Covid-19 Pandemic and the Global Financial Crisis of 2008

This report explores the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the global financial crisis of 2008. It discusses the externalities affecting the demand and supply curve of standard debt mortgage, the applicability of Coase theorem, the role of shared responsibility mortgages, the effect of securitization, and the factors that caused the crisis. It also examines the impact of changes in the aggregate demand and supply diagram and discusses whether financial innovations aimed at creating safe debt caused the crisis or if it was primarily caused by the collapse of the housing bubble.

What does the Covid-19
pandemic teach us
about the global
financial crisis of 2008?

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Present report is mainly based upon the global financial crisis that affected the whole
world during the year 2008. the major impact of it was faced by housing industry and the prices
of houses and economy growth were two of the main factors which were impacted due to them.
This report focuses upon the externalities that are affecting these factors and resulting in changes
in demand and supply curve of the standard debt mortgage.

Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
1 a. Diagram to show the demand and supply curve for standard debt mortgage and the way in
which externalities affect the diagram.........................................................................................1
1 b. Discussion of the applicability of Coase theorem in mitigating the negative externalities
that are associated with standard debt mortgage contract............................................................2
2. The way in which shared responsibility mortgages mitigate the negative externality
associated with standard debt mortgages.....................................................................................2
3. The effect of securitization in the diagram of supply and demand..........................................2
4. Explanation of the factors that caused the crisis in Amir Sufi and Atif Mian's view and the
way in which shared responsibility mortgages would prevent such crisis in future....................3
5. Impact of the changes in an aggregate demand and supply diagram.......................................3
6. Explanation of that if shared responsibility mortgages are widely adopted and they are
securitized to create sate debt would it prevent a future financial crisis.....................................4
7. Did financial innovations aimed at creating safe debt cause the crisis or was it primarily
caused by the collapse of the housing bubble?............................................................................4
CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATION..................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
Global financial crisis are the finance related issues that are faced by the whole world
because of different types of factors (AĞCA and ISLAM, 2019). All the industries get impacted
due to these crisis because they will not be able to carry out operations in systematic manner
because of the crisis. Present report is based upon the analysis of global financial crisis of 2008
and learning of the same during the COVID-19 pandemic.
MAIN BODY
1 a. Diagram to show the demand and supply curve for standard debt mortgage and the way in
which externalities affect the diagram
There are various types of externalities that are leaving impact upon demand and supply
of standard debt mortgage. Some of them are location, price, external environment etc. All of
them leave impact upon the supply and demand curve of the standard debt mortgage. It could be
analysed with the help of following diagram:
On the basis of above diagram it has been analysed that externalities leave impact upon
demand of standard mortgage demand curve (Nourzad, Hunter and Szczesniak, 2020). When
price of average houses will be increased then it will result in slightly increased demand for the
same. The above diagram also reflects that when the average house prices will be increased then
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it will result in increased supply of the houses because when the prices will be high competition
in the market will be increased.
1 b. Discussion of the applicability of Coase theorem in mitigating the negative externalities that
are associated with standard debt mortgage contract
Coase theorem was developed by Ronald Coase and it affirms that if the market will be
highly competitive then there will be no transaction cost. It could be applied for the purpose of
minimising the negative externalities which are associated with standard debt mortgage contract.
With the help of it, the way in which all the conflicts between the businesses that are competing
with each other could be resolved which will mitigate the negative impact of externalities which
is related to standard debt mortgage.
2. The way in which shared responsibility mortgages mitigate the negative externality associated
with standard debt mortgages
All the mortgages that are predominantly used in the housing finance and promoted by
the government and have a very small amount of risk are known as shared responsibility
mortgages. These are used for the purpose of mitigating the negative externality which is related
to the standard debt mortgages. The responsibility in such types of mortgages is shared with two
or more parties that results in decrement of the negative externalities in the standard debt. All the
parties which will be concerned with the property will share the risk as well as the issues related
to the mortgage (Lauretta, 2018).
3. The effect of securitization in the diagram of supply and demand
Securitization could be defined as the procedure of taking liquid assets or the groups of
the assets through financial engineering and transforming them into security. It may leave impact
upon the diagram of supply and demand curve because when the individuals will transform all
their assets and liabilities then it may increase the prices which will result in changes in the chart.
It has negative impact on the proxies of the supply side of the economy than the growth. Apart
from this, it is consistent with a shift from investment to consumption that constrains the supply
side of the economy. It also boosts the demand and lead to the highly muted impact on the GDP.
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4. Explanation of the factors that caused the crisis in Amir Sufi and Atif Mian's view and the way
in which shared responsibility mortgages would prevent such crisis in future
There are various types if factors that are resulting in the crisis in Amir Sufi and Atif
Mian's view. These are debt contracts, foreclosure, price, locations etc. all of them are some of
the key externalities that are leaving impact upon the economy as well as housing prices. It is
very important to deal with all these factors in systematic manner. All the crisis could be dealt by
using shared responsibility mortgages (Nikolova, Rodionov and Mottaeva, 2016). These could
prevent the crisis such as decreased economy growth and increased housing prices. All the
shared responsibility mortgages have such owners who are sharing risks that are associated with
the property. It can help to deal with all the factors that may result in crisis as the negative
implications of them will be shared by two or more parties.
5. Impact of the changes in an aggregate demand and supply diagram
In 2009 the government of Australia mailed people checks of worth 900 dollars each and
it resulted in slashed interest rates. Due to this, the diagram of aggregate demand and supply got
impacted. If the government purchase will be increased then it will result in shift in the diagram.
It could be analysed with the help of following diagram:
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On the basis of above diagram it has been analysed that when the Australian Government
mailed people checks worth 900 dollar each then it can result in the increased aggregate demand
from AD1 to AD2. Apart from this, with the increment in the demand the supply will also be
enhanced which will result in increased price for the mortgages (Diop, Yavas and Zhu, 2020).
6. Explanation of that if shared responsibility mortgages are widely adopted and they are
securitized to create sate debt would it prevent a future financial crisis
As per articles of Hammad Siddiqi and Ricardo Caballero, it can be said that there
adoption of shared responsibility mortgages and securitisation to develop safe debt will prevent
future financial crisis as different religion of brain are part to evaluate safe as well as risky
choices that assist in treating upcoming crisis related to finance with new and innovative
solutions. Moreover, financial institutions comprises of incentive for carving out safe debt in best
possible manner that plays main role in preventing upcoming financial crisis through creating
financial innovations. Financial analyst properly forecast future and records situations that may
result in huge crisis (Keen, 2017). Along with this, various financial innovations and strategies
are also framed with the purpose of prevent occurrence of any type of big issue within the
industry. Furthermore, to prevent financial crisis, banks needs to become proactive and requires
to adopt effective regulations so to prevent excess creation of safe debt or other related crisis.
Various regulatory caution are also built into the system that helps in preventing financial related
crisis in future.
7. Did financial innovations aimed at creating safe debt cause the crisis or was it primarily
caused by the collapse of the housing bubble?
From the article of Ricardo Caballero, it is analysed that the main contributor of financial
innovations was creation of safe debt that caused the crisis. Financial innovators are the aspects
to develop new financial as well as investment products or processes. It was the main economic
villain prior to the crisis that is said to massive as well as persistent current account deficits that
was experienced by United States and financed by periphery. As per the understanding, it is
determined that the whole world including foreign investors along with central banks has
experiences insatiable demand for safe instruments which put huge pressure on financial system
and its incentives of the nation to craft financial innovations so to meet the situations and deal
with crisis. Moreover, the crisis was outcome of interaction among tremors which caused due to
to rise in sub-prime defaults within financial sector for supplying safe assets and panic related to
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chaotic unravelling of dynamic industry (Caballero, 2010). The point which played essential role
was the point or gap to emphasis on is safe debt factor. Shifts in emphasis provided a
parsimonious level to main events and during the crisis that other innovations failed to do. In the
context, safe debt was key factor behind rising leverage together with macroeconomic risk
concentration within financial institutions because institutions sought to generate profits through
bridging gap among rising demand and increasing natural supply. Safe debt was central force
behind development of complex financial instruments, equipments and linkage that exposed the
economy for panics that were triggered by uncertainty. Along with this, financial sector created
micro AAA assets from securitising lower quality tools at the time when the crisis took place.
At same time, it is also determined that connections among safe debts and more visible
international imbalances have resulted in generation of multiple financial innovations (Anyfantis,
Boustras and Karageorgiou, 2018). It was caused through funding nations' demand for
innovations in more of their competences to produce them. Furthermore, excess demand for safe
debts and others from periphery has also added in generation of financial innovations by variety
of regulatory, collateral as well as mandated requirements for financial institutions, insurance
companies and other types of banking firms.
It is also seen that demand for safe assets began to increase above the level that mortgage
borrowers could provide. For this, financial institutions have made various attempts to search for
innovate mechanisms from past untapped as well as riskier sources. For producing safe assets or
debts from loans, it became important and necessary for banks to produce complex innovations,
instruments and conduits which depends on law of huge numbers as well as tranchment of
liabilities. Similarly, innovative financial instruments were created through securitisation of all
types of payment streams that ranges from auto and last till students loans. In the way, reflecting
values related to creating financial instruments and created positive feedback loop in the era.
From the views presented in the article, it is also perceived that fundamental driver of
financial innovation was aimed to create safe debt resulting in the crisis was unquenchable
demand for safe debt instruments. Moreover, the past instruments or innovations such as triple
A debt failed in meeting demands for such instruments because of which many financial
institutions of United States have to develop developed innovations in financial industry that
meets causes of the crisis on time.
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Throughout the period, aim of financial innovations to create safe debt resulting in crisis
was also one of powerful decision of financial institutions in the country. Essentially, the
contributions made by entire financial industry gained success in making safe assets but the cost
to expose the economy was more (Johannessen, Johannessen and Sangster, 2017).
CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATION
From the discussion, it have been concluded that Covid -19 pandemic teaches huge things
about international financial crisis. Coase theorem is applied in the situation when there is
complete competitive market having no or limited transaction cost so that negative externalities
related to standard debt mortgage contract are mitigated properly. The theorem states that when
there are any conflicting property right, the bargaining among parties engrossed results in
efficient results regardless the party that is ultimately awarded property rights till transaction
costs concerned with bargaining are negligible. Shared responsibility mortgages mitigates
negative externality concerned with standard debt mortgage through securitising finance giants
and providing guidelines to deal or reduce painful bust and boom episodes. It is standard debt
contract that places huge deal of risk on banking institutions and individuals. Finance system
also plays significant role in overcoming addictions related to mortgage debt. Changes in
aggregate demand and aggregate supply of mortgages will impact on increase in prices due to
which inflation related situation. Moreover, it can impact in reduction of equity that may cause
loss to individual. This also makes no economic sense. It is recommended top financial
institutions that they should adopt and make effective utilisation of shared responsibility
mortgage in order to prevent upcoming financial crisis.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Anyfantis, I., Boustras, G. and Karageorgiou, A., 2018. Maintaining occupational safety and
health levels during the financial crisis–A conceptual model. Safety science. 106.
pp.246-254.
Johannessen, J. A., Johannessen and Sangster, 2017. Innovations Lead to Economic Crises.
London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Keen, S., 2017. Can we avoid another financial crisis?. John Wiley & Sons.
AĞCA, Ş. and ISLAM, S. S., 2019. Securitized Debt Markets. Debt Markets and Investments,
p.131.
Nourzad, F., Hunter, W. and Szczesniak, K., 2020. Securitization of revolving debt and its
determinants. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance. 75. pp.240-246.
Lauretta, E., 2018. The hidden soul of financial innovation: An agent-based modelling of home
mortgage securitization and the finance-growth nexus. Economic Modelling. 68. pp.51-
73.
Nikolova, L. V., Rodionov, D. G. and Mottaeva, A. B., 2016. Securitization of bank assets as a
source of financing the innovation activity. International Journal of Economics and
Financial Issues. 6(2S).
Diop, M., Yavas, A. and Zhu, S., 2020. Appraisal Inflation and Private Mortgage
Securitization. Available at SSRN 3657595.
Online:
Caballero. J. R. 2010. The “Other” Imbalance and Financial crisis. [Online]. Available
through: < https://www.nber.org/papers/w15636>
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