Wireless Networking Concepts

This article covers the concepts of spread spectrum, radio systems and mixers. It explains the differences between direct sequence and frequency hopping spread spectrum. It also discusses the subcomponents of radio transmitters and receivers. The article further elaborates on the functionalities of analog, digital and powered mixers.

Running head: WIRELESS NETWORKING CONCEPTS
Wireless Networking Concepts
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Table of Contents
Answer 1..............................................................................................................................2
Answer 2..............................................................................................................................4
2.1. Analog Mixers..........................................................................................................5
2.2. Digital Mixers...........................................................................................................6
2.3. Powered Mixers........................................................................................................7
Answer 3..............................................................................................................................7
References..........................................................................................................................20

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Answer 1
Spread spectrum is defined as a technique of broadcasting radio signals. It is therefore
used to spread particular telecommunication signals. In spread spectrum, the telecommunication
signal is broadcasted in a particular bandwidth which is considerably greater in terms of
frequency of the original data. The signal transmitted is much higher than the original signal and
conventional modulation methods are used in transmission of a signal in spread spectrum.
Spread spectrum is a process that is mainly used in radio transmission and is based in the
concept of manipulation of a narrow band signal before its transmission. In spread spectrum
communication, the bandwidth occupancy of a signal is greater in comparison to the system that
makes use of the conventional modulation methods (Nintanavongsa et al., 2012).
In spread spectrum the transmitted signal frequency is varied. This results in much use of
a much greater bandwidth in the signal than it would have generally possessed if the signal was
not varied. It is therefore a practice of spreading a transmitted signal in occupying a particular
frequency spectrum that is available for transmission.

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The spread spectrum technology can therefore be implemented with a frequency hopping
technique as in frequency hopping; the signal is generally transmitted in short bursts. Spread
spectrum finds its usage in cellular telecommunication (Stüber, 2017).
The different spread spectrum transmission processes include frequency hopping spread
spectrum, direct sequence spread spectrum and time hopping spread spectrum. Direct sequence is
used where there is a need to reduce the signal interference. Frequency hopping spread spectrum
on the other hand is used for broadcasting radio signals, which is done by rapid switching of the
carrier among the different frequency channels. This includes the use of a pseudorandom
sequence that is known both to the transmitter and the receiver. Time hopping spread spectrum is
a method of spread spectrum where time is changed in a random manner. It makes use of pseudo
random sequence as well.
The two most commonly used spread spectrum techniques are direct sequence and
frequency hopping. The comparison between these two methods of spread spectrum is as
follows-
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
It makes use of a fixed carrier. Makes use of a radio carrier that hops from one
frequency to another in a known pattern and the
pattern.
The set data signal is spread to a much larger range
of frequencies by making use of a specific
encoding scheme (Xuan Quyen, Van Yem & Manh
Hoang, 2013).
A particular bandwidth spectrum is segregated into
different broadcast frequencies (Torrieri, 2015).
Frequency remains constant in DSSS Frequencies are randomize in frequency hopping

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spread spectrum (FHSS)
Data are randomized in DSSS Data remains constant in FHSS
It is not resistant to noise It is resistant to noise
Offers much higher throughput Offers limited throughput
Performance level is better and more reliable Use less power but performance level is low
Table 1: Representing the Differences between DSSS and FHSS
Answer 2
The major two components of a radio system is Radio transmitter and radio receiver.
There are different sub parts of radio transmitter and the radio receiver. The sub parts of radio
transmitter are power supply, oscillator, modulator, Amplifier and an antenna.
Figure 1: Representing the sub components of a radio transmitter
(Source: Hedayati & Entesari, 2013)

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The different subcomponents of radio receivers are antenna, RF amplifier, Tuner,
detector and audio amplifier.
Figure 2: Representing the sub components of a radio receiver
(Source: Han et al., 2014)
Mixers can be defined as the equipment that arranges multiple audio signals in a balanced
way. The main functionality of mixer is to adjust the tone quality is such a way that it becomes
easier for the audiences to listen to audio. Mixers can be broadly classified into three types,
which are analog mixers, Digital mixers and powered mixers.
2.1. Analog Mixers
The analog mixers find its use in adjustment of volume and tone of an input signal. In this
type of mixer, the control knobs and the faders are present on the top panel. Operating analog
mixers can be described as an intuitive process as it makes it easier for the signal flow and the
state of the audio.

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Figure 3: Representing a Analog Mixer
(Source: Hartwig, 2012)
2.2. Digital Mixers
Digital Mixers can be defined as the process where audio signal acts as input and adjust
the tone of the audio signal by making use of a digital signal processing technology. One of the
main functionalities of digital mixer is that, it can store the position of the faders and the knobs,
and is able to recall it in an instant. There are various functions of the knobs and the faders to
keep the unit compact. However, digital mixer is very complex to set up but provides greater
functionality in comparison to analog mixer.
Figure 4: Representing a digital Mixer

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(Source: Hartwig, 2012)
2.3. Powered Mixers
Powered mixers are a type of analog mixer that posses a built in power amplifier. This
provides the functionality of connecting the mixers directly with the speakers. Therefore, the
powered mixer makes the operation of the mixers even more simplified.
Figure 5: Representing a Powered Mixer
(Source: Hartwig, 2012)
Answer 3

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Cellular antennas are an integral part of the telecommunication system and are used all over the
world. Therefore, it is expected to remain dominate in future. GiFi is a new technology and
therefore, further research is needed in this field. However, it is capable of revolutionizing the
field of wireless networks.

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References
Bernardos, C. J., De La Oliva, A., Serrano, P., Banchs, A., Contreras, L. M., Jin, H., & Zúñiga, J.
C. (2014). An architecture for software defined wireless networking. IEEE wireless
communications, 21(3), 52-61.
Bilotti, F., Di Palma, L., Ramaccia, D., & Toscano, A. (2012). Self-filtering low-noise horn
antenna for satellite applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 11,
354-357.
Gagliardi, R. M. (2012). Satellite communications. Springer Science & Business Media.
Han, S. J., Garcia, A. V., Oida, S., Jenkins, K. A., & Haensch, W. (2014). Graphene radio
frequency receiver integrated circuit. Nature communications, 5, 3086.
Hartwig, R. L. (2012). Basic TV technology: digital and analog. Focal Press.
Hedayati, H., & Entesari, K. (2013). A 90-nm CMOS UWB impulse radio transmitter with 30-
dB in-band notch at IEEE 802.11 a system. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory
and Techniques, 61(12), 4220-4232.
Heydon, R. (2013). Bluetooth low energy: the developer's handbook. Prentice Hall.
Jiang, W., & Che, W. (2012). A novel UWB antenna with dual notched bands for WiMAX and
WLAN applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 11, 293-296.
Nintanavongsa, P., Muncuk, U., Lewis, D. R., & Chowdhury, K. R. (2012). Design optimization
and implementation for RF energy harvesting circuits. IEEE Journal on emerging and
selected topics in circuits and systems, 2(1), 24-33.

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Stüber, G. L. (2017). Principles of mobile communication (Vol. 3). Springer.
Torrieri, D. (2015). Principles of spread-spectrum communication systems. Springer.
Xuan Quyen, N., Van Yem, V., & Manh Hoang, T. (2013). A chaos-based secure direct-
sequence/spread-spectrum communication system. In Abstract and applied analysis (Vol.
2013). Hindawi.