Assignment On Wastewater Treatment

Chemistry
Wastewater Treatment
Abstract:-

Various techniques have been used for the treatment of the wastewater—
Proposed Schemes based on the reduction of significant Contaminants and
associated health risks. In my opinion, Advanced water treatment techniques such
as Reverse Osmosis, Biological process and Oxidation process provides a good
result. In this study, we will analyze the several water treatment processes.
1.Introduction
Water is an important constituent of life. It is a vulnerable resource, but it has
quantitative and qualitative vulnerability limitations. If wastewater increases, then it
is expected that more than 60% population of the world will be facing the problem
of water scarcity up to the year 2025. To reduce the problem of water scarcity, they
are mainly three stages for the treatment of wastewater called primary, secondary
and tertiary. For the many applications, advanced treatment is needed for
wastewater is called Quaternary Process. The stages of these processes deal with
the PPM (Part Per Million) to PPB (Part Per Billion) levels, and it also includes the fine
filtration or oxidation processes. Every stage removes the different kind of
pollutants present in water so that water becomes cleaner as moves from one stage
to another (Technology, 2020). The various processes of treatment are required to
overcome these antibiotic residues from wastewater. Some processes are used for
the removal of these pharmaceutical toxins such as ultrasonic induced process,
coagulation, photoperiodic-coagulation, electrocoagulation, photocatalytic
degradation and biological methods. In my opinion, we have to use advanced
techniques for the treatment of water so that we can reuse the water for agriculture
or domestic purpose. Various methods are used for the treatment of water such as
Biological process, oxidation of the process and RO (Reverse Osmosis) process.
2. Wastewater Sources of water, Major Contaminants and Associated
Health Risks
Waste water produced from various human activities which includes commercial,
domestic and industrial waste. Municipal wastewater is divided into different areas
such as rural, urban and agricultural. The Agriculture area is that area where
untreated wastewater can be reused. According to the year 2004 estimation,
around 20 million hectare land is irrigated with the wastewater in 50 countries of

the world. In recent years, wastewater usage for crop irrigation is going to increase
(Khalid et al., 2018).
The disposal of poisonous heavy metals, oil spillage, spreading of pesticides,
sludge and waste, non-biodegradable materials and use of fertilizers have a severe
impact on the environment. Micro-pollutants or ECs (Emerging contaminants) are
expanding, and the vast array of anthropogenic compounds that present in water
(Rasheed et al., 2019). Many substances in the water are impurely treated or
untreated and produce toxicity for animals and plants. It also harms humans and
the environment. A large number of contaminants are present in wastewater; it can
be nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen), hydrocarbons, heavy metals, microbes, and
organic matter. In wastewater, endocrine disruptors are the primary contaminants
which have adverse effects on both environment and human health.
In wastewater, harmful organic matter and other pollutants provide breeding for
pathogenic organisms such as protozoa, fungi, viruses and bacteria. Wastewater
contains these pathogenic organisms which can cause water related disease. So
treatment of waste water is required before discharging this hazardous waste in
receiving water bodies. Presence of nitrogenous compounds in wastewater has a
harmful effect on human beings and animals. It causes disease like skins irritation
and pathogenic infection to animals and human beings. Untreated wastewater
causes another problem which is called eutrophication. In which a large amount of
nutrient proliferation occur and stimulates the growth of algae, and it also increases
the water purification cost. Eutrophication adverse effect can be seen on the
dissolved oxygen, biomagnification and bioaccumulation of contaminants, Physical
changes occur in the water bodies. Low concentration of water means the amount
of oxygen is less in water which harms human beings and aquatic animals.
Wastewater treatment has great importance to overcome environmental pollution.
WHO (World Health Organization) is interested in the monitoring and detection of
the Emerging contaminants (ECs) in wastewater, surface water, drinking water and
wastewater (Rasheed et al., 2019).

Figure 1:- Adverse effect and significant consequence ECs on human
health and the environment (Rasheed et al., 2019)
Figure 2:- water pollutants effects on human health (Rasheed et al.,
2019)
3.Treatment of Biological wastewater
Biological treatment is used all over the world because it is more economical and
effective than other chemical or mechanical processes. It binds the activities of
microorganism and bacteria for water cleaning purpose, and it decomposes the
bacteria from the water (Fluence 2020). Biological treatment depends on
nematodes, small organisms or bacteria for the decomposition of the organic waste
by the cellular processes. Wastewater contains excessive organic matters such as
moderately processed foods, debris and garbage. It also holds toxins, heavy metals,
and pathogenic organisms. The main goal of this treatment is to create a system