Wireless Communication Networks - Desklib

This text explores the world of wireless communication networks, covering topics such as analog and digital signals, periodic signals, channel capacity, network architecture and more. It includes solutions to review questions and problems, and is organized by topic for easy reference. The text is suitable for students studying wireless communication networks in subjects such as computer science, electrical engineering, and telecommunications.

Running Head: WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
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Wireless Communication Networks
Individual Assignment
Student Name

Wireless Communication Networks 1
Contents
Problem Question........................................................................................................................................2
Solution 2.1..............................................................................................................................................2
Review Questions........................................................................................................................................2
Solution 2.1..............................................................................................................................................2
Solution 2.2..............................................................................................................................................2
Solution 2.3..............................................................................................................................................2
Solution 2.4..............................................................................................................................................2
Solution 2.5..............................................................................................................................................3
Solution 2.6..............................................................................................................................................3
Solution 2.7..............................................................................................................................................3
Solution 2.9..............................................................................................................................................3
Solution 3.1..............................................................................................................................................4
Solution 3.7..............................................................................................................................................4
Solution 3.8..............................................................................................................................................4
Solution 4.1..............................................................................................................................................5
Solution 4.2..............................................................................................................................................5
Solution 4.6..............................................................................................................................................5
Solution 4.8..............................................................................................................................................6
References...................................................................................................................................................7

Wireless Communication Networks 2
Problem Question
Solution 2.1
The frequency is number of cycles per second. In is defined in Hertz (referred as Hz) for a signal.
F=1/t
Where f is frequency,
t is time for number of cycles.
Provided fundamental frequency is 1000 Hz,
So t=1/1000 sec
T= 0.001 sec
Frequency is depending on time-period of a signal (Agarwal & Zeng, 2015).
Review Questions
Solution 2.1
Analog and digital data is represented by the analog signal and digital signals. Analog signals are
constant and it broadcast through the different media, which depends on the frequency of signal. Digital
Electromagnetic signal are working in two states one and zero it means some voltage for 1 and zero
voltage for zero signal. There are so many types of signal but analog and digital signals are mainly used
for data transfe (Bi, Zeng, & Zhang, 2016)r.
Solution 2.2
Periodic signal have three characteristics, which are amplitude, frequency, and phase. Amplitude is
the value of signal at specified time. Frequency is the number of cycles in per second, and phase is the
position of signal in a particular time. There are so many periodic signals used for data transfer.
Solution 2.3
Two radians are present in a complete circle of 360 degrees (Rice University Math, 2015).
Solution 2.4
Sine wave is f=c / λ
Where
f = frequency,
λ= wavelength,

Wireless Communication Networks 3
c= speed of the signal travelling
Wavelength is inversely proportional to the frequency of the sine wave signal
Solution 2.5
Signal spectrum is based on the bandwidth, for better signal design, set bandwidth according
requirements. Spectrum is providing a channel to trader data with a limited upper bound bandwidth. All
ISP’s purchase spectrums for data transfer and use different frequencies for data transfer ( Fisher ,
2018).
Solution 2.6
According to distance, wavelength of signal is also down so for improving the signal, we used
amplifiers, but due to that single was changed from original signal, it is called attenuation. So reduce
amplifiers and use of repeater reduces attenuation. Attenuation is a faced by a network, when cables
used for long distances. Therefore, if we used a proper media and regenerators than attenuation level
will be low in the signal (Semantics Scholar, 2010).
Solution 2.7
Channel is way to transmit data between different nodes. Channel capacity is the upper bound limit
of data transfer rate for a channel. There are different ways to found out channel capacity, one is
Shannon-Hartley theorem:
C=B log2 (1+ S/R)
Where C is the channel capacity,
B is bandwidth of channel
S/R is signal to noise ratio.
There are other ways also for finding channel capacity (Stallings, 2009).
Solution 2.9
For data transfer there are two types one is guided media and second is unguided media. In guided
media, all type of cables are included, such as shielded twisted pair cable, unshielded twisted pair cable,
coaxial cable, and optical fibers. In case of unguided media, microwave antennas, satellite, and wireless
devices are used.
Most of the networks used LAN for high rate of data transfer. So guided media is used in high ratio.
Unguided media is so costly compared to unguided media ( Schilling , 2017).

Wireless Communication Networks 4
Solution 3.1
We can design network on three bases, which are local area network, metropolitan area network,
and wide area network according to needs (Delony, 2017).
These are the difference between WAN and LAN
Local area network Wide area network
Definition It cover a limited area, such as
office, home, and group of
building
It covers a long distance area,
such as national level,
regional, and over a long
distance.
Speed 1000 Mbps or more 150 Mbps
Data transfer rate It has high data transfer rate Lower data transfer rate
compared to local area
network
Technology used Ethernet, token ring, token
bus
Wi-MAX, X.25, and Frame
relay
Faults Less faults rate It consist a large number of
devices so few faults occurred
Data transfer error Fewer More than LAN
Bandwidth High Low
Congestion Less High
Solution 3.7
There are some drawbacks of circuit switching in data transfer:
 It is not suitable for data transfer because they are designed for voice traffic.
 It is not efficient way to resource utilization, such as channel, and bandwidth.
 It has a high delay for making connection for data transfer.
 It provides a specific path, as it works on connection-oriented approach and due to it; there
are lots of congestion and traffic in the network.
 It is not suitable for big data transfer.
Solution 3.8
For receiving poor quality video, some QoS requirements should be checked by the authority, such
as data transfer rates, delay at different places and degree of symmetry matters a lot for good quality of
video streaming (Goralski, 2017).
Solution 4.1
It is fourth layer in TCP/IP model and it have responsibility for physical connection and data transfer
in the form of frames and packets. It is a merge layer of data-link layer and physical layer of Open

Wireless Communication Networks 5
system interconnect model. It allows a packet to make a connection to the network using media. It also
combines IP addresses with MAC address of the device for a unique identity. Main function of this layer
is encapsulating packets in different types of frames, which are provided by various LAN technologies,
such as Ethernet, token bus, token ring, and FDDI. In this layer, different protocols are work for all those
services, such as point-to-point protocol, serial line internet protocol, and many more according to
needs. Address resolution protocol and reverse address resolution protocol also work in this layer for
translating IP address and MAC addresses (Stallings, 2009).
Solution 4.2
Transport layer main function is end-to-end delivery of packet in the network with the help of
different protocols. It used TCP and UDP protocol for data transfer. It provides multiplexing using
different ports. It has a facility for error control. It also provides flow control, and congestion control for
data transfer. It is also providing connection establishment and termination using port number,
sequence, and acknowledgement. Transport layer also provides fragmentation and reassembly of
different segments. It is used when data is big in quantity so according to network capacity. It divides
data in small segments for fast transfer (CiscoPress, 2006).
Solution 4.6
TCP/IP is network architecture model for data transfer. It has four layers with different protocols for
a specific purpose. Four layers are application, transport, internet, and network access layer. Application
layer used Hypertext transfer protocol, dynamic host configuration protocol, telnet, and simple mail
transfer protocol. It is used these protocols for application interface to connect with users with the help
of browser. Next is transport layer, which provides reliable data transfer between two nodes, with the
help of transport control protocol, and user datagram protocol. This layer also provides many services,
such as error control, flow control, congestion control. Next is Internet layer, which provides routing of
packet using different protocols. IPv4 and IPv6 are internet protocol version and a packet format in
which data transfer with some information about the data in a header. Every layer has a header and
attach with each packet in the network. This layer is used IP, ARP, RARP, ICMP, and IGMP protocols for
different purposes. Next is network access layer, which is used to provide many functions to network,
such as connection making with the help of different types of media, mapping of IP address and MAC
address. This layer used different LAN technologies, such as Ethernet, token ring, and token bus for data
transfer (Goralski, 2017).
Solution 4.8
Router is a network device. It is a hardware device used for routing. Routing means transfer a packet
with a dedicated path from source to destination. In is working in the network layer or Internet layer of
network model, as OSI and TCP/IP model respectively. It provides unicast, multicast, and broadcast of
packets. It is used in all types of networks, such as LAN, MAN, and WAN. It has a routing table for data
transfer. Routing table store the IP addresses for making paths for data transfer. Routers are used
different types of algorithms for data transfer, such as link-state algorithm, Dijkstra's shortest path
algorithm. Routers are costly but for small network, we can use Layer-3 switches for routing as well as
managing and connecting different devices in a network (Delony, 2017).

Wireless Communication Networks 6

Wireless Communication Networks 7
References
Fisher , T. (2018, August 29). What Is Bandwidth? Retrieved from www.lifewire.com:
https://www.lifewire.com/what-is-bandwidth-2625809
Schilling , J. (2017, September 21). Building A Strong Foundation: How Network Architecture Dictates IT
Security. Retrieved from www.forbes.com:
https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2017/09/21/building-a-strong-foundation-
how-network-architecture-dictates-it-security/#4201e0c23d5b
Agarwal, D., & Zeng, Q. (2015). Introduction to wireless and mobile systems. USA: Cengage Learning.
Bi, S., Zeng, Y., & Zhang, R. (2016). Wireless powered communication networks: An overview. IEEE
Wireless Communications, 23(2), 10-18.
CiscoPress. (2006). Implementing Quality of Service Over Cisco MPLS VPNs. Retrieved 10 01, 2018, from
http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=471096&seqNum=6
Delony, D. (2017). LAN WAN PAN MAN: Learn the Differences Between These Network Types. Retrieved
10 01, 2018, from https://www.techopedia.com/2/29090/networks/lanwanman-an-overview-
of-network-types
Goralski, W. (2017). The illustrated network: how TCP/IP works in a modern network. London: Morgan
Kaufmann.
Rice University Math. (2015). Degree/Radian Circle. Retrieved 09 29, 2018, from
https://math.rice.edu/~pcmi/sphere/drg_txt.html
Semantics Scholar. (2010). Analog and Digital Signals, Time and Frequency Representation of
Representation of Signals Signals. Retrieved 10 01, 2018, from
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/presentation/76d3/6d32958cf0b8b6380cfae72b133c36be910
2.pdf
Stallings, W. (2009). Wireless communications & networks. Pearson Education India.