Improving Lives through Educational Technology

The modern classroom is undergoing changes with the advent of educational innovation and technological advancements. The new era of children comes prepared to their lectures with these innovations, which have assumed a vital part in learning and acquiring subjective and cognitive information. Educational technology upgrades aptitudes, skills, and cognitive attributes. With the help of new innovation, an explosion in learning and receiving new data has been witnessed, particularly on cell phones. The utilization of educational and informational technology enhances student engagement in learning and affects their success and accomplishment.

What is education for, what is its purpose, both here and now and looking to the future?
Name
Submitted to
Date

Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
The Aim of Education.................................................................................................................5
Education and society..................................................................................................................9
Education and Educational Technology........................................................................................10
The Importance of Educational Technology While Teaching...................................................11
Transformation by Educational Technology.............................................................................13
Preparation for the Age of Educational Technology.................................................................16
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................20
References......................................................................................................................................22

Introduction
The process of education is a continuous one and has facilitated the realization of human
potential. Other purposes of education which are widely accepted include serving social needs,
developing the intellect, contributing to the economy, creating an effective work force along with
preparing students for their career and promoting a successful political and social system. The
term education is known to be derived from the Latin word Educare and Educatum. The term
educare refers to mould or train and means to lead out or to bring up the propulsion from inward
to outward. The term Educatum refers to the act of teaching where light is thrown on the practice
and principles of teaching. The development of all the latent faculties of an individual is implied
by the term Educare. It is the teacher, or the educator, who employs all suitable and appropriate
methods for developing these abilities. This paper will ponder on the question as to “What is
education for, what is its purpose, both here and now and looking to the future?” Using this
question, it will attempt to understand the role of educational technology in educational
institutions and how it has shaped the society and helped in changing some of its norms. Further,
the essay will present the future outlook of education and the expected change in educational
procedure in the light of technology and innovation.
High quality education is now considered to be one of the most critical factors that influence the
achievement of students. Education can be considered as a highly diffused and difficult activity
where individuals must engage with tremendous seriousness. All human beings have the right to
be educated where the primary aim of education and its process is to sustain the societal as well
as individual improvement. The educational process is seen to contain tangible as well as moral
dimensions to itself. The progress of a society and the individual can easily be assessed by
reference to its educational programs. The progress of the society can be indicated by the general

development of the community in terms of social, economic and cultural aspects. Sociologically,
the term social development can be defined as the concept which displays the positive
developments in terms of the social constructs. In other words, the society can be termed as
progressing and changing from a less decent situation to a better condition with respect to
political, economic and social issues. One of the most important mechanisms that provide this
change from current to future condition is education. Therefore, education plays the role of
paramount importance in the intellectual and social development of an individual for
understanding the required progress and change.
The natural and societal conditions are seen to determine the role as well as function of
education. The most salient feature within the relationship between education and society is the
communal side of education. Society and education are seen to complete each other, and no
society can carry on without the use of education in its system or vice versa. The role of
education is to impact not only the person but the whole community. Therefore, the prime
purpose of education is to raise sufficient numbers of efficient people in order to form a
prosperous society. As a phenomenon, education can be considered as a social foundation and a
continuous process taking place in the society. Education can easily be considered as an
indispensable means of developing the society with a more solid base and therefore should be
established as a prior and hierarchical sequence.Therefore, one can explain education as an idea
and a process which exists within the societal context.
The educational system, since the process of industrialization and expansion of the cities, has
been seen to encounter a tremendous growth. Since then, the educational system has become
more universal in its nature, with the majority of individuals being subjected to abstract learning
rather than focussing on the practical transmission of skills.

With the establishment of various educational institutions, all the people are basically skilled and
have an in-depth knowledge of the social, physical and economic environment. However, it is
also important to master new technical forms of information in order to advance the society so as
to fulfil the pure research needs of the society with no immediate practical value being pushed
out to the boundaries of knowledge.The purpose of education is not only limited to providing
degrees andeducational qualifications, but it also helps people to broaden their minds and their
perspectives, preparing individuals for better participation in the economic aspects of life.
Aim of Education
The question as to what is the aim of education is itself seen to involve speculation, but does not
lead to practical solutions to problems that set the rational goals. In the early 1980s, the primary
objectives of education for children were presented by Mortimore Adler (Adler, 1982) as
follows:
a. The development of citizenship
b. Occupational preparation
c. Personal or self-improvement
Similarly, a historian of education David Tyack was seen to argue the purpose of education and
schooling as a factor important for economic and social needs (Tyack, 1988). deMarrais and
LeCompte (1995) argued that the pragmatic purpose of schooling and education can be
suggested as:
a. Political purposes like assimilation of immigrants;
b. Intellectual purposes where the immigrants are assimilated;
c. Economic purposes for career and job preparation; and
d. Social purposes for moral and social responsibility.

It can be considered that any attempt of formulating educational aims, especially for a particular
society, without considering the needs and wants of the people of the society, is likely to fail.
The emotional and intellectual growth of the individual is inhibited by the education for the
task-oriented education and needs of society and is seen to present a lack of vision, lack of
intelligence and lack of wisdom. Educational goals must be set within the framework of the
prevailing paradigm and worldwide view. Albert Einstein (1960) mentioned that
"The school should always have as its aim that the young man leave it as a harmonious
personality, not as a specialist. The development of general ability for independent thinking and
judgment should always be placed foremost." This philosophy was further approved by Bruner
(1966, page 65) mentioning that,"The objective of education is not the production of self-
confident fools."
The primary aims and objectives of a good educational system can easily be classified as
1. Individual development
2. Social and national development
Individual Development
Education should aim at enabling the human being towards attaining the highest level possible of
harmony - spiritual and external, material and internal - so as to attain the highest possible level
o f the development of their capacities and potentialities. Individual development is one of the
well-known aims of education, and it facilitates the development of self-dependence and self-
confidence in students. Education helps in making students strong mentally as well physically.
Its prime function is the development of human beings who are intelligent and integrated. This
education is not based on degrees and information, and it cannot be derived from books or
aggressive assertions alone. The capacity to perceive the essential can be defined as intelligence,

whereas the method of awakening the capacity is called education. It aims towards helping
individuals to discover lasting values so as not to be dependent on formulas or slogans, but in
helping to break down the social and national barriers rather than emphasizing on them.
Education must be considered as a judicious amalgamation of present life, along with preparing
for subsequent events.
Social and National Development
The social aim of the educational process and education must be to produce efficient and
effective individuals so that they are able to understand their responsibilities towards their
community and society. Further, the social aim of education is highly critical as the individual
living in a society has obligations towards his nation and the world at large. Education helps
individuals to focus on an inquiring and innovation-oriented society. With the emergence of the
twenty-first century, creativity, novelty and integration of knowledge at a research, global
and analytical level, and education can help the nation to prepare their youth to cope up
with the necessity of today’s world. Therefore, education will develop the required critical and
analytical thinking, attitude and skills among the youth. This will be helpful in making them
flexible as well as innovative in preparation to face crises and uncertainty at a global and national
level.
Relation between social and individual aims
The educational aims of individuals and social aims are inter-related and highly complementary
to each other. The prime purpose of fulfilling these aims using education is to develop our best
possible potentialities and capacities - spiritual and physical. This way the individual is able to
contribute to national as well as social efforts.

Therefore, education does not only aim towards equipping individuals for adjusting to the
community and society and its conventions and customs, but also enables them to bring about the
desirable change in the society (Mezirow, J., 1997).

Education and society
Education has been considered as the major agency for socialization, and the educational
institutions and teachers as the socializing agents. While describing education as one of the
instruments for social change, the recognition of three critical factors is important: content of
change, agents of change and the social background of those who are seeking for the change, i.e.
the students. The teachers are seen to impart specific aspirations and values to the children in
order to support and control education. Education has helped in removing caste restrictions,
doing away with evil social customs, promoting equality for women, and even helped in raising a
voice in matters related to the governance of a country and establishing democratic institutions.
The main foundation of that education was to teach liberal philosophy, using education in order
to bring out the change. Therefore, the prime purpose of education is to ignite a flame or light of
knowledge which will be important in dispelling the darkness of ignorance. Earlier, education
has also been helpful in spreading the values of modernization which led to distributive justice,
highly productive economies, adoption of scientific technology and increased participation of
people in the decision-making bodies (Fielding, M. and Moss, P., 2010). All these goals were
realised through the liberal education which was utilized as the prime channel for spreading
modernity. Education is not seen to arise as a response towards the needs of an individual but as
a response to societal needs.
Currently the educational system of a society has been linked directly to the total social system,
and is performing almost all the functions of the on-going social system. It has been seen that the
goals and needs of the social system are reflected in the functioning of the educational system
which also fulfils those functions. Earlier, the educational system focussed on transmitting the
cultural heritage to the new generation, but with the change in society the educational systems

are also focussing on preparing the youth for the adjustments to any change which is likely to
occurre in the future. In the modern complex social context, education can be considered as an
act which performs an additional function of becoming. Therefore, the relationship between
society and its educational system is highly mutual. The influences in society are seen to
introduce changes in its educational system, and the educational system is also seen to influence
societal changes.
Various research papers have documented the fact that education can directly be linked with
productivity, preparing individuals that are more productive citizens in order to build a more
productive society. Education brings about a transformation in the society thereby enhancing the
productivity and efficiency of all the relevant sectors (Jalongo, M.R., 1991).
Education and education technology
In order to improve the quality of education in terms of optimal, efficiency, truth etc.,
modern technology has been employed in order to develop a process for the integration of
educational technology. This process conceptualizes the execution and evaluation of the
educational process where modern teaching methods are applied. Due to the differences in the
approach towards the technical characteristics and using the innovative technology and not
applying this in actual pedagogical application. In order to apply the educational
technology strategies in the educational arena, the areas like pedagogy, didactics,
informatics, computer sciences etc. However, the educational technology has still not been
applied successfully. There are three domains of use educational technology, namely:
1. Technology as a teaching tool;
2. Technology as a tutor and

3. Technology as a learning tool.
Lowther et al. (2012), on the basis of use and benefits suggested that education technology
has not emerged successfully in spite of being recommended every now and then which
affects the statute of the social company. Similarly,Leu et al, (2009) pointed out the lack of
Internet as a learning tool among the children from poorer areas and the children using
modern technical equipment from an early age are seen to appreciate the educational
technologies at school ( Gutnik et al, 2011; Rideout, 2011). According to Kaufman (2004), the
educational technology imposes a strong influence on the cognitive processesof the students.
While making use of the educational technology, the prime focus must be on the educational
value of the applications and the tools in use, along with the information on how adequate these
are in terms of knowledge acquisition and lastly on their positive effects. Authors like
Glaubke(2007); Celements and Sarnama(2003); Dynarski et al. (2007)suggested that there is a
need to focus on five areas of software programs which possess the potential of influencing the
learning experience of the children in a strong manner which are:
 Educational value of the program;
 Ease of use;
 Ability of engaging children towards learning;
 Interaction between program and child;
 The software program monitoring the child’s progress.
Importance of educational technology while teaching
Teaching is widely dominated by the use of traditional methods as computers are not used in all
the schools. Traditional methods are dominated by the front form of the work where all the
teachers personally interact with the students. This type of learning has various drawbacks like

failure to thrive at their pace, insufficient activities for kids etc. The children who do not have
uniform knowledge are seen to face issues as compared to the ones who easily master
information and knowledge provided by teacher and the average ones. The teacher
assessment work and transfer of knowledge to children result in broadening the gap. Further it
has been noticed that when the teacher utilizes average or easy knowledge to impart to the
students, the children having insufficient knowledge can enjoy the class without frustration and
humiliation whereas the children who are advanced will find the class to be boring.
According to Morrison et al (2010), with the development of communication and information
technology, the benefits as well as the effects of the use of computers were studied by comparing
them to the traditional learning style. The period between 1967 to 1972 has been regarded as the
consolidation towards the educational technology as the foundations of the technology were
embedded into the educational process. The children were seen to progress independently
especially by choosing their pace of work, mastering the teaching materialsand assess their
performance by tracking their progress. One of the greatest advantage of the modern educational
technology is the interactive as well as multimedia content. The use of technology with the
education has helped in providing a smooth feedback between the students and the teachers.
Clark Richards (Clark, R. 1983) presented the first study that compared the traditional teaching
method with the modern educational technologies. In his study, he compared research between
computer guidance, lectures and instructions in order to determine the best learning and teaching
mode. He concluded his study by saying that both the methods were effective and largely
depended on the way these methods were used. Similarly, Kulik (2003), presented some major
difference between the two methods of teaching. Further, a research was held by the Center for
Educational Research in Pittsburgh within Individually Prescribed Instruction which represented

that instead of teachers, the computers can tailor towards the individual needs and abilities of the
students. Therefore, the educational technology must be integrated with the curricula and the
classrooms for providing education in an effective manner. With the emergence of educational
technology, the whole educational process has been presented with the challenge that there is a
need to integrate the educational technology in their course and studies. According to Wang et al
(2004), Becker (2000) have showed that some proportion of the teachers are willing to integrate
the traditional education with the educational technology. This can be explained by two groups
of teachers as per their personal understanding on the educational technology. A detailed
understanding on the modern technical equipment and information is present among few
teachers and some of the teachers are seen to think that additional technical knowledge of
teaching methods, additional technical knowledge of methods and equipment, teacher-
student relationships etc. Further, the educational technology is seen to require a prerequisite of
the pedagogy, cybernetics, computer sciences, informatics, cybernetics etc. Therefore, the
teachers must have a foundation and basic knowledge of the use of equipment related to
educational technology. The teachers can invest time in professional training using various
courses, conferences, seminars, literatures etc. so as to obtain maximum knowledge in the related
field. The poor school equipment, insufficient information, data and knowledge along with lack
of interest and motivation among the teachers are some of the reasons for the lack of emphasis
on the proper use of educational technology. There is a need to motivate the teachers as
educational technology when combined with traditional technology are seen to have a positive
impact on the students as the students are seen to receive the knowledge in auditory, visual and
kinaesthetic manner. The students are motivated towards working independently and towards

learning and working when they are exposed to knowledge provided by the modern technical
equipment.
Transformation by Educational technology
The educational technology is seen to offer alternatives to the teachers in terms of the
information to be provided, opportunities for real and better world and access to the virtually
unlimited resources with extra communication, competition and collaboration. According to
Marriam et al (1997), the primary phases of the whole educational technology process involve:
1. Development of awareness which recognizes the drawbacks of the traditional educational
system;
2. Exploration of the alternatives where the new ideas were researched and the need or
change was acknowledged;
3. Making a transition by abandoning the old approaches;
4. Achievement of a successful transition;
5. Putting ideas into direct action.
This process can be used at any educational institution in order to transform the traditional
demonstrations and lectures into the web-based multimedia learning experiences for the students.
The learning resources can easily be enriched by the educational technology and the whole focus
can be re-shifted from educators to the learners. Therefore a learning environment can be created
by using the networked learning community. The learning resources can be enriched along with
creating the networks that are embedded into the democratic philosophy of helping the students
to learn and grow. The educational technology can create the educative environment with the
following characteristics (Knowles 1980):
 participation in decision-making;

 freedom of expression and availability of information;
 mutuality of responsibility in defining goals;
 respect for personality and;
 planning and conducting activities and evaluating [the process]”
This type of educative environment helps in making learning an effective and dynamic process
where the educators and the learners are highly open to each other and can exchange as well as
interact the experiences and information in a friendly manner. The educative environment using
the educational technology is seen to shape as well as enhance the teaching learning process for
achieving the objectives and goals. There students find the learning to be unassuming and the
process of teaching and learning can accelerate easily, in interactive and encouraging
environments with the use of educational technology.
The educational technology is seen to accelerate the psychological climate of the class and can
increase the interactions among the students and the teachers. With higher interaction among the
students and the teachers, the learning environment becomes highly meaningful and effective
and an immediate response can be received from the learners and reinforcement using the
educational technology and the web-based learning.
The students are seen to use the educational and informational technology in participating in the
revolution of media in terms of what people think and traditional thinking system; extending the
skills and ability of applying learning in the real-life situation; improving the process of learning;
developing the habits of self-learning and learn with the teachers instead of learning from her;
exchange of learning experience throughout the world; developing the habit of inquiry-learning;
enhance team-working in order to have a cooperative and collaborative environment towards

learning; reviewing as well as exploring the qualitative data etc. In short, the learning process is
seen to be facilitated by the use of educational technology and benefits students to the maximum
extent.
Further the teachers using the educational technology are seen to guide as well as help the
students to search the qualitative material, present the material in an educative and attractive
manner; making the best use of the time; providing individualized instruction; coaching the
students; preparing the learning material for students instead of sticking to the traditional and
conventional situations; directing the students towards collaborating activities; diagnosing the
learning problems faced by the students and to help them to overcome all of them. Further the
teachers can easily direct the students towards the collaborative learning activities and solve the
problems related to studies with them in an efficient manner.
Preparation for the Age of Educational Technology
There are certain skills and capabilities required for the use of educational and the informational
technologies which are important for the teachers and the students to have. Therefore, the
teachers must have a gradual encounter with the technologies helping them to prepare towards
providing better learning environment. The teachers must anticipate in the educational
technology as encouraging them to use electronic mails for submitting assignments, asking
questions, requiring the students to use educational technology for preparing them towards the
age of technology. The students easily become highly familiar with the advantages as well as
disadvantages of the technology and can refrain from the disadvantages if guided well. Further,
the students can explore the use of data storage devices, tele or videoconferencing and can even
survey the familiarity with the technology and share all the information and knowledge that they
have attained. The students can use computer programs for keeping the records as well as update
their own progress. The teachers can also encourage the students for including audio and visual

elements in their projects. The teachers can also ask their students to spend time as a multimedia
workstation in order to help them plan the presentation, video clips, sounds, integration of the
material into a unified presentation. Further the use of educational and informational technology
in the learning environment can help in minimizing the physical issues that are seen to arise
from the use of informational and educational technologies.
The educational technology will help in supporting thousands of operational and experimental
services using the online library. The learners would be encouraged to regard computers and
other related equipment as a tool used for each and every aspect of studying. The teachers can
start this by making use of the technologies related with multimedia for communicating the
ideas, describing the project and for ordering the information. The teachers would be asked to
select the best medium possible for conveying their messages and for structuring the information
in a proper manner and finally towards linking the information for producing a multidimensional
document (Pring, R., 2012).
The teachers can use information technology in bringing about drastic change in the lives of
disabled children by providing them with various software and techniques that can educate them
in the best way possible. The integration of the educational technology in teaching can be
considered as a focal point in order to ensure the quality of education. This way the teachers
would be able to integrate information and educational technology and make students familiar
with its use. As all the career prospects are highly dependent on the use of information
technology, the children would be benefitted the most with the transformation from traditional
mode of learning to the educational technology. The information technology when embedded
carefully with the learning process can improve the quality of learning, making it more effective.

The educational and informational technology led methods can help in bringing about the
strategic development plan and set it as the key element in the professional development agenda.
The educational technology aims towards providing advantage in delivery of the equitable
quality of education, also providing an opportunity towards improving the lives of people. The
educational technology would help in raising the standard, quality and efficiency of education
along with maintaining the technical proficiency of the students at a young age. The children
would be able to adapt to the global economy along with participating in the electronic
commerce. However, the teachers must provide their students with a higher knowledge and
understanding on the topics related to people and culture which would help in defending the
renewed legacy of tolerance and peace along with moving at the technological-pace.

Conclusion
The instructive and educational innovation is developing in the modern classroom. The new era
of children are seen to come prepared to their lectures with these new innovations, which has
assumed a very vital part in the learning as well as acquiring of different subjective and cognitive
information so that the educational technology must be fused and embedded into the future
educational module. The utilization of educational and informational technology upgrades
aptitudes, skills and cognitive attributes. With the assistance of new innovation, an explosion in
learning and receiving the new data back, particularly on cell phones has been witnessed.
The educators and instructors have been utilizing new innovations in the classroom. Be that as it
may, the advancement and utilization of new technology develops as a measure that is the
subject of whether educators are prepared to use them or not.
There is an agreement that the improvement of any nation relies on the nature of education being
offered to natives. Educational technology, in spite of their known confinements, are accepted to
be valuable in such manner. The PC and the web are particularly helpful to improve the
engagement of the students in learning and decidedly affect the success and accomplishment of
the student. In addition, their handiness is clearer in the 21st century. It can emphatically be
suggested that the mainstreaming of educational technology usage (especially the PC and web)
in educational frameworks at levels, for they advantage educational modules execution and
upgraded learning of the students. In this manner, instruction strategy producers, teachers and all
concerned should assess and perceive the parts of educational technology in educational
institutions keeping in mind the end goal to work for the powerful working of this innovation in
their educational frameworks.

References
Becker, H. J. (2000). Access to classroom computers. Communications of the ACM, 43(6), 24–
25.
Clark, R. E. (1983). Reconsidering the research on learning from media. Review of Educational
Research, 53(4), 445-459.
Pring, R., 2012. Putting persons back into education. Oxford Review of Education, 38(6), pp.747-
760.
Clements, D.H., & J. Sarama. (2003). “Strip Mining for Gold: Research and Policy in
Educational Technology: A Response to ‘Fool’s Gold.’” AACE Journal, 11 (1): 7–69.
Dynarski, M., Agodini, R., Heaviside, S., Novak, T., Carey, N., Campuzano, L., Means, B.,
Murphy, R., Penuel, W., Javitz, H., Emery, D., & Sussex, W. (2007). Effectiveness of
reading and mathematics software products: Findings from the first student
cohort. Washington, DC: Institute of Education Sciences.
Fielding, M. and Moss, P., 2010. Radical education and the common school: A democratic
alternative. Routledge.
Glaubke, C. R. (2007). The Effects of Interactive Media on Preschoolers’ Learning: A Review of
the Research and Recommendations for the Future. Oakland, CA: Children Now.
Greenhow, C., Robelia, B., & Hughes, J. E. (2009). Web 2.0 and classroom research: What path
should we take now? Educational Researcher, 38(4), 246-259.
Gutnick, A.L., M. Robb, L. Takeuchi, & J. Kotler. (2011). Always Connected: The New Digital
Media Habits of Young Children. New York: The Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame
Workshop. Retrieved from www.ictliteracy.info/rf.pdf/jgcc_alwaysconnected.pdf

Hermans, R., Tondeur, J., van Braak, J., &Valcke, M. (2008). The impact of primary school
teachers’ educational beliefs on the classroom use of computers. Computers and
Education, 51(4), 1499–1509.
Jalongo, M.R., 1991. Creating learning communities: The role of the teacher in the 21st century.
Kauffman, D. F. (2004). Self-regulated learning in web-based environments: Instructional tools
designed to facilitate cognitive strategy use, metacognitive processing, and motivational
beliefs. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 30, 139-161.
Kulik, J. A. (2003). Effects of using instructional technology in elementary and secondary
schools: What controlled evaluation studies say. SRI Project Number P10446.001.
Arlington, VA: SRI International.
Lee, H. W., Lim, K. Y., & Grabowski, B. L. (2008). Generative learning: Principles and
implications for making meaning. In M. J. Spector, D. M. Merrill, J. van Merrienboer&
M. P. Driscoll (Eds.), Handbook of research and educational communications and
technology (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group.
Leu, D. J., O’Byrne, W. I., Zawlinski, L., McVerry, G., & Everett-Cacopardo, H. (2009).
Expanding the new literacies conversation. Educational Researcher, 38(4), 264-269.
Lowther, D. L., Inan, F. A., Ross, S. M., &Strahl, J. D. (2012). Do one-to-one initiatives bridge
the way to 21st century knowledge and skills?. Journal of Educational Computing
Research, 46(1), 1-30.
Mezirow, J., 1997. Transformative learning: Theory to practice. New directions for adult and
continuing education, 1997(74), pp.5-12.
Morrison, G. R., Ross, S. M., Kemp, J. E., &Kalman, H. (2010). Designing effective instruction:
Applications of instructional design (6th. Ed.), New York, NY: Wiley.

NAEYC & Fred Rogers Center for Early Learning and Children’s Media (2012). Technology
and Interactive Media as Tools in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from Birth
through Age 8. Joint position statement. Washington, DC: NAEYC; Latrobe, PA: Fred
Rogers Center for Early Learning at Saint Vincent College. Retrieved
from www.naeyc.org/files/naeyc/file/positions/PS_technology_WEB2.pdf
Pedagoškileksikon (1996). Beograd: Zavodzaudžbenikeinastavnasredstva.
Rideout, V. (2011). Zero to Eight: Children’s Media Use in America. San Francisco, CA:
Common Sense Media. Retrieved
from www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/research/zerotoeightfinal2011.pdf
Stošić, L., &Stošić, I. (2013). Diffusion of innovation in modern school. International Journal Of
Cognitive Research In Science, Engineering And Education (IJCRSEE), 1(1), 5-13.
Retrieved from http://ijcrsee.com/index.php/ijcrsee/article/view/7
Wang, L., Ertmer, A. P., & Newby, J. T. (2004). Increasing preservice teachers’ self-efficacy
beliefs for technology integration. Journal of Research on Technology in Education,
36(3), 231–250.