ECONOMICS2 Solution 1.(a) Totalunitsoflabouravailable∈Home labourrequrement∈appleproduction=1200/3 = 400 units Home consumption has 1200 units of labor when wholly utilized produces 400 apples Totalunitsoflabouravailable∈Home labourrequrement∈bananaproduction= 1200/2 = 600 bananas, this means that 6oo bananas will be produce when all units of labor is utilized. By putting Apples on vertical axis and bananas on horizontal, the line is connected to link the two items thus opportunity cost. Figure 1: Production Possibility Frontier
ECONOMICS3 (b)The opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas =Unitlabourrequirementofapple laborrequirement∈bananaproduction = 3/2 = 1.5 Therefore, when the economy foregoes to produce apples, the amount of labor used to produce bananas will be 1.5 (c)when international trade doesn’t exist, both goods would be produced by Home. But for Home to produce both Apple and Bananas, the ‘relative price’ of apple in terms of bananas should be equal to the opportunity cost. Thus relative price of apple in terms of bananas is equivalent to the relative production labor cost and so it is given bywagexunitlabourrequirementforapple wagexunitlabourrequirementforbananas =wagex3 wagex2 = 3/2 The reason for this is because when opportunity cost is equal to the ratio of labor units required in apples and bananas, the relative prices for the products is the labor unit requirement. This is because labor is considered the only factor of production. 4.The rise in number of workers from 1200 to 2400 at Home forces the ‘relative supply schedule’ to shift. The equilibrium relative price is now 3/2. In this situation, Foreign still benefits from trade, however, the opportunity cost for bananas in terms of apples for the Home is similar minus considering the presence or the absence of trade and so Home does not gain and it does not lose from trade too (Beaudreau, 2011).
ECONOMICS4 5. The graph is similar to that in solution 3. This is because the total ‘effective labour’ remains thesamesincedoublingthelabourforcegoeshandinhandwith‘halving’thelabour productivity. 2(a) To graph the Foreign’s PPF, 800/5 =160production of apple and 800/1 =800bananas Therefore, this is graphed by putting apples on vertical axis and bananas on the horizontal axis. Figure 2: Graph showing Foreign PFF This implies that a foreign country should forego 5 units of apple which could bring 5 bananas. Therefore, the opportunity cost of a single unit of apple is 5 bananas. 2. (b)
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ECONOMICS5 Figure 3:world relative supply curve. Figure 3 above shows that the world relative supply curve for banana is the same as that for apple as well as the relative quantity of both items.
ECONOMICS6 3(a) Figure 4:Relative Demand Curve (b) The equilibrium price for the apples is located at the intersection of relative demand and the supply curves that are relative to each other. The point is at (0.5, 2) in which the relative demand meets the vertical axis. This implies that the relative equilibrium price is 2. (c)It is evident that home produces only apples whereas a foreign country produces only bananas. However, each of these two countries trade its goods for the good of another country. (d)Due to trade absence, home gets 3 bananas by sacrificing 2 apples and foreign gains 1 apple when it foregoes 5 bananas. This implies that trade allows the single country to trade 2
ECONOMICS7 bananas for only 1 apple(Beaudreau, 2011). In addition, Home can also gain 4 of the bananas through sacrificing 2 apples while foreign can gain 1 apple by leaving out 2 bananas. Most significant is that, each country looks to be better off in terms of trade. QUESTION 2 (6). By using a ‘two-good Richardian model, the home country has got absolute advantage more than foreign one in productivity in relation to both Wine and cheese. This implies that the Home country takes many workers than the foreign country. Figure 8: A Two-Good Richardian model From the above figure, The blue portion indicates the original production possibilities of Home country. Through trading, Home consumes the baskets indicated by pink portion thus facing similar PPF (Beaudreau, 2015). With this situation, the wages for Home country will be high since many works in both products need to be recruited. Therefore, the demand for labour is high, which leads to the increase in wages.
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ECONOMICS8 Question 3 Question 3 2(a) The production functions of good 1 is graphed by using labor units and output units. Since capital is provided as fixed, it cannot change the output units but labor units can change the output units and so only labor can bring out the shape of a production curve.The graph below portrays the production function of good 1 taking labor to be on the horizontal axis and output units on the vertical axis Figure 5: Production function for Good 1
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ECONOMICS10 Figure 6: production function of good 2 (b) The production possibility frontier refers to a graph that portrays a combination of two commodities that may be produced using the same amount of resources. Labor is a variable factor that differs in production of good 1 to good 2. The graph below is a production possibility frontier that shows good 1 on the x axis and good 2 on the y axis.
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ECONOMICS11 Figure 7: Production possibility frontier The PPC curve is curved because the opportunity cost is increasing. This means that in order to produce more of good 1, more resources have to be provided for the production. (3) a. By considering the assumption of labor that is mobile between the sectors, therefore, labour moves from a sector that pays low wage until when the wages are put into equilibrium (Cinquetti,2018). Therefore, for equilibrium, the rate of wage is equaled to the value of marginal product for labour. P1* MPL1= P2*MPL2 =P2/P1 = 2 Figure 8: The Labour Allocation
ECONOMICS12 The Points’ abscissa for intersection that is illustrated above should lie between the coordinate of (20, 30). This is because the exact and appropriate answer should be found so that the linear function is employed. Therefore, the labour allocation between the sectors is estimated to 73 units with the corresponding wage rate is 0.98. (b) Figure 9: The PPF for Relative Price
ECONOMICS13 Source:Cinquetti,2018 From the above figure, the relative price for P1= 2 and therefore the estimate for labour allocation is found. Besides, the linear function can be employed to estimate output for each sector that is Q1= 44 and that of Q2=90. C) Figure 10: Repeated Labour allocation
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ECONOMICS14 Figure above shows the decline in price of product 2 which led the labour to become reallocated. It is evident that labour is plotted from production of product 2 is 38. This therefore led to the adjustment of labour of good 2 to drop to 68 units. This led the production of good 1 to increase to 76 units which therefore leads to the estimated wage rate of 0.74. Figure 11: Repeated the PPF for Relative Price Source:Cinquetti,2018
ECONOMICS15 (d) Due to the change in relative price from P1 =2 to PP1 =1, it is evident that the price for product 2 has dropped by 50% as the price for good 1 maintained its level. However, wages were seen falling but less than the drop in Wages which is estimated by 25%. Therefore, real wage in relation to P2 increases as the wage falls (Nath & Goswami, 2018). In summary, to estimate the welfare outcome for workers, more data about their consumption for good 1 and 2 is required. (4). Figure 12: Effect of increase in supply of capita of the PPF of Home and Relative Supply
ECONOMICS16 Increase in supply of capital for Home makes the supply curve to tilt upwards making an increase in capital of the country. In case the two countries are open to trade, Home would export good 1 while Foreign would export good 2. Being free and open to international trade affects labor in a way that brain-drain will become rampant leaving one of the countries with less skilled labor. Also, capital in both countries cannot be equal and this makes one of the countries that has more capital to benefit more than the other (Cinquetti,2018). Finally, land as a factor of production determines the level of production and the country that has more land is likely to produce more goods in case they are agricultural in nature than the other with limited land.
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ECONOMICS17 References Beaudreau, B.C. (2011). Vertical Comparative Advantage. Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08853908.2011.581610 Beaudreau, C.B. (2015).Competitive and Comparative Advantage: Towards a Unified Theory of International Trade. Retrieved from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10168737.2015.1136664 Cinquetti, A.(2018).Comparative Advantages and Demand in the New Competitive Ricardian Models. Retrieved from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0015732516681884 Nath,K,H., & Goswami, B. (2018).India’s comparative advantages in services trade.Eurasian Economic ReviewAugust 2018,Volume 8,Issue2,pp 323–342. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40822-018-0098-0