Work Stress and Its Potential Impact on Employee Health

PSM502 180038338
Work stress is a potential Killer- Discuss
Introduction
Employees are spending long hours at work, thereby a lot of focus is being paid to work
stress along with psychosocial work environment (Kivimaki & Kawachi, 2015). Work stress
combined with other elements like finance, relationships, and change needs to be managed by
individuals. Combination of these factors makes today's life very stressful and comes at the
cost of physical and mental health (Cohen, 2001). Work-related stress has been increasing
significantly over time globally (Jian & Siegrist, 2016). Hoven and Siegrist (2013) suggested
that employment and work conditions play a critical role in promoting adverse health effects
on people. There has been an ongoing debate amongst the researchers on whether the work
stress poses a potential risk factor and is a cause of some chronic ailments like cardiovascular
diseases, blood pressure, diabetes and hypertension (Kivimaki et al., 2015). This essay aims
to review and study various findings regarding work stress and its effect on the life and health
of individuals. This essay will also discuss the Demand-Control Model and Effort-Reward
Imbalance Model to explain the relationship between job stress and its impact on employee
well-being.
Blood Pressure and Work Stress
Gilbert, Trudel, Brisson, Milot, and Vezina (2014), conducted a meta-analysis review based
on studies have done linking Blood Pressure (BP) to work stress. To assess the effect that
work-related stress had on BP, Demand Control Support (DCS) and Effort-Reward
Imbalance (ERI) models were used (Gilbert et al., 2014). High blood pressure (BP) is a
significant threat to lives as it is the leading risk factor for causing cardiovascular diseases
(CVD) (Gilbert-Quimet et al., 2014). Cardiovascular diseases being the leading cause of
death worldwide. Demand control support (DCS) model states that working adults that
experience high psychological demands and have no autonomy over job are very likely to
suffer stress-related issues in health (Gilbert-Quimet et al., 2014). Also, the lack of peer
support and the inability to develop skills adds on to the psychological stress factors amongst
the employees is the other element DCS Model focusses on (Gilbert-Quimet et al., 2014).
The ERI model determines the degree of imbalance between effort and the corresponding
rewards (Siegrist & Li, 2016). When evaluating the ERI models for working individuals, an
imbalance is an evidence showing that the excessive efforts done by them aren't being
rewarded adequately. This emotion leads to negative emotions and stress, leading to ill-health
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PSM502 180038338
in employees (Siegrist & Li, 2016). The model states that work stress happens due to lack of
appreciation, rewards, and jobs with high demands and low returns. Also, the lack of job
security is another factor that increases the stress amongst employees (Siegrist et al.1990;
Siegrist 1996)
Based on the review and findings of their studies, Gilbert-Quimet et al. (2014) suggested that
that psychosocial work factors lead to the elevation of BP. Constant exposure to high BP and
hypertension due to work amplify over time, and that triggers cardiovascular events. The
elevation of BP can successively lead to hypertension, stroke and arterial stiffness (Gilbert-
Quimet et al., 2014). The adverse effects of psychosocial stressors occur due to the
cumulative impact of prolonged or multiple exposures. The sympathetic nervous system,
which is the primary mediator of the stress response is one of the pathways that activate the
renin-angiotensin system (Gilbert-Quimet et al., 2014). Therefore, stress can stimulate the
secretion of rennin as well as increased plasma levels of angiotensin II that has a vital effect
on blood vessel walls. This study establishes a link between work stress and elevated BP,
which in turn could lead to CVD (Gilbert-Quimet et al., 2014). Thereby the researchers
suggested that the psychosocial elements of work mentioned in the ERI and DCS models
contributed to the elevation in BP and could lead to CVD (Gilbert-Quimet et al., 2014).
According to Netterstorm (2013), in his research suggested that the fundamental cause for
high blood pressure could be the cause of work-related stress or working conditions.
Siegrist & Li (2016), suggested that people who were over-committed to their jobs also were
at high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and other symptoms like BP, atherogenic
lipids, increase in glucose levels and fibrinogen also building up towards CVD. The reduction
in natural killer cells compromised the immune system. The need to overcommit was linked
to the ERI model of (Siegrist et al. 1990 & Siegrist 1996), wherein individuals
overcommitted and overworked to get approval and receive recognition. This study helped in
suggesting a connection between the ERI model, health and the intrinsic component of the
model. Individuals who are exposed to more extended working hours are exposed to stressful
working conditions, and that causes the emergence of health complications (Lancet, 2015).
Employees that perceive that they are not treated fairly by their employers are more prone to
stress-linked diseases (Elovaino et al., 2010).
Coronary Heart Disease and Work Stress
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