Wireless Communication Technologies

This assignment delves into the strengths and weaknesses of three prominent wireless communication technologies: RFID, NFC, and Wi-Fi. It examines each technology's capabilities, benefits, and limitations, providing a detailed comparison to aid in understanding their diverse applications and potential impact.

Running head: WIRELESS NETWORKING
Wireless Networking
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note:

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Question 1
Different antenna, such as Yagi, Horn, and Cellular antennas, etc. has different merits.
Research these technologies in details and pay specific attention to how they are used as well
their strengths and weakness. Provide an opinion regarding which antenna types will become
the dominant players in the future of medium- and long-distance wireless links.
A Yagi antenna is a beam antenna that receives or radiates huge power in distinct
directions. This type of antenna allows minimizing intrusion and expanding performance from
undesired sources. Yagi antenna consists of several parallel components in a line. This antenna
consists of a single driven component that is attached to the receiver or transmitter with a line of
transmission (Sun et al., 2013). Yagi antenna is popularly used in High Frequency (HF) bands,
Very High Frequency (VHF) bands and Ultra High Frequency (UHF) bands.
The advantages of Yagi antenna are as follows:
 The main advantage of Yagi antenna is that it is a directional antenna. This makes it one
of the best antennas for receiving lower strength signals.
 The high gain of Yagi antenna provides it a relatively better range.
 This is cheaper and thus it makes this antenna cost effective (Cai et al., 2012).
The disadvantages of Yagi antenna are as follows:
 Bandwidth is less or limited.
 This type of antenna has a degradation in feed point impedance.

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A Horn antenna is an antenna, which is composed of a blazing metal waveguide and is
shaped like a horn (Mallahzadeh & Esfandiarpour, 2012). These are mainly used in Ultra High
Frequency bands.
The advantages of Horn antenna are as follows:
 Extensible bandwidth
 Simple construction (Bilotti et al., 2012).
 Can operate in a broad range of frequencies.
The disadvantages of Horn Antenna are as follows:
 Low Standing Wave Ratio
 Average Gain
Cellular antenna is widely used in cellular networks. The advantages of cellular antenna
are as follows:
 Can be easily used
 Simple construction
The disadvantages of Cellular antenna are as follows:
 Very expensive.
 Average gain.
The antenna that will be the dominant player in the future of medium and long distance
wireless links is the New Digital Antenna (Sun et al., 2013). This particular antenna is cost
effective, as well as the bandwidth of the antenna is extensible. This can be easily used by all
individuals. This antenna will surpass all the existing antenna through its advantages.

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Question 2
Compare and contrast the multiplexing techniques CDMA and FDMA in the area of wireless
networking.
Features Code Division Multiple Access Frequency Division Multiple
Access
Plan To disperse the spectrum using
angular codes
To divide the frequency bands
into multiple smaller bands.
Separation of signal Special receivers and coding. Frequency domain is filtered
Terminals Every terminal can be active
simultaneously at the same time
and place without any kind of
interruption (Glisic & Leppänen,
2013).
Every terminal has its own
different frequency without any
kind of interruption.
Transmission scheme Continuous transmission Continuous transmission
Capacity of cell No specific limit on capacity of
channel but CDMA is a system
of limited interference.
Limited cell capacity
Advantages Flexible, scalable, soft handover,
less panning of frequency
needed.
Established, vigorous, strong,
simple
Disadvantages Receivers complicated, more
complicated power control is
needed for senders.
Inflexible, frequencies are sparse
resources
Comments High complexity, faces some of
the major problems, much less
Usually integrated with Time
Division Multiple Access and

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expectations, is further integrated
with Frequency Division
Multiple Access or Time
Division Multiple Access.
Space Division Multiple Access.
The above table describes the comparison and contrast between Code Division Multiple
Access and Frequency Division Multiple Access.
Code-division multiple access or CDMA is a method that is accessed by channel and is
utilized by several communication technologies of radio (Glisic & Leppänen, 2013). This is an
example of multiple accesses, from where information can be sent through various transmitters at
a single time over a single channel of communication. This aspect enables various users to share
a vast band of frequencies. CDMA allows a special coding scheme and spread
spectrum technology to permit this feature. Each transmitter is assigned a single code in this
special coding scheme. CDMA is utilized as the method of access in most of the mobile phone
standards.
Frequency division multiple access or FDMA is a method that is accessed by channel and
is utilized as a channelization protocol in multiple-access protocols. FDMA provides users an
individual allotment of one or more frequency channels or bands. It is usually very common
in communication of satellite. FDMA collaborates access between several users.
Question 3
A local engineering group ask you to present your finding of the most recent advanced
wireless technologies. Research these technologies in details and pay specific attention to how
they are used as well their strengths and weakness.

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Most recent advanced wireless technologies are Bluetooth technology, RFID, NFC and
Wi-Fi (Liang & Yu, 2015). The strengths and weaknesses of these technologies are as follows:
Bluetooth technology
Strengths:
 It is cheaper
 Very convenient for attachment of various devices.
 Bluetooth technology can be installed very easily (Heydon, 2013).
 It can be utilized easily when the device has already installed the technology.
Weaknesses:
 Extremely virus prone when installed in mobile phones.
 It can be easily hacked.
 Connectivity is weak.
 The range in which Bluetooth can connect devices is less.
RFID: Radio Frequency Identification has certain merits and demerits.
Strengths:
 Security level is high
 RFID tags can store more data and information.

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 RFID technology has a versatile nature.
 Tag has the write option along with read options.
Weaknesses:
 The programming part of RFID technology requires more time.
 RFID is extremely expensive.
NFC: Near Field Communication plays a major role in the mobile industry. It is another recent
wireless technology.
Strengths:
 It has high security with password protection (Coskun, Ozdenizci & Ok, 2013).
 Convenience is the major benefit of this technology.
 It is extremely versatile and can be applied to various industries.
 It has high level of encryption that makes it suitable for academic areas.
Weaknesses:
 It is extremely expensive and thus it becomes tough to install it.
 It becomes very difficult for smaller organizations to install this system.
Wi-Fi: Wifi is another most recent advanced wireless technology (Bilotti et al., 2012). This
technology helps to gain access to the internet.
Strengths:

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 It provides high convenience for users to access the resources online.
 Users can access internet anywhere with the presence of public wifi.
 It can be developed with ease.
 It is cheaper and cost effective.
Weaknesses:
 Security is the major issue in wifi technology.
 It has a slower speed as compared to all other networks (Sun et al., 2013).
 Its coverage range is suitable for a home connection but not for a large area.
 It has huge interference leading to loss of connectivity.

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References
Bilotti, F., Di Palma, L., Ramaccia, D., & Toscano, A. (2012). Self-filtering low-noise horn
antenna for satellite applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 11,
354-357.
Cai, Y., Guo, Y. J., & Bird, T. S. (2012). A frequency reconfigurable printed Yagi-Uda dipole
antenna for cognitive radio applications. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, 60(6), 2905-2912.
Coskun, V., Ozdenizci, B., & Ok, K. (2013). A survey on near field communication (NFC)
technology. Wireless personal communications, 71(3), 2259-2294.
Glisic, S. G., & Leppänen, P. A. (2013). Wireless communications: TDMA versus CDMA.
Springer Science & Business Media.
Heydon, R. (2013). Bluetooth low energy: the developer's handbook. Prentice Hall.
Liang, C., & Yu, F. R. (2015). Wireless network virtualization: A survey, some research issues
and challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 17(1), 358-380.
Mallahzadeh, A. R., & Esfandiarpour, S. (2012). Wideband H-plane horn antenna based on ridge
substrate integrated waveguide (RSIW). IEEE antennas and wireless propagation
letters, 11, 85-88.
Sun, H., Guo, Y. X., He, M., & Zhong, Z. (2013). A dual-band rectenna using broadband yagi
antenna array for ambient RF power harvesting. IEEE Antennas and Wireless
Propagation Letters, 12, 918-921.

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