6-8 Promising Solutions to Bridge the Gap: ABC-CLIO

The provided content is a collection of academic papers and online references that explore the themes of entrepreneurship, gender differences, and women's empowerment. The articles examine various aspects of entrepreneurship, including early group formation, global entrepreneurship monitor data, barriers to implementing corporate environmental responsibility, and the impact of Chinese culture on corporate social responsibility. Additionally, the online references discuss the advantages and challenges faced by female entrepreneurs, highlighting their unique strengths and opportunities for growth.

Women Entrepreneurship in China

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION A...................................................................................................................................................1
BUSINESS RESEARCH PROJECT TITLE:................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................1
ECONOMY OF CHINA AND WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS...............................................................3
SUCCESSFUL WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN CHINA.....................................................................6
FACTORS THAT WOMEN BECOME AN ENTREPRENEUR AT FIRST PLACE.............................9
ROLE OF EDUCATION IN WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP..........................................................12
SECTION B.................................................................................................................................................17
USEFULNESS, POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS AND IMPACT OF WOMEN
ENTREPRENEURSHIP..........................................................................................................................17
RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS...................................................................................................20
REFLECTION.........................................................................................................................................21
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................23

SECTION A
BUSINESS RESEARCH PROJECT TITLE:
“To what extent are women entrepreneurs successful in China”
INTRODUCTION
In the present condition time has been changed and many of the women’s are actively
participating in entrepreneurship. A significant force has been observed in entrepreneurial
development all around the world and over the past two decades te rise in women owned
enterprises as assessed in terms of number of revenue generation, employment and business gas
been astounding (Bowen and Clercq, 2008). In the current economic downturn supporting
women entrepreneurship is undoubtedly a positive and practical move, although there are many
females in developing nations who are not able to receive any support or encouragement, due to
this woman are unable to pursue their dreams and a major source of development is left
untapped. An assessment on growth of women entrepreneurship will aid in acquiring much of
information in this area.
In this context the present research report has been undertaken to assess the level to
which females in entrepreneurship is successful, the country chosen for area of research is China.
Significant amount of change have been observed in the Chinese economy in which females are
coming out of their traditional gender precise roles and many of them are entering into the
business world to set up a mark in this field. Not only these females have also acquired a high
corporate position and are flourishing and around half of businesses are owned by females in
China (Eqri and Ralston, 2004).
In lots of countries and several different sectors many of the business owners are male i.e.
approximately from 65% to 75%. However, an issue has been arising that many females are
taking interest in small business ownership and are beginning their own ventures (Young,
Women, Ethnic Minority and Co-Entrepreneurs, n.d). The rate of employment among females in
many of the nations has been raised and there is a fair amount of sources present that depicts that
the significant amount of rise in entrepreneurship in females (Zoltan and Szerb, 2007).
From the various secondary sources and after reviewing articles it has been found that
motivating women’s to enter into the corporate world is a significant source for social and
economic development. Females who undertake their own business offers an essential
contribution in the development of economy and are able to manage the poverty level by giving
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additional income to big households especially in a single parent family. Entrepreneurialism is a
way of identifying work with low entry barriers and in which also some qualifications and skills
are needed (Welsch and et. al., 2009).
The present research report speaks in volume about the role of education in women
entrepreneurship. Education is considered as the essential human virtue as well as necessity of
the society. It provides significance and cultivates an integrated life. Importance of education in
relation with the entrepreneurship will be discussed. Further, various factors that motivates
women to become entrepreneur will also be discussed. There are several factors that persuade
and influence the women to become entrepreneur are economic independence, social status,
family background, self-prestige etc (Hung and et. al., 2007). All these factors will be analyzed
in the subsequent research report. The main focus would be given to assess the three major areas
of i.e. analysis of successful women entrepreneurs in China, to evaluate the factors due to which
women became entrepreneurs in the first place and role of education in making successful
women entrepreneurs. The research would pay attention to analyze these three mentioned areas
and it significance in women entrepreneurship in China.
2

ECONOMY OF CHINA AND WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS
China is having one of the world’s oldest consistent civilizations and development of
Chinese culture is unique in itself as compared to the other parts of the world. However, the
modern sense of deliverance of females was initially introduced in the end of feudal times at the
beginning of 20th century (Elam, 2008). Women demanded for equal rights and normal education
as men and also participated in the labour market.
Since, China has transformed a lot and its position and the economic condition has been
effective enough that it leads into more opportunities which is available and due to which women
entrepreneurs are successful. The economy of China provides numerous opportunities for men
and women alike, since the year 1978 the private sector has facilitated for free development and
growth. Entrepreneurship was promoted in the nation and support was also provided by the
government that issued some urge plans and policies for promotion of small and medium sized
enterprise promotion law (Galindo, 2011). During the past few decades the struggle to survive is
the innermost motivational factor for women entrepreneurs in China. Prior to the one child
policy initiated by govt. girls used to receive very low attention as compared to their brothers
within their families. Females in China were earlier forced to be independent so that they can
provide better education to their male counterparts. However, during the past few years some of
the state owned enterprises were either redesigned or promoted to become financially
independent. It has been found from several economic data that contribution of female
entrepreneurs in the development of China has been enormous and they are playing a major role
in the development of nation since years. Chinese women entrepreneurship has now entered into
a stage of development and it could be seen that none of the sector is left from entrepreneurship
of women (Women's Earnings and Income, 2012).
The status of women was further develop when the reform occurred in the year 1978 in
the entire market. The society of China has offered numerous opportunities to females in the
external environment to enhance their existing career. Economic development of this country has
been considered as the fastest developing nation that contributes an annual GDP growth rate of
more than 10% (Morrison, W.M., 2012). This changed happen when many females working in
the different manufacturing companies were laid off and due to this they have to face several
problems. Due to the need of time change occurred and generated the ‘Push factor’ for women
entrepreneurship in the China (Kearney, 2000).According to China Association of Women
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Entrepreneurs (CAWE, 2005) the reorganization of China’s industry, increasing urbanization and
development of country have contributed in the removal of old impediment that safeguarded
female entrepreneurs from carving out and developing their own career and offered them several
opportunities for growth. China had a fair amount of women’s employment rate than the world
average with females representing around 47% of its total workforce. Currently, Chinese women
entrepreneurs make up to 20% of all the entrepreneurs in China and 41% of them work in the
private sector (Kusluvan, 2003).
The economy of China is growing and is essential that organizations and government
work together to support women entrepreneurship in the nation and promote development.
Although there are many issues that need to be addressed and a face of structural and economical
barriers that can safeguard them from succeeding in their pursuits. It has been found that a high
proportion of female entrepreneurs in many of the developing nations operate in the form of
informal economy that ultimately acts as a barrier for potential growth of business.
China’s economy is driven by innovation, competition and productivity, China is
considered as one of the most entrepreneurial nation all around the world. It was observed during
the 2008 summer Olympics that China overwhelmed the world with Beijing’s posh athletic
venues and restored the urban landscapes (Ozbilgin, 2009). During the time when Europe and
US was struggling with the economic crisis, China’s remarkable economic growth rate proved
that it was only a matter of time when china became the global economic leader (Morrison,
2012). However, critics have quoted about China’s income inequality, rise in corruption level,
aging population are several reasons that raises doubt on the country’s ability to maintain a rapid
growth. The growth and development of women entrepreneurship in China’s private sector are
driven by females who are averse to cooperate on employment that is not favourable in their
career progression. The profile of female entrepreneur in the probable future will continue to
match with the changing circumstances (Schenier, 2009). However, women entrepreneurs could
not be able to eliminate the inequality among them entirely as they are still surrounded within a
male dominant society.
Female entrepreneurship is playing a major role in the growth and development of global
economy and it has been found in many of the top rated magazines that females of China have
been rated as the richest business women with a growth of 7%. Presently, in China there are 29
million entrepreneurs and among them 41% are running their own business and some of the
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researches have also reflected that females of China are rising too far with major contribution in
the information technology sector (Hughes and et. al., 2012). China is in a conversion economy
and the economic condition has been excellent that it lead to more prospects available and so the
women entrepreneurs have been thriving, it also states one of the main factors that they have
been flourishing is due to the self enthusiasm drive. Since decade changes start to occur and
there were several factors that led to occur change in organizations. The development of Chinese
economy helped in to grow the entrepreneurship among females because several opportunities
were open in rising economy that helped women’s to rise.
Many of the young Chinese women have been moving away from the countryside in the
crowd and supporting into the technological factories in the coastal region and are earning more
money than their parents have dreamed. But still female entrepreneurs represent a small amount
of business in the entire global world especially in developing economies (Kusluvan, 2003).
Some of the changes have been experienced in developing recent times and many of the research
show that the growth of female owned business is increasing at twice the rate of male owned
businesses. The more number of women take the leap and open their own enterprises they have
pretty good chance to succeed.
5

SUCCESSFUL WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN CHINA
As with many of the Asian cultures, the role of women’s during the historical period in
China was underestimated and if we look into towards the traditional females of the country they
have their feet tightly bound who only used to take care of the kids and household works.
Women in China achieved equal rights at a very late stage because for thousands of years they
had suffered gender discrimination without any economic power. According to one of the
survey, Chinese entrepreneurial spirit has been observed to play a dominant role in the working
lives of many Chinese women (Paludi, 2011).
One of the main factors that aided in the development of women entrepreneurs in this
country was development in education system, which offered sufficient alternative and area for
growth to females. After reviewing different articles it could be stated that most of the women
entrepreneurs in China started their business in between 30 and 50, with around 28% begin their
business in their thirties. But, in spite of all these the gender differences that exist at every level
in the society have affected the sphere of women industry as well and the rising impact on
psychological, economical, social and educational factors acts as a barrier to enter into the
women entrepreneurs in the main stream (Prytherch and et. al., 2011).
One of the researches conducted among women entrepreneurs have showed that there are
certain factors the majorly impacts on entrepreneurship. Firstly, it is the antecedent impact that
includes cultural background factors such as the influence of family, genetic conditions that is
associated with skills, knowledge and motivation. Secondly, it is the incubator factor that
includes nature of business where an entrepreneur was employed previously and the skills
learned from there. The third and final factor is environmental factors, which defines the
economic conditions and accessibility to start up capital and support services (Brush, 2012).
Access to finance is a chief issue for women’s mainly for starting a venture, it is the
major constraint faced by women entrepreneurs. Females acquire less opportunity as compared
to men to achieve access to credit for several different reasons like absence of security or
negative attitude towards women entrepreneurs by the loan officer (Hughes and Jennings, 2012).
Women entrepreneurs in developing nations consistently suffer from lack of assets and poor
implementation of financial rights and the existence of uneven rights and social resources. The
conditions in the Chinese economy have changed considerably and many females have achieved
high growth in entrepreneurship (Wang and Juslin, 2009).
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However, it has been observed that female entrepreneurs lacks in attainment of effective
networks that can support them in learning and leveraging ample of resources such as wisdom,
mentorship, business advice but as most of the part in business is male dominated and females
tend to be excluded from such type of circles. Other than these factors women’s also lack the
support from their social and cultural community and peers to undertake their own
entrepreneurial pursuits. Many of the communities still discourage women’s entering into
business but there are certain role models in the field that inspires them to be ahead and despite
the odds, in this manner one such women’s are Chinese who are always ambitious and its inbuilt
in their nature to be a hard working citizen and ultimately they are being recognized and
rewarded for the same. Thousands of organizations have made China the world’s most
competitive business environment (Lubatkin and et. al., 2005). It is the world’s largest and
fastest growing source for different entrepreneurial beginnings. After reviewing many of the
articles it has been found that in China women now contribute about half of household income.
A survey conducted in 2002 among Chinese women entrepreneurs it was found that many build
up business insight and managerial skills by grasping high positions at large state owned
enterprises and it is through these sorts of connections that women entrepreneurs are in a position
to raise the capital they need (Gender differences in entrepreneurship, 2008).
The contribution of women entrepreneurs in the development of nations has been massive
and in China women are playing a major role in a country’s economic development since the last
four decades. The Chinese women entrepreneurs have gradually entered in every sphere and
there is no sector left where they are sheathed behind. Chinese women have undergone gender
differences since thousands of years and they never possessed any actual economic power and
used to depend on their husband or father for existence. The overall proportion of female
employees in China is about 44% that is higher than the world average of 34.5% and the number
of highly educated females is rising (Women's Earnings and Income, 2012).
China consists of several successful women entrepreneurs who have made a mark in the
global world. A female entrepreneur has topped the list of wealthiest people in China, named
Zhang Yin a 49 year old founder and chairwomen of Guangdong based Nine Dragons paper
industries company Ltd. Has acquired a wealth of 27 billion yuan (Kusluvan, 2003). Zhang is a
self made women in this world and is much wealthier than the US television hostess Oprah
Winfrey and writer JK Rowling. She was born in a family of soldiers and eldest in the family,
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Zhang dealt with several financial hardships but sustained in severe conditions and is now
considered as empress of waste paper (Markovic, 2011).
Many of the entrepreneurial policies precise to encouraging women entrepreneurial
activity has been established and is undertaken by Chinese government. All these policies
include different kind of subsidies for professional training, preferred tax treatment, small loan
guarantee and beneficial conditions for female who wants to start their own venture. Once a
woman has achieved her entrepreneurial training certification, novel banks could be provided
without the requirement of giving any deposit on behalf of her personal property. It has been
found that there is range of circumstances that has led to rising success of women entrepreneurs
in China (Nakagaki, 2012). The growth and development of economic and social environment
has been critical that not only facilitates but also support females to get an educational facility
and begin their own firms. In this context, the development in political, social, cultural and
economic factors have helped in to develop the nation and females got several areas to grow
themselves and acquire maximum amount of benefit in the potential areas. The other factors are
constantly changing rules and regulations of the market in a developing nation that provides
more flexibility and occurrence of less red tape as compared to place like Europe. The Chinese
women entrepreneurs have attained much of success at global level and made a tangible
contribution to their country and family (Female Entrepreneurship: Key facts, 2011).
8

FACTORS THAT WOMEN BECOME AN ENTREPRENEUR AT FIRST
PLACE
Many of the factors are responsible behind the growth and immense amount of passion
females have for work, as most of the females are not afraid of taking any risk and are equivalent
to men in risk taking; acquiring monetary gain is a less likely factor in the pursuit of business. In
this regard another motivating factor is the desire to control; many of the successful female
business owners are enthusiased by the opportunity to be their own boss and run their own
enterprise, a prospect that would never occur if they had worked for anyone else. A nation could
be rich in terms of capital and material resources but if entrepreneurship is lacking the usefulness
of resources could not be anticipated. An entrepreneur is responsible for not only earning their
own livelihood but for also building opportunities of employment for others and contributing to
the nation’s Gross National Product (Prytherch and et. al., 2011).
The economic growth and development of a nation is determined by physical, financial
and human resources. An economy can achieve high levels of growth either by attaining an
increased quantum of factors of production or through technological development. The main
objective of any planned development is to mainly develop human resources to their filled
usefulness (Nuseibeh and et. al., 2009).
The overall growth of females remained underdeveloped and was denied with the
advantages of education. Women’s were provided no opportunity to develop their natural
capacity and remained helpless, narrow minded and illiterate. A survey undertaken in the earlier
period time period resulted that two billion illiterate adults included a two-third of women,
economically females became dependent on men (Treanor, 2011). But, when time changes and
women stepped out of this niche and grow by and large, economic pressure have let more and
more young females to take up employment and become independent. It is out of work
experience and experience with urban sector and education that the probable source female
entrepreneurship has been emerged out (Characteristics of women entrepreneur, 2011).
Initially when females stepped in to the corporate world they have to face various socio-
economic issues and the attitude of society and support are major factor for determining
entrepreneurial success of women (Pynchon, 2012). The cultural and social roles played by
females are diverse and as a part of social binding, women’s have to undertake household duties
at the same time as a business owner as well. Women entrepreneur is expected to perform the
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role of a daughter, wife, daughter-in-law, mother and business women (Brush and et.al., 2010).
There are several factors associated with entrepreneurship that could be grouped under “pull and
push factors”. Pull factors here in refers to the support in females to accomplish venture with a
preference to begin a business. Women’s entering into business is driven by several financial
requirements due to family situations that are influenced by push factors (Galindo, 2011).
The environment for entrepreneurship is surrounded by many societal factors such as
economic, social, political and cultural forces. These factors can together unite to create
opportunities or threats where in an entrepreneur operates (Markovic, 2011). In spite of the
presence of a favourable atmosphere, individuals who are motivated by achievement, social,
career, financial rewards and individual fulfilment entrepreneurial activities are needed. In
entrepreneurship similar results have been acquired and no matter where women live, they face
similar issues when they want to begin their business activities (Chu, 2004). Female
entrepreneurs face unique challenges which arise from the local environment in which they
operate with their roles or personal experiences.
Women entrepreneur’s faces much kind of obstacles that includes cultural barriers and
are treated differently with their level of ethnicity, education and position provided to them also
differs as compared to men (Elam, 2008). Women in major part of world during the early period
were confined to only household activities and their involvement at workplace was also
restricted. Due to these factors females lacks confidence in themselves as they do not receive any
kind of support from their family and friends that hinders their development in the business
world (Fielden and Davidson, 2010).
The data from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) have analyzed that there are
broad variations in the rate men and women's economic participation from nation to nation.
Some of the countries feature dissimilarity in structural factors such as national wealth,
unemployment, economic freedom and growth (Ozbilgin, 2009).. Moreover, there are still
systematic variations within the three segments of economic development and data suggests that
several issues like gender and wage inequality, public expenditure impacts on decision of women
to begin a business. Many kind of barriers for women business ownership included access to
capital, training and education, cultural ideas of females, freedom to work and travel and
political leadership have led to growth in women entrepreneurship (Brush, 2006).
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It has been seen that in some parts of developing nation’s women faces serious barriers to
capital when rights of property are established that includes women specific requirements. The
level to which family arrangements and religious beliefs restrict women’s freedom to travel and
work also differs. Women’s also need equal amount of rights and freedoms to undertake business
if they need for success in it. In spite of several barriers females still manage to make essential
and significant contribution towards sustainable economic and social development with the
creation of business. Efforts made by women have made much advancement in health care,
education and in the area of technology.
Other than all the factors discussed above there are several factors, which impact and
motivate women to become an entrepreneur at first place. The very first factor is economic
independence. This is considered as one of the most vital factors. Economic independence
persuades the women action towards becoming a successful entrepreneur. In past few decades
and even if now, women are not getting that much privilege, which are being enjoyed or given to
men (Mitton, 1989). They largely depend on men to sustain their livelihood. All these factors
have largely influenced women to take their step forward in the field of entrepreneurship. Other
than economic independence, another important factor that has persuaded women to become
entrepreneur is self-prestige (Kearney, 2000). After so many years of domination and persecution
from men, women are now moving ahead to walk side by side with men. Harassment and control
of men are becoming a prestige issues for most of the women and thus, they are engaging
themselves in some or the other businesses to remain free from this maltreatment. Finally, the
last factor that has significantly helped the women to become entrepreneur at the first place is
status and family background (Setthasakko, 2009). Status in the society and family background
has a major role to play in motivating women to achieve growth in entrepreneurship at a
skyrocket pace. Now, most of the families are coming out from their traditional culture and
accepting the new trends in the society. Their hands full of support and guidance motivates
women to achieve wonders in this competitive and dynamic business environment (Women
entrepreneur context and challenges, n.d).
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ROLE OF EDUCATION IN WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Education is a reflection of a good civilization and has progressed by innovation and
helps in to spread education in the society about how can one become a good social being and
help others. Education removes the blanket of ignorance and aids people in ascertaining them
their fundamental duties. It also aids in offering moral values which is missing in the current
youth and needs to be addressed significantly to build a good society. None of the human beings
could survive without education in today’s era and by the means of it an individual’s potential
could be maximized to a great extent (Nelson and Ahl, 20010).
Many of the researches have proved that by encouraging women entrepreneurship any of
the nation can increase its gross national product as well as the economic structure could also be
increased. Women’s who are entrepreneurs are generally having multi-tasking ability and
adaptable enough to balance the priorities and chores (Costin, 2010). The culture and values of
China influence on entrepreneurs individual cognition, behavior and decision making capability.
The social and cultural norms of Chinese society are dedicated towards building personal trust,
informal agreements and cultivating interpersonal associations (Dodd, 2009).
It is really valuable to mention that the human capital is important for growth and
development of an economy as well as for livelihood. Some of the studies reflect that there exist
a positive relationship between education, primary schooling and growth. Attributed from the
above fact, it can be said that education, thus plays a major role in women entrepreneurship.
Education is considered as the essential human virtue as well as necessity of the society. It
provides significance and cultivates an integrated life. Furthermore, the role and importance of
education in women entrepreneurship cannot be over stated. The general education and
comprehension in regards with the entrepreneurship helps women to achieve growth in a better
way. It helps them in becoming an expert and leads their ways with new ideas and innovations
(Vargheese and Gnanadhas, 2011). Education also helps women to have general business idea,
knowledge about market trends and technical aspects of carrying out a successful business. In
this dynamic business environment, it is very easy to get an education in almost every field than
ever before. There are many books available on business and entrepreneurship through which lot
many things can be explored. There are many webinars online and social sites such as linked in,
which helps the women professionals to do something perfect in business. Thus, if women as an
entrepreneur want a successful business, then they must continue education (Aramand, 2013).
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Through education an individual can make a separate identity in the society and could
acquire the most basic essential needs of life i.e. food, cloth and shelter. Education is the only
treasure that one can keep with them and which nobody can take away from anyone. Education
plays a vital role and acts as a key that opens the door for success and serves as a milestone in
the way to reach to the dreams (Bourne, 2005). Formal education is a process that involves
formal instructions in schools, colleges and broad experiences. Education is especially important
for women and girls because it is the entry point towards several other opportunities but also due
to the achievements with educating women can have ripple influence within their family and can
also teach generations. In this respect, it could be stated that education has also played a major
role in the development of females in the corporate society, because in earlier duration women’s
were entitled to receive ample of education but time changed gradually and with the help of
proper qualification females were also in a position to develop ample amount of wisdom (Alon,
Deng and Wang, 2011).
Educating women’s are the most effective way to eradicate poverty from a country
because an educated female can recognize the significance of health care and know how to
acquire it for themselves and their children. By offering proper education facilities women attain
information about their basic rights and gain confidence to claim for them. However, in many of
the developing nations the rate of literacy in women’s is much lower than men’s. Education
among women opens up many opportunities for them for their empowerment and literate women
can express usefully their skills and talents (Lubatkin and et.al., 2005). Education in women
leads to improved nutrition practices, better hygiene and increased effectiveness in caring for
their family.
Education places women on an equal footing with men in decision making process in
political and economic fields. Education leads into empowerment of women through greater
participation in community and government institutions (Setthasakko, 2009). Highly educated
women can make effective decisions and can develop their own enterprises, if women are placed
in the top decision making position this will aid females to progress in all fields of activity.
Women entrepreneurship is considered as a vital technique to enhance and enable empowerment,
an economy that seeks when women get similar opportunities as compared to men. Women
entrepreneurs’ faces intense amount of barriers in many of the developing nations to start and
grow their own venture. Female makes up more than 50% of the population of developing are
13

playing constructive role in the growth and development process. Women are also playing an
important role in other industries and contribute effectively to their household work as well
(Wilson and Tagg, 2008). Females in the earlier time period were mostly present in the lowest
paid sectors of the economy and their concentration in different non-productive sectors of
culture, education and health has visualized their wages that fall further down over the years. In
spite of organizing numerous efforts towards economic development and empowerment of
females, most of the active women population thrives to be limited in small scale and micro
enterprises and distinguished informal sectors.
The potential of women’s entrepreneurial remains to be untouched in transforming
nations, specifically when it is compared with global trends. For instance in many of the
developed economies where the number of women entrepreneurs have swiftly been raised during
the years, contributing to gross domestic product growth and opportunities for new jobs (Hanson,
2009). The incorporation of females in formal sector is still controlled due to limited access to
property and credit, this type of barrier is usually effective for both i.e. men and women
entrepreneur. Even if females are considered as more rational in their selections they are
restricted due to lack of confidence and ambitions (Pynchon, 2012.).
Educated women have the potential to start a scalable enterprise of their own and could
reach up to record levels. By attaining basic education women’s can move out from agricultural
labour into different non-household manufacturing and service occupations in the modern sector.
Increase in literacy rate raises opportunities, makes familiar women with non-family social
settings and increases their confidence and skills to engage them in productive work outside their
home more competitively (Reynolds and et. al., 2003). Through it women’s can think for self
employment and can wisely make effective decision to maximize returns.
It is highly essential on the part of a country to make more and more women educated
that will ultimately lead into improvement and equality that in turn aids in overall development
of the nation. Females are considered as the educators for next generations; it is through them
that changes and innovations can be introduced. Education plays a major role in the development
of a nation and society as it enables them to actively take part in modern life and transforms their
image and role within the society (Foss, 2011). Educating females could also lead into change
the traditional ideas of people about the female’s role and growth and development of a country
14

is associated with the welfare and empowerment of women’s. If females are educated they
change the behavior and perception of the generation which is essential to lead a better life.
However, as a global entrepreneurship it is significant to consider that all entrepreneurs
whether male or female all around the world should be given equal opportunity and support to
grow. Every organization or enterprise is an essential piece to puzzle whether it is big, medium
or small and none of the factors should be avoided in this regard.
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion it could be stated that in many of the society females does not
enjoy the parallel chances as males. In transitional economies progress has been accomplished in
education and health protection sector for women but political and economic opportunities for
women entrepreneurs have been limited. Rigorous efforts are necessary to make improved
economic selections and to transform their businesses into competitive enterprises generating
income and employment with enhanced levels of production. Over the time participation of
females in entrepreneurship in China has augmented significantly over the last decades and is an
important factor to notify for many of the developing nations (Nuseibeh and et. al., 2009).
The impact of women entrepreneurship cannot be neglected in this global economy, in
the year 2010, 104 million women in 59 of the global economies started and managed their own
ventures that generated millions of employment opportunities and contributed substantially in
their domestic as well as the world’s GNP. When women’s started their entrepreneurs all around
the world it had tremendous effects and created job for others to generate for household income
and invest the acquired savings back into the community in the form of food and education
(Aramand, 2012). Since, 1949 China has been on the path of dynamic industrialization and has
experienced major transformation in terms of development (Treanor, 2011).
A quiet revolution is taking shape right now among women’s, unlike the quiet revolution
that started in the 1970s during which women left the home and entered the workforce in droves;
women today are leaving the organizations in order to make themselves as entrepreneurs.
Women’s have been beginning businesses at an augmented rate than men for the last 20 years
and lean to start a home based small business organizations (Ayal, 2010). Women
entrepreneurship has been recognized as a momentous source of economic growth and
development. However, they still reflect a minority of proportion of all business owners and
15

most of the time face gender based barrier to start and grow their own venture. Other issues also
come in front like cultural practices, discriminatory property, matrimonial, lack of finance,
access to information and networks and limited mobility. Articulating from the above research it
can be concluded that women entrepreneur was not successful in China from past decades and
now the country is gradually witnessing a change in this scenario. Now, more and more women
are engaging themselves in business activities and proving herself as a successful entrepreneur.
Government of China has made tight regulations on population control and due to significant
amount of rural-urban inconsistency in social and economic conditions the work and life balance
of women developed quite differently (Wennekers and et. al., 2004). By many of the researchers
it is believed that China is one of the most entrepreneurial developed nations on earth. It is
believed that by the end of 2013 China will hear another group of leaders when the economical
reforms started. The dramatic growth in the share of entrepreneurship in Chinese workforce is
apparent from the mid of 1990. Changes in environment of China in the recent twenty years have
made entrepreneurial behavior valid and have promoted the foundation of novel enterprises
(Mamman and Baydoun, 2008). While the transformation of China’s planned economy to a
market based economy reflects a major pattern in shift, frequent changes and substantial amount
of enhancement have taken place in the legal, administrative and political environment to meet
the demands with new economic structure (Basth and et. al., 2011).
16

SECTION B
USEFULNESS, POTENTIAL IMPLICATIONS AND IMPACT OF WOMEN
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
The business research provided a deep insight in the area of women entrepreneurship in
China, this report signifies the situation of women empowerment in China and how the economy
has been raised since providing opportunities to women. After the discussion it has been found
that women and entrepreneurship jointly can make a significant amount of contribution to the
economic well being of their family, community and can reduce the level of poverty. Many of
the countries are dynamically undertaking several promotional measures for women
entrepreneurs to develop by introducing different schemes, incentives and promotional activities
for females (Markovic, 2007).
Currently, many women are breaking them free from the traditional barriers by gender
specific roles and are entering into the corporate world. Women’s are now holding the highest
position in business and are also successful in terms of business owners in all around the world.
By promoting women entrepreneurship a nation can achieve several benefits, as it plays an
important role in the entrepreneurial economy both in terms of their ability and creates jobs for
themselves and also for others (Nezer, 2012). The estimate from European Countries indicates
that there lies more than 10 million self-employed women and in US 6.4 million women
entrepreneurs provide jobs to 9.2 million people and builds significant amount of sales in the
country.
Many of the researches have depicted that woman as entrepreneurs are less likely to
achieve very less support of a marriage partner and possess limited energy and time for their own
business (Garrett, 2013). Women who are entrepreneurs are tending to be much younger than
males and visualize less risk in beginning a new venture. It is important for the future of women
entrepreneurship because as the profile and attitude of females are changing many young
generations are adapting this and advancing with expectations. Now no longer the female
younger struggle in for gender equality because it is already provided to them and hence can they
can aim towards enhancing their existing abilities and using their in-built talents and skills to
help them to attain their goals and enable for future progression of women entrepreneurship
(Fuller, 2008).
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The analysis has revealed that although many similar rights are offered to women and
men both in many of the developed countries, but still the disadvantage in labor market females
has to face problems. By providing employment and entrepreneurship opportunities for women’s
a nation can increase its gross national product to a great extent. Women entrepreneurship helps
the female part to make a separate identity in the society and can also achieve the basic
necessities of life. Independent females could help in to eradicate poverty from a country in the
most effective manner and it has been found that educated women’s can assess the importance of
health care and manage family issues (Butler, 2003) Many of the females who begin their own
venture have a great amount of passion towards their work and also a generous commitment to
society. If women’ s have to drive to undertake entrepreneurship, it means that they are not
anxious about taking risks and will also make monetary benefit and are least likely factor in their
business search, females have an inner strength to search in all probable means to share their idea
of business with others.
Women’s are having advantage of emotional intelligence that helps them to build
effective relationships i.e. imperative in creating capital for business. It facilitates women’s to
access the important resources and also helps them to overcome any kind of barrier and enhance
their chances of recognizing entrepreneurial opportunities through social sources. Since, Women
have more strong interpersonal skills they strategically use it build support for their business and
spend maximum time on it as compared to men (Mintzberg, 2003).
Entrepreneurship provides several opportunities for women’s for their self empowerment
and educated females can efficiently acquire skills and talents that can lead to enhancement of
family and corporate position. The impact of women entrepreneurship is that it offers similar
opportunities to females as males and they can also contribute in the development of the nation.
But many female entrepreneurs have to face many kinds of barriers in many of the developing
countries if provided sufficient amount of resources and support women’s can also lead a better
life with increased level of economic development (Hughes and Jennings, 2012).
Females are considered as effective entrepreneurs as they manage the work in an
organized manner as compared to men. Women’s have the capability to juggle in multiple tasks
at a same time and it has been found that many successful women business entrepreneurs are
capable enough to balance their family life and career with focusing on many things. Numerous
kinds of benefits could be experienced by enhancing women entrepreneurship as females are
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seem to be natural marketers who are extremely enthusiastic and passionate about their
selections and sharing ideas and thoughts with others (Nezer, 2012). The other extremely
significant attribute pursuing business is to have constant patience, the capability to wait and
foresee the future is the chief feature in order to receive positive benefits and generally women’s
have this attribute in-built.
The rising number of women entrepreneurs it can offer potential implication for the
future because it can promote social equity and economic development in the nation and
facilitate self-fulfillment for every individual, enhance the usage of valuable human capital. It
could be stated that feminine attributes and talents could be visualized as a major source of
power with different advantages for entrepreneurship (Treanor, 2011). Women’s empowerment
and development of an economy is closely associated whereas, development itself will bring in
changes in the decision making process that will have a direct impact on the nation’s growth. On
the contrary to this economic development solely is insufficient to guarantee rise and progress in
the vital area of female entrepreneurship. Empowering females lead into improvement in some
aspects of children’s welfare program (Burns, 2013).
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RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
The current report provides ample amount of wisdom and ideas in the area of women
entrepreneurship specifically in China, this report has given much of significance in the area of
empowerment of females and how it helps in the development of an economy. From the analysis
it has been found that women entrepreneurship has considerably increased by contributing profits
and employment opportunities in the economy. The analysis triggered out many hidden
sociological and psychological factors that is in-built in females which could help them to
achieve their corporate goals.
The accomplished research depicted that in many of the developing and developed
nations women’s do not enjoy similar opportunities as males and in many economically and
political phases females are restricted to enter. In this context intensive amount of effort is
required to make the economic selection better and change the business into a competitive
enterprise that could generate employment and income with increased level of production. All
around the world female entrepreneurs are increasingly getting visible and as they begin and
develop their own enterprise into a successful global venture, females potential for business is far
behind from fully realized
During the analysis some factors raised as limitations to undertake the research in a more
deliberate manner, one of the factors was availability of limited time that compelled the
researcher to undertake the project in a swift manner and some of the factors remained
untouched. Other than this for future research it would be recommended to undertake a primary
research among women entrepreneurs to attain a direct response from them and know the about
several issues that generally females face during their entrepreneurship.
By accomplishing a primary research may be some valuable information could be
acquired that will help in representing the research project in a more authentic manner. As in
recommendation it could be stated that research could be undertaken in the US market which is
rising with an increased rate and it has been found in many of the surveys that women
entrepreneurship is in a high boom in the US market. A primary research could provide more
ideas and the actual insights about the entrepreneurs who thrived in for growth and how they
have achieved entrepreneurship to lead a better life. This study will reflect that how economic
empowerment of women will help in poverty alleviation.
20

REFLECTION
The current report deals with the topic of women entrepreneurship which has been
progressively enhanced by contributing services, profits and employment generation in the
economy. Although women business owners all around the globe have augmented greatly over
the past decade and many women’s are now occupied in entrepreneurial activities. The
productive activities of females particularly in the industry give power to them efficiently and
enable them to contribute more in the overall development of the nation and themselves.
Women of today are concerned with small and medium scale production activities in the formal
or informal sector; this is not only a means of economic survival but also presents a positive
impact on society and for women individually as well.
The stable rise in women entrepreneurs could be due to many eminent reasons, most of
them share the same attitude as male i.e. passion for an own idea; desire to become own boss and
to need to address towards charitable causes. Women’s generally start their own business as a
second or third profession. Although similar rights are provided by law for men and women in
most of the developed nations, but still the disadvantage in labor market women’s has to face.
Females are less offered with an opportunity to climb the ladder in a career and are mostly less
paid for men even similar job is being done. Similarly, there is strong evidence of a gender gap
in entrepreneurship. Many female business owners have faced a momentous amount of
dissatisfaction in their previous career and in working for others. Most of the time these intrinsic
desire to be their own boss are the major driving factors that motivated them to pursue
entrepreneurship. A considerable amount of rise has been noticed in women entrepreneurship in
the economy of China. Women entrepreneurs in this nation have to manage various socio-
economic issues and the approach of society and sustainability is the major factor for
determining entrepreneurial success of women. The cultural and social roles played by females
are varied and as a part of social binding, women’s have to undertake household duties at the
same time as a business owner as well. But in spite of all these female entrepreneurs are raising
with swift speed in China, and currently much of support is provided by government as well to
women’s to achieve the best in their working life.
This research report has provided immense knowledge in the area of social development
and in all around the world it has been found that most of the times males dominate the economy
as owners of enterprises. Exception in it could only be found in Singapore and Thailand where
21

more number of females are involved in business process rather than males. In places like Brazil
and Switzerland there equal number of women and men entrepreneurs involved in business and
one of the reasons of rise in female entrepreneurship since 2001 is due to the factor that many
women are looking towards opportunities in external markets.
Analysis represented that female entrepreneurs are capable enough of balancing their
duties of both professional and personal lives and almost half of the businesses are owned by
them today. In spite of the presence of various hurdles remarkable amount of development and
growth has been experienced in the number of women entrepreneurs who look for starting up
their own business all around the globe. The undertaken research that women entrepreneurship
carries huge importance in today’s corporate world as it helps in raising the economic level of
country by eradicating poverty.
22

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