Significant Breast-feeding Practices of Migrant Women

This study investigates the significant breast-feeding practices of migrant women and the factors associated with breastfeeding in England. It explores the challenges faced by migrant women and provides effective recommendation strategies for better breast-feeding practices.

What are the more Significant
breast-feeding practices of
Migrant women

ABSTRACT
From the below study it is clear that breastfeeding is very necessary for the health of the child
and mother. This is because of the reason that the breastfeeding is the only source through which
the child can have nutrition in their body after birth. Thus, it is very essential for the child to
have breastfed for the early six month. Also, in the research it was outlined that there are many
different factors which are associated with the breastfeeding in England which are majorly linked
with health, social, and cognitive outcomes of the attitude of the person living within the society.
Also, another major factor outlined was the socio- demographic and behavioral factors relating to
variation in breastfeeding. Further in the research it was outlined that there are different infant
feeding practices of migrant women which are helpful in managing growth and development of
the child. This involve striving in order to hold breastfeeding, low rate off exclusive
breastfeeding and many other related practices for the better growth and development of the
child. In the end many different challenges and conflicts were outlined like the women
experiencing tension at time of breastfeeding, low knowledge relating to breastfeeding,
misconception that formula feeding can also be used in place of breastfeeding. In the end it was
recommended to migrant women to have proper knowledge of how to handle and care for the
baby at time of breastfeeding. This is because of the reason that breastfeeding is veey essential
for the health of child as it contains a mix of different proteins, fat and vitamin. Thus, it is very
essential for the women to have proper knowledge relating to all the issues and benefits being
associated with breastfeeding a child.

Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................7
Research methodology.................................................................................................................8
Chapter 3: Research Findings........................................................................................................10
Chapter 4: Discussion....................................................................................................................23
Chapter 5- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDNATION..........................................................26
CHAPTER 6- REFERENCES.......................................................................................................28
APPENDIX....................................................................................................................................30

TOPIC: “To critically investigate on what are the more significant breast-feeding practices of
migrant women.”
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Research Background
Breastfeeding in turn tends to have multiple degree of key effects on both the mother as well as
infants. Breastfeeding in turn tends to results in various other level of outcomes which in turn
tends to include respiratory disease, gastroenteritis, necrotisingenterocolitis, breast cancer among
mothers and otitis media among infants. Moreover, breastfeeding in turn has also highly
associated with the cognitive, health and social outcomes. This in turn mainly leads to effect on
the cognitive development and motor skills of the child and also results in childhood obesity. As
per the norms of the UK guidelines it has been recommended that, an infant must be exclusively
breastfed for up to 6 months (factors associated with breastfeeding in England: an analysis by
primary care trust, 2020). It has been examined that, in England out of 5 only 4 mothers has
started to breast feed their child. Only 36% of the mothers in UK are breast feeding their child
till 6 months. However, the UK breastfeeding percentage in turn is comparatively poor when
compare with other European countries. Lack of social support, general public, negative attitude
and poor family are considered to be as one of the most prominent factors which in turn largely
discourage migrant women from breast feeding. The researcher of the study will highlight on
determining the factors associated with breastfeeding in England. Moreover, it also put emphasis
on critically exploring the infant feeding practice of migrant women.
Aim and Objectives
Research aim
“To critically investigate on what are the more significant breast-feeding practices of migrant
women.”
Research Objectives
 To determine the factors associated with breastfeeding in England.
 To critically explore the infant feeding practice of migrant women.

 To examine the major conflicts faced by the migrant women to feed infants.
 To analyse effective recommendation strategies for more significant breast-feeding practices.
Research questions
 What are the factors associated with breastfeeding in England?
 What are the infant feeding practice of migrant women?
 What are the major conflicts faced by the migrant women to feed infants?
 What are effective recommendation strategies for more significant breast-feeding practices?
Rationale
One of the key reason for carrying out the specific study is mainly linked with that this
topic is highly linked with the course the researcher has been studying. This way it will be very
useful in carrying out the study in the systematic manner. The researcher of the study in turn
tends to have both personal interest and also the academic interest in order to gain wider
perspective of knowledge related with the significance of breast-feeding practices among
migrant women. This study also tends to have broader set of topic which in turn is useful in
attaining better set of results. This study is very crucial because it helps in predicting the various
factors which largely influence the breastfeeding among the migrant women. This study is very
prominent because it helps in selecting the right set of research methodology which helps in the
attainment of the key goals and objectives of the research study.
Research significance
This research study is considered to be very beneficial for the health care practitioners
and also various care organization in order to gain wide degree of knowledge associated with the
specific subject matter. However, this study is also going to be very beneficial for the other
researcher which in turn helps in gaining new information for the future set of investigation. This
study in turn is considered to be very prominent as it helps various researchers which helps in
gaining wider perspective of knowledge which in turn eventually leads to higher operational
growth and sustainability. This study is very significant and prominent for the migrant mothers
which helps in gaining wider set of perspective associated with the factors associated with breast
feeding in England and various major conflicts faced by the migrant women to feed infants. This

research is very significant for the doctors and the health care professionals in order to find
effective recommendation strategies for more significant breast-feeding practices.

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Theme 1: Factors associated with the breast-feeding
According to Odeniyi and et.al., (2020) sociodemographic and behavioral factors are
consider one of the most affected factors which is associated with the breast- feeding and it is
also included the area of residence, maternal age, their background, maternal education, smoking
behavior. Thus, the study based upon this area also reveals that if the women is not fit then it
creates negative impact upon their child as well. So, it is clearly reflected that breast feeding is
linked with the health, social and cognitive outcomes which also includes childhood obesity and
cognitive development. Fair and et.al., (2020)stated that UK guidance recommend that infants
are exclusively breastfed to 6 month of the age and in England there are four of five mothers
now start breast feeding but recent study shows that there is a huge drop down of the case and
now only 36% of them are breast feeding their children at 6 weeks only. The study conducted
by the article, “factor associated with the Breast Feeding” shows that sociodemographic and
behavioral factors are associated with the variation in area based breast- feeding.
Theme 2: Infant feeding practices of Migrant women
In accordance with Rowe and et.al., (2020)shows that while IFPs do changes with the
arrival and habitation in UK, but refugee mothers are not consciously adapting their strategies in
order to fit in with the British maternal behavior. On the other side, the mothers are involves
which were instead striving in order to hold on their breast- feeding tradition in a predominantly
formula that is feeding the culture. Even study also reveal that isolation is the best strategy
which will strongly influence on the capability of refugee mother in order to attain the
satisfactory IFP experience. On the another side, it is also argued by Zeitlin and et.al., (2020) that
the low rate off exclusive breastfeeding during the time of new born baby highlight the need to
address the upstream breastfeeding practices as well as policies. In the same manner, perinatal
nurses in UK, lactation consultants and obstetric health providers are also plays an important role
in the success of breast feeding practices.
Also, with the help of guide health care providers, migrant women in UK also get assist
in order to develop best practice of breast feeding. Therefore, increasing exclusive breast feeding

rates at all population is worthy and world wide goal is also given which helps to creates positive
impact upon women health.Fellmeth, Fazel and Plugge (2017) stated that intention to breast feed
in the Western culture is high and many women also stop breastfeeding before they get ready.
Also, sudden change in the behavior of the mother also got negative impact upon the child such
that this will lead to cause many health issues. Author also stated that the success and failure of
breastfeeding is not solely responsible for women and thus, it is a broader responsibility off
government and society in order to support the women trough policies and programs.
Theme 3: Conflicts face by migrant women to feed infants
In the opinion of Tariq and et.al., (2016) migrant women experience tension in their
breast feeding and they also know that mother milk is the best and as a result, it also creates
direct impact upon the health. So, women think that when they do not get perfect food and this
in turn affect their overall child life in opposite manner. That is why, proper health care
campaign should be introduce so that migrant women do not get any negative experience. As per
the view of Zhang and Benton (2019) the mother body is weak after delivery and that is why,
they get proper health food but this is not possible when women are migrant. At that time, they
face issue because they did not provide proper care to their children and this in turn affect the
overall health of a child in opposite manner.
Thus, Anunike, Evans and Jackson (2019) stated that breast feeding in a new country is
consider contradiction and conflict and as a result, it is represented not only clash between an
individual woman belief ad practice but also, tension with a family members.
Research methodology
Research type:For the current study, researcher chooses qualitative research type which
help the study to conduct the study in better manner. It is so because the study actually help to
generate the results which are more descriptive and inferences can be also drawn quite easily fro
the data.
Research Approach:For this study, researcher chooses inductive research approach
because it starts with the observation and theories which are proposed towards the end of a

research. Using inductive research, researcher meet the define aim and objective in better
manner.
Research Philosophy:Interpretivism research philosophy has been used by the
researcher in order to develop the views from the sample. Also, this philosophy help researcher
to conduct the study in more precise manner and answer the research questions in better manner.
Data Collection:Both primary and secondary data collection methods are chosen such
that questionnaire is designed under primary research, while latest books and journals are chosen
under secondary research so that it will help the study to meet the define aim and objectives i.e.
to determine the best breast feeding practices of migrant women.
Data Analysis: Thematic data analysis is adopted by the researcher so that researcher
present the views of selected sample through different graphs and tables in order to look more
presentable. Using this method, researcher collect the views in order to determine the best
practices of breast feeding of migrant women.
Sampling:Simple random sampling method is chosen in which 15 migrant women are
randomly selected in order to get their views related to the best practices of breast feeding of
migrant women.
Ethical Consideration: Researcher has to make sure that proper consent is taken from
the sample and also make sure that confidentiality is maintain with proper communication.

Chapter 3: Research Findings
Theme 1: Yes, maximum number of the participants has complete understanding related with
the concept of Breast feeding.
PARTICULARS RESPONDENTS % OF RESPONDENTS
Yes 11 73.33%
No 1 6.66%
Maybe 3 20%
TOTAL 15 100%
Interpretation: From the above conducted study from 15 migrant women.Among which 73.33%
has been sought to determine the fact that, breastfeeding tends to have high degree of multiple
influence on the infant child as well as the mother. It leads to high degree of outcomes which in
turn eventually lead to respiratory disease, breast cancer among mothers, gastroenteritis,
necrotisingenterocolitis and otitis. Breastfeeding is very useful as it helps in feeding the young
children or infants with the help of feeding milk from the mother’s breast. One of the key and
prominent advantage associated with the breastfeeding is that, it helps in providing balanced
nutrition to the infants and it also tends to contain important antibodies. Breastfeeding is one of
the most prominent concept as it helps in reducing the risk of disease and also promoting a

healthy weight within an individual. It is very useful in improving the motor and cognitive skills
which eventually leads to higher sustainable growth and efficiency. Breastfeeding tends to have
high degree health benefits to both the mother as well as an infant.
Theme 2: Behavioral factors is one of the key significant factor which is associated with
breastfeeding in England.
PARTICULARS RESPONDENTS % OF RESPONDENTS
Behavioral factors 8 53.33%
Socio- demographic factor 5 33.33%
Lack of knowledge 2 13.33%
TOTAL 15 100%
Behavioral factors Socio- demographic factor Lack of knowledge
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
53.33%
33.33%
13.33%
Chart Title
Series1 % OF RESPONDENTS
Interpretation: From the above conducted study from 15 migrant women. Among which 53.33%
has been sought to determine the fact that, behavioral and social factors are considered to be one
of the key significant factor which is associated with breastfeeding in England. The attitude and
the knowledge of the mother, support from family and the society are the key influencing factors
related with the breastfeeding. As supported by the literature review, behavioral factors are in
turn considered to be as one of the most significant factors which is linked with the breast-
feeding. The behavioral factors eventually comprises of residence, their background, maternal
age, maternal education and smoking behavior. Moreover,33.33% respondents tends to establish
the fact that, there are various socio- demographic factors such as lack of knowledge, lack of

support from the society, discrimination, etc. which in turn are largely associated with the breast
feeding within England.
Theme 3: Highly agreed, lifestyle and cultural factors might discourage migrant women from
breast feeding.
PARTICULARS RESPONDENTS % OF RESPONDENTS
Agreed 3 20%
Highly agreed 6 40%
Disagreed 2 13.33%
Highly disagreed 1 6.66%
Neutral 3 20%
TOTAL 15 100%
Agreed Highly agreed Disagreed Highly disagreed Neutral
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
20%
40%
13%
7%
20%
Chart Title
Series1 % OF RESPONDENTS
Interpretation: From the above conducted study from 15 migrant women. Among which 60%
(20%+ 40%) has been sought to determine the fact that, there seems to be a cultural belief that,
the mother of the infant could potentially harm the infant because of the breastfeeding. Having
bad milk, incapability to produce milk, transmission of the abdominal cramps to the infant
through breastfeeding is considered to be as one of the most prominent belief which in turn has
been expressed by an individual. Lack of social support, negative attitude, general public and
poor family are considered to be as one of the most prominent factors which in turn largely
discourage migrant women from breast feeding. Moreover, 20% of the participants were neutral

on this specific theme of the study and did not share any clear perspective associated with this
theme.
Theme 4: Isolation strategy for breastfeeding, is the infant feeding practice of migrant women.
PARTICULARS RESPONDENTS % OF RESPONDENTS
Inadequate infant breeding
practice
1 6.66%
Emergence of western
culture
3 20%
Lack of society and
government support
4 26.66%
Isolation strategy for
breastfeeding
7 46.66%
TOTAL 15 100%
Inadequate infant
breeding practice Emergence of
western culture Lack of society and
government support Isolation strategy for
breastfeeding
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
7%
20%
27%
47%
Chart Title
Series1 % OF RESPONDENTS
Interpretation: From the above conducted study from 15 migrant women. Among which 46.66%
has been sought to determine the fact that, isolation is the best strategy which will strongly
influence on the capability of refugee mother in order to attain the satisfactory Infant feeding
practicesexperience. Low rate off exclusive breastfeeding during the time of new born baby
highlight the need to address the upstream breastfeeding practices as well as policies. Moreover,

26.66% respondents tends to establish the fact that, lack of society and government support. The
government must focus on taking appropriate measure and initiatives in order to focus on
improving the health benefit and outcomes of the infant and the mother. 20% examined the fact
that, emergence of western culture is one of the infant feeding practice of migrant women. This
in turn results in carrying out the isolation strategy which leads to higher sustainable growth and
efficiency.
Theme 5: High degree of health problems are the key problems faced by the migrant women to
feed infants.
PARTICULARS RESPONDENTS % OF RESPONDENTS
No proper food 2 13.33%
Inadequate heath care
facilities
3 20%
High degree of health
problems
6 40%
Breast engorgement 4 26.66%
TOTAL 15 100%
No proper food Inadequate heath
care facilities High degree of
health problems Breast
engorgement
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
13%
20%
40%
27%
% OF RESPONDENTS
Interpretation: From the above conducted study from 15 migrant women. Among which 40%
has been sought to determine the fact that, high degree of health problems are the key problems
faced by the migrant women to feed infants. Breast engorgement, nipple pain, nipple trauma and

nipple infection are considered to the key health problems which in turn has been faced by the
migrant women to feed infants. Proper nutrition and feeding in turn is considered to be as one of
the most prominent measure which is very useful in alleviating the various feeding problems.
Moreover, 26.66% sought to determine the fact that, breast engorgement is mainly linked with
the breasts are over filled with the milk. This eventually occurs when the breast tends to become
highly swollen and tends to make it difficult for the baby to breastfeed. 20% said that, inadequate
health care facilities which eventually leads to high degree of problems among the migrant
women to feed infants. Remaining participants tends to establish the fact that, no proper nutrition
and food intake among the mothers is the key problems faced by the migrant women to feed
infants.
Theme 6: Yes, breast feeding practice helps in promoting cognitive and sensory development
within child.
PARTICULARS RESPONDENTS % OF RESPONDENTS
Yes 10 66.66%
No 2 13.33%
Maybe 3 20%
TOTAL 15 100%
Yes No Maybe
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7 66.66%
13.33%
20.00%
Chart Title
Series1 % OF RESPONDENTS
Interpretation: From the above conducted study from 15 migrant women. Among which 66.66%
has been sought to determine the fact that, breastfeeding is highly associated with the

development of cognitive and sensory outcomes among infant child. Breastfeeding is considered
to be very useful in cognitive development and motor skills of the child which is beneficial for
the future growth and development of the child. It is very useful in improving the motor and
cognitive skills which eventually leads to higher sustainable growth and efficiency. Breast
feeding in turn is also considered to be as one of the most prominent factor because it helps in
better emotional interaction between the infant and the mothers. Breast feeding is very useful in
improving the cognitive and motor skills among infancy and adolescence which eventually leads
to long term sustainable growth and efficiency. Among which, 20% of the participants tends to
establish the fact that, they are not sure if breast feeding practice helps in promoting cognitive
and sensory development within child.
Theme 7: Breast feeding education and maternal education are the major factors which affect
the breastfeeding of the migrant lady.
Particular Respondent % of respondent
Smoking 3 20
Mode of delivery 2 13.33
Maternal education 5 33.33
Breast feeding education 5 33.33
Total 15 100

Smoking Mode of
delivery Maternal
education Breast
feeding
education
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
20.00
13.33
33.33 33.33
% of respondent
% of respondent
Interpretation- with the help of the above analysis of the data it is clear that there are many
different factors which affects the breastfeeding in the migrnat women. This is majorly
pertianing to the fact that when it comes to breastfeding it is not necesssary that the women have
all the knwoledge and expertise that how they have to deal with their infant. Thus, majority of
the responedent states that the maor issue faced by the migrant women is that they does not have
proper maternal knwoeldge and breastfeeding knwoeldge. But in against of this some of the
reapondent also states that the major issue faced is the mode of delivery that is how the baby has
been delivered. This also has a major impact over the breastfeeding of the women and this affect
the ability of breastfeeding among the women. On the contrary some of the participant that is 20
% states that the major factor affecting the breastfeeding among the migrant women. This is
because if the women will smoke then this will have a impact over the breastfeeding capacity of
the person.
Theme 8: Yes, the infant feeding practices of women have major impact over the health of the
women.
Particular Respondent % of respondent
Yes 8 53.33
No 7 46.67
Total 15 100

Yes
No
42.00 44.00 46.00 48.00 50.00 52.00 54.00
53.33
46.67
% of respondent
% of respondent
Interpretation- from the above data and its analysis and evaluation it is clear that the infant
feeding by women have a major impact over the helath of women and baby as well. This is
majorly pertaining to the fact that if the good practices of breastfeeding will not be adapted by
the migrant women than this will have a major impact over the helpath of both the mother as
well as the child. So this is agreed by 53.33 % of the respondent that the use of many of the
habot of women have a major impact over the infant and their breastfeeding habit. The major
impact is that if the women has the habit of smoking then this will affect the health of women
and their child as well.
Theme 9: Yes, the vaccinations given to the infant at time of breastfeeding have impact over
the process of breastfeeding.
Particular Respondent % of respondent
Yes 10 66.67
No 5 33.33
Total 15 100

Yes
No
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00
66.67
33.33
% of respondent
% of respondent
Interpretation- from the above data it is analysed and evaluated that the vaccination which is
being given to the child at time of their birth also has a major imapct over the breastfeeding by a
migrnat women. This is agreed by 66.67 % of participant that when the vaccinations are being
given to the infant then this has a major impact over the breastfeeding by the women. This is
pertaining to the fact that when the vaccination are given then the medicine within the
vaccination enters in the blood of the child and because of this the resist to take perform
breastfeeding and this can also has a impact over the health of the child and the mother as well.
But this is not agreed by 33.33 % of the participant as they articualte that there is no relation
among the vaccination and the breastfeeding as both are the different aspect and issues.
Theme 10: All of the above are the vaccines being given to the infant at the time they are
breastfeeding.
Particular Respondent % of respondent
Measles 5 33.33
Hepatitis B 2 13.33
Rabies 2 13.33
All of the above 6 40
Total 15 100

33.33
13.3313.33
40.00
% of respondent
Measles
Hepatitis B
Rabies
All of the above
Interpretation- from the above analysis and interpretation of the data and information it is clear
that the different types of vaccination are very necessary for the child. This is pertianing to the
fact that these vaccination help the child to fight against many of the problems and diseases since
childhood. Hence, as agreed by 40 % of the participant the major vaccination being provided to
child are all of the above. This all of the above includes vaccination for measles, hepatitis B and
rabies. All these diseaeses are generally happened at early age and these vaccination protect the
child against these diseases. Thus, this is very essntial for the child to get vaccinated at the right
time. But some of the participant states that measles is the disease which is vaccinated for large
and this is agreed by 33.33 % of the responded. However, rest of the participant agrees to all the
option on the individual basis.
Theme 11: All of the above are the major conflicts being faced by the migrant women at time
of breastfeeding.
Particular Respondent % of respondent
Lactation problem 2 13.33
Misconception that formula feeding is also
equivalent 3 20
Lack of proper knowledge about the feeding 3 20
All of the above 7 46.67

Total 15 100
13.
333
333
333
333
3
20
20
46.66666666666
66
% of respondent
Lactation problem
Misconception that
formula feeding is also
equivalent
Lack of proper knowledge
about the feeding
All of the above
Interpretation- with the help of the data and information collected for the above question it is
clear that there are many different conflict and issues being faced by the migrnat women at time
of feeding the child. This is majorly because of many different reaosn but as agreed by 46.67 %
of participant the majority articulates that the major conflict is all of the above which includes
lactation problem, lack of proper knwoledge about feeding and misconcpetion the formula
feeding is also equivalent to breastfeeding. But this all are the major issues or conflicts being
faced by the migrant women. But in contrast to this the some of the respondent agrees to the fact
on individual basis like 20 % states that misconception that formula feeding is also equivalent to
the breastfeeding. But other 20 % states that the lack of proper knwoeldge is the main conflict for
breastfeeding activity. In the end it can be seen that 13.33 % states that the lactation problem is
the major conflict being faced by the migrant women at time of breastfeeding.
Theme 12: Major recommendation for the improvement of breastfeeding practices among the
infant.
Interpretation- with the help of the analysis of the question it is clear that the breastfeeding for
the migrant women is the major issue which can affect the health of the women and the child as
well. Thus, it is necessary for the women to take measures in improving and taking care of the

child to a great extent. The major recommendation for improving the breastfeeding is that the
women must take all the necessary steps in learning the fact that how the breastfeeding is done in
proper manner. Also, the women must understand all the issues relating to the breastfeeding and
this will help the women in learning the fact that how they have to manage their child in proper
and effectvie manner.

Chapter 4: Discussion
This study has helped me examined the fact that, Breastfeeding tends to results in various
other level of outcomes which in turn tends to include respiratory disease, breast cancer among
mothers and otitis media among infants.One of the prominent advantage associated with the
breastfeeding is that, it helps in providing balanced nutrition to the infants and it also tends to
contain important antibodies (Fellmeth,Fazel, and Plugge, 2017).Breastfeeding tends to have
high degree health benefits to both the mother as well as an infant. Behavioral and social factors
are considered to be one of the key significant factor which is associated with breastfeeding in
England. The exclusive breastfeeding was estimated to be 24% within England when compared
with the 13% within Northern Ireland and Moreover, it has been investigated that, bad milk,
incapability to produce milk, transmission of the abdominal cramps to the infant through
breastfeeding is considered to be as one of the most prominent belief which in turn has been
expressed by an individual.Health care practitioner’s helps migrant women in UK also get assist
in order to develop best practice of breast feeding (Odeniyi and et.al., 2020). One of the key
benefit associated with the breastfeeding is protect infant from infection and also provide them
with nutritional benefits. This study was useful to evaluate that, Breast engorgement, nipple pain,
nipple trauma and nipple infection are considered to the key health problems which in turn has
been faced by the migrant women to feed infants. Women in turn do not tend to get any sort of
nutritional range of food which in turn largely influence the health of the mothers who breast
feed. Breastfeeding is considered to be very useful in cognitive development and motor skills of
the child which is beneficial for the future growth and development of the child. It is very useful
in gaining better emotional interaction between the infant and the mothers (Hufton, and Raven,
2016). Lack of support from the society, not adequate knowledge, lack of support from the
family, lack of education and poor family are considered to be as the key relevant factors which
in turn largely influence the breast feeding among migrant women within England. The
breastfeeding rate within the United Kingdom is considered to significant low because of the
reduction in the public health funding, negative attitude of the public towards breastfeeding and
lack of knowledge associated with the various health benefits which are linked with breast milk
(Thet and et.al., 2018). Breastfeedinghelps in providing balanced nutrition to the infants and it
also tends to contain important antibodies.Breastfeeding is considered to be highly emotive

subject within the United Kingdom because of the negative attitude towards breastfeeding.
Improving the breastfeeding rate within the UK is considered to be very useful because it tends
to have high degree of profound impact on the health of an infant. UK guidance recommend that
infants are exclusively breastfed to 6 month of the age and in England there are four of five
mothers now start breast feeding (Zhou, Younger and Kearney, 2018). Breastfeeding rates tend
to decline in the England because of the adoption of the western culture. One of the key reason
of lower breastfeeding rates in the UK is because most of the workplace do not have place to
feed their babies which eventually results in lower breastfeeding rated within the United
Kingdom.
From the above study it is clear that breastfeeding is the most improtant thing for the
safety and better development of the infant. This is majorly beucase of the reaosn that if the
women will not be able to feed their child then many different problems can take place in the
health of the child (Wandel and et.al., 2016). This is majorly because of the reaosn that the milk
in breast contains antibodies which help the baby fight against the bacteria and viruses. Also, the
breastfeeding decreases the risk of having asthma and allergies witihn the baby. With the hlpe of
the analysis it was clear that the breastfeeding involves a large amount of nutritions for the baby
and these are very usefull and helpful in the growth and development of the child.
The milk of the mother contains essntial protien, fat and vitamin in appropriate quantity
which is required by the baby in the management of the health of the child (Rethy, and et.al.,
2019). With the research it was also found that if the baby is being fed for early six months with
the breastfed only then there are chances that the baby will have less infection in ear, bouts of
diarrhea, respiratory illness and problem and other related diseases or issues. Also, another major
benefit which was seen was that the proper breastfeeding lowers the chances of obesity in the
child and this promoted healthy growth of the child.
This is majorly pertianing to the fact that this contain more of leptin which is more
beneficial for the gut bacteria and is good for the health of the baby and also for the mother. With
the help of the research it was seen that there were many different types of issues and problems
being faced by the migrant women in making the child breastfed. This was majorly because of
the fact that the women does not have proper knowledge that how to deal with the breastfeeding
and also how to handle the child in this time period (Tang and et.al., 2019). Thus, this was the

major issue or the conflict beign faced by the women at time of managing the child and their
growth and development. Also in the end it was seen that the vaccination are very necessary for
the child to be given as these vaccination help the child in fighting with the diseases which can
take place in the early stage of the life.
Thus, these vaccination prevent the hleath of the child to degrade and to make sure that
the helath of the child is maintained in proper and effective manner. Also, the major diseases for
which the vaccinations are being provided is the rabies, hepatitis B, measles and many other
related diseases. All these diseases are generally attackign the child at this ealry age only and
these vaccination provide aid and assistance to the chisl to fight against these diseases in
effective and efficient manner (Hashmi, and et.al., 2019). Also, from the above discussion it was
clear that these vaccination help the child in building up their immune system and increases their
ability to fight against the diseases or any related problems.

Chapter 5- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMEDNATION
In the end it was clearly interpreted that the breastfeeding is the most essential thing for
the safety of the child as well as the health of the mother as well. This is majorly pertaining to
the fact that the breastfeeding is associated with the cognitive health and social outcome of the
society and this can also have an impact over the health of both the child and the mother. In
addition to the knowledge on breastfeeding the research also helped in learning the fact that for
doing any research the most important thing is the formulation of the aim and objectives. This is
majorly because of the reason that this aim and objective help the researcher in finding the
direction from which the research can be accomplished in successful manner.
Also, it was seen that the designing of the research is also an important part for the
success of the research. This is majorly pertaining to the fact that this research methodology
acknowledges the researcher that which methods they have to select. Also, another major
important criterion for the success of the research is the collection and analysis of the data. This
is majorly pertaining to the fact that if the data is not collected from the reliable sources then the
research will not be able to manage the research in successful manner. Also the data analysis is
very essential because if the data will not be analysed in proper and effective manner then the
research will not reach to its intended outcome.
Recommendation
The major recommendation to the migrant women for breastfeeding is that it is very
essential for the women to have complete knowledge and expertise that how they have to handle
their child at time of breastfeeding. This is very much important because of the fact that is they
will not have proper knowledge that how they have to take care of their babies then they will not
be able to manage their proper care and well being.
Another major important suggestion for the breastfeeding women is that they must also
take care of the time of the vaccines at which the children need to be provided with. This is very
essential because of the reason that if the vaccinations are not being provided on time then this
will affect the health of the child to a great extent and this will also have an impact over the

breastfeeding of the child. Thus, it is the duty of the women to take proper care that the
vaccinations are being provided to the child on time or not.
Another major recommendation for the women is that they must also have proper
knowledge of the other alternatives to be given if the child stops breastfeeding. This is majorly
pertaining to the fact that if the child stops breastfeeding then it has a great impact over the
health of the child. Hence, in this case the mother must have clear knowledge that what
alternative option they can have for the curing of the child. This is because if good source of
energy will not be given to the child then this will have a negative impact over the health and
growth and development of the child.

CHAPTER 6- REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Anunike, O.O., Evans, M. and Jackson, K., 2019. Breastfeeding Experiences of African Migrant
Women in Developed Countries: A Qualitative Systematic Review.
Fair, F. and et.al., 2020. Migrant women’s experiences of pregnancy, childbirth and maternity
care in European countries: A systematic review. PloS one. 15(2). p.e0228378.
Fellmeth, G., Fazel, M. and Plugge, E., 2017. Migration and perinatal mental health in women
from low‐and middle‐income countries: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. BJOG: An
International Journal of Obstetrics &Gynaecology. 124(5).pp.742-752.
Grewal, N.K., and et.al., 2016. Breast-feeding and complementary feeding practices in the first 6
months of life among Norwegian-Somali and Norwegian-Iraqi infants: the InnBaKost
survey. Public health nutrition. 19(4). pp.703-715.
Hashmi, A.H., and et.al., 2019. Feeding practices and risk factors for chronic infant
undernutrition among refugees and migrants along the Thailand-Myanmar border: a
mixed-methods study. BMC public health. 19(1). p.1586.
Hufton, E. and Raven, J., 2016. Exploring the infant feeding practices of immigrant women in
the N orth W est of E ngland: a case study of asylum seekers and refugees in L iverpool
and M anchester. Maternal & child nutrition. 12(2).pp.299-313.
Odeniyi, A.O. and et.al., 2020. Breastfeeding beliefs and experiences of African immigrant
mothers in high‐income countries: A systematic review. Maternal & Child Nutrition,
p.e12970.
Rethy, J.A., and et.al., 2019. Sociodemographic predictors of exclusive breast-feeding among
low-income women attending a Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women,
Infants, and Children (WIC) programme. Public health nutrition. 22(9). pp.1667-1674.
Rosenthal, A., and et.al., 2019. Effects of immigration on infant feeding practices in an inner
city, low socioeconomic community. Journal of the National Medical
Association. 111(2). pp.153-157.
Rowe, M. and et.al.,2020. The Reproductive Microbiome: An Emerging Driver of Sexual
Selection, Sexual Conflict, Mating Systems, and Reproductive Isolation. Trends in Ecology
& Evolution.
Scott, A., and et.al, 2016. Breast-feeding perceptions, beliefs and experiences of Marshallese
migrants: an exploratory study. Public health nutrition. 19(16). pp.3007-3016.
Tang, K., and et.al., 2019. Association between maternal education and breast feeding practices
in China: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMJ open. 9(8). p.e028485.
Tariq, S.and et.al.,2016. “It pains me because as a woman you have to breastfeed your baby”:
decision-making about infant feeding among African women living with HIV in the
UK. Sexually transmitted infections. 92(5).pp.331-336.

Thet, M.M., and et.al., 2018. The influence of a community-level breast-feeding promotion
intervention programme on breast-feeding practices in Myanmar. Public health
nutrition. 21(16). pp.3091-3100.
Wandel, M., and et.al., 2016. Breastfeeding among Somali mothers living in Norway: Attitudes,
practices and challenges. Women and Birth. 29(6). pp.487-493.
Zeitlin, J. and et.al., 2020. Cohort profile: Effective Perinatal Intensive Care in Europe (EPICE)
very preterm birth cohort. International Journal of Epidemiology.
Zhang, X. and Benton, L., 2019. The Association of Acculturation and Complementary Infant
and Young Child Feeding Practices Among New Chinese Immigrant Mothers in England:
A Mixed Methods Study. International journal of environmental research and public
health. 16(18). p.3282.
Zhou, Q., Younger, K.M. and Kearney, J.M., 2018. Infant Feeding Practices in China and
Ireland: Ireland Chinese Mother Survey. Frontiers in public health. 6. p.351.
Online
Factors associated with breastfeeding in England: an analysis by primary care trust. 2020.
[ONLINE]. Available through<
file:///C:/Users/Admin/AppData/Local/Temp/Rar$DIa0.593/3_2_2020_Infant-
fee1586461766882.pdf>

APPENDIX
Age:
Gender:
Questionnaire
1. Do you have complete understanding related with the concept of Breast feeding?
 Yes
 No
 Maybe
2. What are the factors associated with breastfeeding in England?
 Behavioral factors
 Socio- demographic factor
 Lack of knowledge
3. Do you agree, lifestyle and cultural factors might discourage migrant women from
breast feeding?
 Agreed
 Highly agreed
 Disagreed
 Highly disagreed
 Neutral
4. According to you, what are the infant feeding practice of migrant women?
 Inadequate infant breeding practice
 Emergence of western culture
 Lack of society and government support
 Isolation strategy for breastfeeding
5. According to you, what are the key problems faced by the migrant women to feed
infants?
 No proper food
 Inadequate heath care facilities
 High degree of health problems

 Breast engorgement
6. Do you think, breast feeding practice helps in promoting cognitive and sensory
development within child?
 Yes
 No
 Maybe
7. What are the major factors which affect the breastfeeding of the lady?
 Smoking
 Mode of delivery
 Maternal education
 Breast feeding education
8. Does the infant feeding practice of women have a major impact over the health of
women?
 Yes
 No
9. Do the vaccinations being given to the infant have any impact over breastfeeding?
 Yes
 No
10. Are there any vaccines given to the child during the time frame of breastfeeding?
 Measles
 Hepatitis B
 Rabies
 All of the above
11. From the following which are the major conflict being faced by the migrant women at
time of feeding their child?
 Lactation problem
 Misconception that formula feeding is also equivalent
 Lack of proper knowledge about the feeding
 All of the above
12. What are the major recommendation and strategies for improving breast feeding
practices?