recycling of waste, Pyrolysis and Gasification, Incineration, Composting among many
others.
Waste reduction concerns idea of minimizing the amount of waste generated by the people in a
given locality. This is the most important concept while dealing with municipal waste
management as it equally addresses sustainability issues by reducing the amount of the products
consumed in a locality this will consequently reduce production products that are unfriendly to
the environment thus cutting down the level of waste generated in a particular locality. The
success of reduction as a way of managing solid waste is strongly rooted to the behavior and
culture instilled in the locals of a given place, they should be educated or made aware of the
dangers that will arise from increased levels of waste and also taken through the procedures of

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 21
reducing the amount of waste that they generate by reusing items that are not worn out also
recycling those that can be used. (Anand Et al, 2010)
Introduction of a waste disposal mechanism that involves digging of pits on the ground to
dispose solid waste was engineered with the intention of reducing waste in the municipalities.
The pits were dug in secluded areas in the said localities. Solid waste management practice
involves collection of wastes from the streets and disposing solid waste to be disposed in a
manner that it easily decomposes. The waste therefore was in position to decompose in places
away from the municipalities thus allowing people to live in cleaner neighborhoods. Various
steps have been taken towards improving the nature and state of landfills, the newly built
systems are made in a way that ensures waste decomposes without causing the spread of bad
odor. Proper regulations have further been enacted to control the number of landfills in specific
localities. (Hoornweg et al, 2010)
He further acknowledges that, recovery entails the separation of more valuable resources from
the mixed solid wastes which are delivered at transfer stations and processing plants for further
remodeling or recycling. The process ensures that the size and density of the waste is
significantly reduced and the waste is also well sorted out based on the material with which they
are made of for example glass, plastic, metals like iron, papers. Other solid waste products that
can be reused rather than disposing them creates employment and the practice is environmentally
friendly. Therefore, the municipality should focus on the recycling of the waste products to save
on the natural resources thus enhancing sustainability.
Composting is the process by which organic matter is decomposed by micro-organism which
require an environment that is relatively warm and moist, either aerobic or anaerobic. The end

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 22
product which is compost is a very important element whereby carbon dioxide and water are the
main by-products (Melville, 2010). Compost is like humus which is often characterized by a dark
color and a brittle texture with an earthy odor resembling rich topsoil which makes it very fertile
as it supports agricultural activities. It is difficult for the compost to resemble the physical form
of the waste from which it was derived. When the compost is treated it is absolutely stable and
very resistant to further decomposition by any micro-organisms. Compost promotes a proper
balance when mixed with soil. When water and air mixes in the process it helps reduce soil
erosion and serves as a fertilizer which is long term hence saving farmers on cost of producing
agricultural products (Ramachandra, 2006).
Incineration refers to a chemical combustion process where carbon, hydrogen in the waste mix
with oxygen in the combustion zone and generates heat. This process of burning of solid wastes
requires a sufficient amount of oxygen. This involves combustion of waste components resulting
in reduction of waste volumes and recovery of heat thereby producing steam which leads to
generation of power by the use of steam turbines. The power and energy generated is
environmentally friendly that can be used as another form of source of power contributing to
increase of electric energy to the national grid, (UNEP, 2010).
2.6 Theoretical Framework
The theoretical approach used in the institutional analysis illustrated by Scott (2001) proves to be
the most significant approach to be applied in this particular research. This theory is used to
determine the institutional composition of the management of solid waste in Moscow local
authority.

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 23
In achieving proper municipal solid waste management goal in Moscow, proper framework
regulations are important. Garbage collection will improve the state of the city making it scenic
view appealing therefore reducing the landfill which remits odor and also acts as a breeding site
to germs and bacteria’s leading to infections. Development of regulations governing municipal
solid waste should work systematically to achieve sustainable goals of development.
The Russian Government should embrace development initiatives to empower the laws
governing the municipal solid waste and general waste emitted by the industries in Moscow. The
focus of the development of law governing the municipal solid waste is dependent on the urban
dwellers and strategic planning of the locality by the municipal authorities. The Russian
government the Moscow Municipality government and together with the stakeholders in solid
waste management should work together in propelling achievable development strategies in
waste management.
Meyer, (2006) illustrate that the theory used is important in any given research in order to direct
the researcher on the suitable mechanism to adopt while conducting research. Many scholars
have acknowledged that in absence of the leading theory may result to a misplaced
comprehension of the study. Therefore, this means that the researcher relies on the specific
selected theory as a leading factor in formulating solutions to the problems arising in the study.
He further points out that the concept of institution is arrived through a solid and clarity of what
institution means in accordance to the laws and regulation of the country so as to cover both
informal and formal components of the residence which are very essential in guiding the
interaction of mankind in a community making them responsible in the actions that they
undertake.

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 24
In regards to management of public solid waste its clear that the human approach towards
handling of wastes has an impact in determining the system success or failure in the urban
authorities. Scott (2001), identifies the existence of three institutional pillars namely cultural
cognitive system, normative system and regulative system. The scholar further argues that these
pillars are vital ingredient of every institution. The scholar illustrates that from the perspective of
the management of solid waste in institutions is important to factor in the contributing elements
in a manner that reinforces social framework. This will help in the interpretation of the manner in
which solid waste is managed by a municipality.
Section 3: Methodology
3.1 Section overview
Countries over the globe presently stand committed on solid waste management in order to
reduce loss of property and life, preventing environmental as well as social-economic disruption
which is caused by solid waste disposal. The ultimate goal is to prevent hazards from
transforming into debacles. This chapter incorporate the research methodology of the
dissertation. The fundamental idea of the research methodology is to outline the methods used in
the study to achieve the research objectives. In this study, information was collected through
qualitative and quantitative research methods. The qualitative data was collected through in-
depth interviews with various stakeholders and several institutions in Moscow city. On the other
hand, quantitative information was collected through questionnaire survey that was done through
on both individual as well as household levels. The chapter will deeply examine the research
approach, the research method, the methods of data collection, and methods of data collection,
sample selection, data analysis, the validation and reliability of data and finally the ethical
considerations as well as limitation of the research.

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 25
3.2 Research Philosophy, Research Approach and Methodological Choice
In this examination, both quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted in the research. The
main objectives of this investigation (in section one) was to examine the structure of municipal
solid waste management and their recycling in major cities in Russia such as Moscow. The use
of a combined approach in this research enables the researcher to collect different type of
information from various angles to build a rich and important image of an unpredictable,
multifaceted circumstance. In this study, the research questions were divided into two sections.
Some of the research questions were addressed by the use of quantitative strategies while other
research questions used qualitative techniques. This choice depended on the conviction for the
examination to yield critical conclusions. It expected to draw on the benefits of using both
qualitative and quantitative methodologies as clarified beneath.
3.2.1 Quantitative research methods
Quantitative research is recommended because findings can be generalized and the acquired
information is objective. The findings from this examination would help in reflecting what is
going on in major cities in Russia. In the meantime, it was essential to have a measure of
objectivity to disperse the worries such that qualitative research might be one-sided. Quantitative
information and statistical investigation would further help in testing a few theories and increase
the legitimacy of the findings from this examination
3.2.2 Qualitative research method
In this investigation, there was need for further research in order to get an understanding of the
situation from the stakeholder's perspective in the solid waste management sector. Making
statistical conclusions could not suffice in disclosing the image of solid waste management in
Russia's major cities from any alternate points of view. Peoples' perspectives were acknowledged

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 26
with the accumulation and investigation of qualitative information. Qualitative research allows
proper understanding in the setting. The study was conducted to comprehend whether there is
any kind of connection among individuals and nearby organization in the management of the
solid waste. The research further interested to find out if people solid waste management and
recycling.
Additionally, the study also sought to investigate if the country of Russia had any component set
up to improve the structure of solid waste management in its cities.
This research basically took a descriptive survey design, trying to portray phenomena precisely
by utilizing quantitative information as well as qualitative information. This study design aimed
to get information from different cases at a given point so as to break down associations
crosswise over different variables of intrigue. This examination depended on such an
arrangement since its measurement qualities help inconsistent benchmarking (Bell, Bryman and
Harley, 2018). Nonetheless, cross-sectional investigations usually lacked internal legitimacy
(Bell, Bryman and Harley, 2018) and the qualitative segment was the best option to react to these
concerns in this investigation. The qualitative data was used to improve the portrayals made from
the quantitative data and thus build the picture of solid waste management in the exploration
region better. In doing all things considerable parts of a phenomenological look into the
arrangement to explore were used to coordinate qualitative data get-together and examination.
3.4 Research Methods
To satisfy the goal of the proposition, a qualitative research was held. The basic characteristic of
qualitative research is that it is generally appropriate for little samples, while its outcomes are not
quantifiable. Its principal favorable position, which additionally builds up its fundamental stand

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 27
out from quantitative research, is that it offers an aggregate depiction and examination of an
exploration subject without obliging the degree of the examination and the idea of respondent's
responses (Neuman, 2013). Be that as it may, the practicality of subjective research is seriously
founded on the aptitudes and limits of researchers, while the outcomes may not be viewed as
trustworthy in light of the fact that they depend on scientist's understanding and judgments. Since
it is more legitimate for little precedents, it is in like manner dangerous for the delayed
consequences of subjective research to be seen mirroring the determinations of a more broad
population (Bell, Bryman and Harley, 2018).
3.5 Case selection, Sampling and Participants, Case study design
Wiersma and Jurs (2005) contend that a sample measure is dictated by the style of the
examination. In an overview examine, there would be the prerequisite for a representative
population for summing up the discoveries of the examination, while in a totally
phenomenological study; the sample would be less given the proportion of data that can be
assembled subjectively. In this examination, which is a mix of quantitative and subjective
frameworks, the example was not really a portrayal of the populace it was relied upon to be in an
unadulterated report overview.
A number of 100 family units were randomly chosen to represent the whole Moscow city for
inference. In this research, 50 respondents from schools, hotels, health offices, shopping malls,
market, stands, and visitor houses separately participated in the study. The study was comprised
of fourteen respondents who participated homogenously. Purposively, 40 local expert authorities
in the field of environment and public health participated in the research to give the genuine
picture of solid waste handling at grass root level. Five production managers, five officials and

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 28
five administrative managers were additionally included in the research. The total number of
members in the examination was 215.
Description of Respondent Participants
Households from the all over Moscow city 100
Schools, health facilities, shopping centers,
hotels, market, kiosks, and guest houses
50
Local Government Authority officials
(environmental and public health)
40
Production managers from manufacturing
industries
5
Administrative managers 5
Industrial health workers in leather factory 5
Total 215
3.5.1 Selection of respondents
Since the respondents were chosen randomly, Solid waste from dustbins and other gathering
holders for various gatherings were distinguished for physical contents separately. This
methodology was essential since there were varieties in the composition of the Solid waste
produced, techniques for Solid waste gathering and waste transfer strategies among the
stakeholders. Further clustering was conducted in the peripheral settlements to get families close
to the solid waste management structures and those far from these destinations. Families inside a
span of 500 meters from the dumpsites structures were purposively chosen to be incorporated
into the investigation. This was deliberately done to capture data on nuisance as well as benefits
the inhabitants' experience by the righteousness of area of the dumpsite. The samples were

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 29
derived from three different stratums within Moscow city. The stratums included population
drawn from three different residential areas as follows; low-income zone, middle-income group
and high-income zones.
3.6 Data Collection and Data Analysis
3.6.1 Data collection
In sampling of qualitative research, random probability sampling was conducted because there
are no specific rules to determine the sample size in qualitative research. The sample size rely on
the considerations of the research, the credibility of the selected base, the available resources and
time.
3.6.1.1 Secondary data collection
The use of the literature review is an unobstructed information gathering strategy which is non-
responsive since documents cannot be impacted by the way they are being utilized (Daas and
Arends-Tóth, 2009). The government and organizations for this situation local government,
produce numerous documents (Wiersma and Jurs, 2005). These reports can conceivably be
utilized to obtain both quantitative and qualitative information. The survey of secondary
information was extremely helpful for this examination. First and foremost, desk studies which
included the discussion of authority reports, articles, authoritative records, distributed and
unpublished writings and Case studies were conducted. The information acquires covered an
extensive variety of issues around solid waste administration in significant cities in Russia, for
example, financial, authoritative, regulative and political issues. The optional information got
from different sources have been utilized for improving the comprehension of the issues, rules
and laws relating to waste administration and so forth and furthermore for triangulation and
confirmation of the essential information gathered. It has helped me in finding out the quality of
the information gathered and in this way, the investigation.

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 30
3.6.1.2 Primary data collection
Creswell (2003) noticed that, information accumulation strategies for essential information
include: the organized and semi-structured questionnaire, sent surveys, organized and semi-
organized interviews, perception and core interest gather talks. Surveys are the most regularly
utilized strategies when respondents can be come to and are eager to co-work. These techniques
can come to a extensive number of subjects who can peruse and compose freely. The
investigation utilized essential information, which was caught through a prearranged survey. The
survey included both shut and open-finished inquiries and had two segments. The initial segment
manages general data on the members.
Qualitative research techniques such as semi and unstructured meetings, hands-on work and
perception were led. With the end goal to discover the job of the casual division in waste
administration, - Unstructured meetings were led with the casual waste authorities amid field
visit at private, business regions and dumpsites.
 Unstructured meetings were led with pioneers of sorted out gatherings of authorities and
go-betweens.
 Unstructured meetings were directed with gathering specialists uncharged of waste
administration (sanitation) to assess and evaluate their adequacy and productivity.
3.6.1.3 Interview
One reason for receiving a combination of quantitative and qualitative research strategies in this
study was on the grounds that the research question required diverse kinds of information. A
portion of this information could be properly be gathered by utilization of organized interview
while other information, by the semi-structured interview. The interviews were utilized in view
of the simplicity at which they permit the gathering of data in regards to, realities, individuals'

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 31
convictions, emotions, people's beliefs, present and past conduct and in addition gauge of
conduct (Sapsford and Jupp, 2006).
3.6.1.4 Structured interview
The organized interview additionally alluded as the standardised interview. it is one of the
techniques for gathering information in a survey research (Araya et al., 2001). The face-to-face
organized interview was utilized instead of a self-completion survey. the main reason for
selecting the structured interview was the education variations of the potential respondents. Not
all the potential respondents were required to have the expertise of reading, understanding and
writing. Along these lines, it was difficult to search for such respondents who had the abilities of
reading and writing and in this way; a face-to-face organized structure was favoured for the
institutionalization of both the soliciting from inquiries and the chronicle of the answer. Since the
interview instrument was to be changed over into the local dialect, it was deemed less demanding
to ask the respondents face to face rather than confronting them to write suitable responses
themselves. Organized interview technique was utilized to gather information from occupants,
market vendors and traders.
3.6.1.5 Non-participant observation
The objective and substance of this examination expected me to spend a respectably huge part of
time inside the examination domain and empowered me to be a bit of the system and culture
where the examination happened. In any case, inferable from winning ground circumstances, I
decided on non-member perception to think about the framework and the general population.
As a non-member spectator, I considered different parts of the present waste administration
framework, for example the waste gathering framework, squander transfer site, reusing

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 32
framework, and so on. A considerable amount of this work is reflected in the photographs in this
hypothesis. Non-participant observation helped me to imagine and check the response of various
individuals and use to analyze the current structure. It also developed an understanding of the
activity of the environment and social setting of the examination region, and moreover the socio-
social setting of the system. Other than this, conversing with the network individuals and
watching the ground substances, further improved my comprehension and help me in framing
procedures or creating strategy proposals with the assistance of network individuals
3.6.1.6 Semi-structured interview
The semi-structured interview was used to procure qualitative data for this examination.
Qualitative data in form of feelings, attitude and sentiments that would not be collected by the
utilization of an organized interview technique, however, it was collected freely through the
semi-structured interview. A gathering guide, with a list of questions, was characterized with the
objective to give the interviewee a more broad degree scope inside which to respond (Hossain,
2014). The semi-organized interview technique was hence, utilized due to its adaptability (yet
with the delimited sweeping statement) and stipend it provides for the interviewee in reacting as
they deem vital.
The stream and directions of the interviews were altered by the reactions of the interviewees.
Despite the fact that the respondents were solicited a similar set from questions, the samples of
the interview was adjusted as indicated by the interviewees, for instance, the questions
arrangements were altered by the reactions of the interviewees. Further, semi-organized
interviews enabled diverse partners to share their thought s and worries in private on the off
chance that they so wanted. With the end goal to guarantee that critical information was not

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 33
missed, I utilized PC recording when members concurred, and also bringing down notes while
leading the meetings. With the end goal to recognize potential interviewees, I at first invested
some energy in meeting with individuals and diverse arrangements of network associations
getting some information about main sources. Significant interviewees (counting key sources)
were chosen from distinctive partner gatherings and comprise of the accompanying classes:
government officials, chairmen, squander specialists, individuals from general society,
individuals from network gatherings, individuals from the business network and NGO delegates.
Semi-organized interview enabled the researcher to increase singular points of view of the
distinctive partners. Open-finished inquiries enabled the researcher enough adaptability to keep
the stream of meeting going as indicated by the solace dimension of the interviewee and helped
me to comprehend the issues in the current framework from alternate points of view. This
likewise enabled the members to distribute their own worries and perspective on the waste
administration framework; that was helpful in framing conceivable guide to a more reasonable
strong waste administration framework. The meetings led at the family unit level went on for
roughly an hour and was one session interview. The government agents and NGO alongside
network pioneers were met up to at least 90 minutes and the meetings kept going in excess of
one session.
3.6.1.7 Field Survey
The field survey was done at various habitat surroundings scales with the intent of recognizing
the functional components that exist inside the management of solid waste and to examine the
practices of solid waste management. The distinctive habitat scales integrated included
households (family unit) level, Neighborhood level and City level. This overview included:
 A survey to all past and present metropolitan dumpsites structures

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 34
 A survey to schools, clinics, hotels as well as health facilities
Qualitative research includes intuitive and participatory techniques for information
accumulation; solid accentuation is given to the requirements of the research to fabricate affinity
with the respondents and the commitment of the members in the discussion (Creswell 2003).
Qualitative research is process oriented enabling a couple of angles ascend amid the
examination, which empowers the analyst to see social phenomenon completely (Creswell
2003). In any case, Creswell (2003) announces that the more unpredictable and instinctive the
story, the better the qualitative examination.
3.6.1.8 Focus Groups
Focus groups are fundamentally group interviews. Focus groups can be separated from group
interviews. As indicated by Krueg (2014), while focus group concentrate around a specific
subject, group interviews covers a more extensive range, and that group interviews are conducted
with reasons of saving time by interviewing various individuals at the same time. The
researchers continue to take note of that the purpose behind the focus group is to perceive how
people look at an issue as people from a group (Krueger, 2014). In the focus group, consideration
is put on how the respondents speak with each other than with the interviewer and it is from the
connection of the members that information rise (Wiersma and Jurs, 2005). In this investigation,
the focus groups were conducted for the classification of individuals who connect secretly and
personally in the solid waste collection from homes and markets. This was planned to
supplement the qualitative information that was gathered through the semi-organized interview
technique.

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 35
3.6.2 Data analysis
The content analysis was utilized to analyze the information which was collected from the
individual interviews. As indicated by Ramsay and Silverman (2007), this is the sort of research
whereby data collected is arranged into points and sub-themes, to have the ability to be compared
and analyzed. The main advantage of content examination is that it makes a difference in
simplifying and reducing the information gathered, while at the same time delivering outcomes
that may then be estimated utilizing quantitative techniques. The notes were then typed on the
PC, thereafter, rising topics were distinguished and characterization of the rising topics done.
The first step involved in content analysis is the pragmatic definition of the objectives in the
study. Based on pragmatic level, the theoretical needs should be determined as well as the
different analysis strategies. The researcher performed both the syntactic, pragmatic and
semantic level. The syntactic investigation observed the text forms with the main aim on the use
of words, type of expression and grammar. The pragmatic analysis focused on the mode of
communication while semantic analysis focused on examining how expressions are used to
describe and identify reality. Coding of solid waste management information was done to break
down and minimize the quantity of texts into manageable units that can be analyzed.
The grouping was ceaselessly altered in light of the developing information from meetings so the
most significant topics could be developed. At the point when the last arrangement of the topics
had been developed, talk of the discoveries was finished with respect to the writing survey and
the information from archives audited. Additionally, the content analysis empowers researchers
to structure the qualitative data collected in a way that satisfies the accomplishment of research
targets. However, the human error is exceedingly associated in with the content examination,

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 36
since there is a risk for researchers to confuse the data collected; creating false and
temperamental ends (Raudenbush and Bryk, 2002).
After cleaning the information from the household interview and correcting the few errors that
were recognized in filling the questionnaire, the data was typed and fed into Statistical Package
for the Social Sciences. The analysis was conducted to create a descriptive yield particularly for
percentage response of the collected data and frequency. Apart from that, the household waste
production and its related handling practices, services accessible to families for waste transfer
and householders' fulfilment with the nature of such services were additionally discussed
depending on the SPSS expressive output obtained. This also covered questions about the
structure of waste disposal and environmental solid waste disposal.
Simple percentages, as well as means, were utilized to dissect the quantitative information
acquired from the family unit questionnaire administration. Information following preparing an
examination of the investigation was condensed utilizing frequency distributions and graphs.
Descriptive quantitative summaries were used appropriately. Percentages of different parameters
were also determined. The qualitative data from interviews that were coordinated with each and
every different class of respondents was investigated physically by making a list of respondents'
perspectives and supporting these with critical references that got these points of view,
maintained with data from both primary and secondary sources of the wastes conditions.

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 37
3.7 Data reliability and validity
Data reliability is the measure of data consistency. In this study, some of the qualitative data
collected were homogenous when they were assessed using item to total correlation. There was
some level of agreement between data collected through interview, focus group and
questionnaires. On the other hand validity is the extent in which a concept can be determined in
a quantitative study. It shows the accuracy of the instrument.
3.8 Ethical considerations
The study on solid waste management in major cities in Russia was subject to some ethical
issues. All the respondents reported their acceptance with regard to their participation in the
study through signing a consent and Briefing Letter. Similarly, the members who were to
participate to obtain sample signed a Debriefing and Withdrawal Letter. The main objectives of
this letter were to reassure the respondents that their participation in the study is voluntary and
are free to withdraw at any point and for any reason.

DISSERTATION PROPOSAL ON WASTE MANAGEMENT 38
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