This document explores the phenomenon of youth development, focusing on the concept of phenomenon, youth phenomenon, and the impact of cyber bullying on youths. It also analyzes social sciences theories and literature related to youth development. Additionally, it discusses laws, policies, and regulations aimed at protecting youths from bullying.
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Running head: YOUTH DEVELOPMENT1 Youth Development Name Institution
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YOUTH DEVELOPMENT2 Introduction Phenomenon is a fact that for a long time is believed to exist or to occur especially when their explanation or cause is somehow controversial. A phenomenon also originates from the Greek wordphaineinto shine, show, appear or manifest itself. It is also any other thing that manifest itself. Phenomenon is widely but not usually understood as things that manifest themselves for a responsive being. Aphenomenonis an unusual circumstance or occurrence. During 1950s, rock-n-roll was taken asa fresh culturalphenomenon, whilst today we consider of crop circles as an enigmaticphenomenon. Youthphenomenonis the manner in whichadolescents live and the values, norms and practices they share in common.Essentials of youth phenomenon include behaviours, beliefs, drinking, interests and styles. Stress on popular music, clothes, vocabulary, and sports distinguishes adolescents from other age sets, providing them with what some people believe is a separate philosophy of their own. Within youth phenomena, there are many divergent and continually changingyouth characters. These norms, behaviours and values fluctuate broadly, and can differ from the broad youth culture (Hinduja & Patchin, 2017). Understanding what adolescents deliberate upon and engage is important to understanding the connection between agency and structure, individual action and social pattern. Phenomenon of youth The youth and Cyber Bullying Cyber bullying is a form bullying that usually takes place on digital devices such as computers, tablets and mobile phones (Khan & Daniyal, 2018). Cyber bullying can take place through Text, apps, SMS or forums and online in social media. Some people engage in viewing contents posted by others. Cyber bullying involves sending or sharing harmful,
YOUTH DEVELOPMENT3 posting of negative, mean content about somebody or when it’s false. It can comprise of sharing private information or personal information about somebody causing humiliation or embarrassment. Some form of cyber bullying surpasses the line into criminal or unlawful behaviour. The most usual places where cyber bullying happens are social media; instagram, Facebook, twitter, snap chat, SMS, Instant Message (via devices, apps, social media messaging features and email provider services). With the commonness of comments, digital forums, posts, social media, photos and content shared by people can frequently be seen by outsiders as well as friends. The content a person post online including their personal content, hurtful, mean or negative makes a kind of lasting public record of their opinions, behaviour and activities. This public record may be taken as an online reputation, which can be available to employers, colleges, schools, clubs, and people researching on an individual currently or in the coming future (Harwood & Johnston, 2016). Cyber bullying can damage the online characters of everybody involved; not just the individual being bullied, but those responsible for participating in it or the bullying. Most youths engage in cyber bullying and such cases have been reported weekly involving most youths. Cyber bullying has the following features: Determined- Digital devices give a capability to continuously and immediately communicate 24 hours a day, so it may be hard for youths facing cyber bullying to find relief. Permanent - Most information transferred electronically is perpetual and unrestricted, if not removed and reported in good time. A damaging online reputation, comprising of those youths who bully, can affect their college admission, other areas of life such as employment (Campbell et. al, 2012).
YOUTH DEVELOPMENT4 Hard to Notice – Because parents and teachers may not hear or see cyber bullying happening, so it is difficult to recognize. Though the question that has been raised on cyber bullying being a phenomena is whether it is overrated or not. Some scholars claim that numerous assertions about cyber bullying created in the media and other places are really exaggerated and have slight empirical scientific provision (Pabian & Vandebosch, 2016). Refuting these assertions, it turns out that cyber bullying, when learned in appropriate context, is a low-prevalence phenomenon, which has not rose up rapidly and has not formed many novel bullies and victims; youth and the children who are not into some system of out-dated bullying (Sofo & Sofo, 2014). These assumptions are grounded on two fairly huge samples of learners, students from USA and those from Norway, both of which have data of time series for a period between four to five years. It is additionally claimed that the question of likely undesirable effects of cyber bullying has not attracted much thoughtful research devotion and a couple of approaches for such investigation are recommended along with some procedural recommendations (Kowalski, Limber& Agatston, 2009). Lastly, it is commonly suggested that colleges direct best of their anti-bullying energies to responding to traditional bullying, combined with a significant system-level plan that is probably able to decrease the already low prevalence of cyber bullying. It is known that there are severe correlates for targets of old-fashioned bullying. These have been exhibited to comprise of amplified levels of misery, psychosomatic signs and anxiety, in addition to frequently serious bodily damage and sometimes suicide (McQuade, Colt & Meyer, 2009). Intimidated youths also sense more unceremoniously unfertile and have larger relational problems, composed with higher non-appearance from college and
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YOUTH DEVELOPMENT5 substandard academic ability (Mishna, 2012). In the evolving ground of cyber bullying many scholars have ignored a better result and additionally dangerous outcomes for those involved owing to the 24/7 outlook and the opportunity of the broader viewers with this system of bullying. Nevertheless, up to date there is rare experiential indication to sustain this. This training wanted to associate casualties' insights of the ruggedness and effect of bullying by old-style and cyber means. The chief conclusions indicated that though learners who had been involved by the old-fashioned bullying described that they stroked their bullying was severer and harsher and had many effects on them including the students who had been cyber bullied. The compares of their psychological health discovered that cyber victims forwarded some of the social difficulties. The suggestions for school analysts and mental health workforces are deliberated. There seems to be some perceptual misunderstanding with respect to the extent and scope of online bullying established on media information and a number of findings; several of which are theoretically comprehensive and methodologically demanding and some of which are not (Jimenez, 2010). In the following passage scholars share their findings from their research and those of their peers to establish the real occurrence rates of cyber bullying. They also portray a connection between online bullying and offline grounded on empirical workings to be clear that those victimized in the real world and in cyberspace are not two distinct people. Lastly, they campaign for the systemic method of improving the demonstrative and interactive climate within colleges as the most favourable way to stem the surge of teenage hostility.
YOUTH DEVELOPMENT6 Analysis with reference to social sciences theories and/or literature Models and theories help experts focus on what is variable and the most appropriate areas or objectives for modification. A theory is an established idea of interconnected ideas, descriptions, and proposals that shows amethodicalopinion of actions or states by stipulating relationship among variables, so as toelucidateandforeseethe proceedings or situations. The concept ofgeneralization, or wide request, is significant. Perceptions assumed of as the building hunks of theory or the basic rudiments (Ashford & LoCrey, 2009). A hypothesis is a word used for an important notion in a theory. Lastly, a model is a widespread or theoretical explanation used to analyse or clarify something. Theories and models can be important in evaluating, planning and implementing interventions(Garner & Hancock, 2014). Theories and models assist the program organisers and scholars go beyond primary unalterable risk aspects (socioeconomic status and gender) to response to why, what and how people can change their behaviour. Models and theories can be utilised to direct the pursuit for the explanations as to why many individuals do not heed to the advice given to them by the medical officers ensuing public health and medical assistance, or not taking care of themselves in fit manner. They may assist in choosing what they require to know before progressing and making an intervention program. They can deliver vision into how you form program policies to influence individuals and administrations and make an impression on them. They also help someone recognize what ought to be checked, restrained and or related in the program estimation.
YOUTH DEVELOPMENT7 Laws, Policies & Regulations Society and native lawmakers have taken a step to stop bullying and defend the youths. For instance,each dominion, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories (state), discourses bullying inversely.Some may come up with regulations, policies and laws to curb this vice in order to protect the youths. Others have industrialized model rules schools and native educational interventions they can use as they progress their own native laws, regulations and policies. Most society regulations, rules and policies need the districts and the colleges to establish a bullying course of action and rules to retort to bullying when it takes place. In addition, states may discourse bullying, cyber bullying, and associated actions in a solo law or crossways numerous laws. In some occasions, bullying appears in the illegal cypher of a national that may relate to teenagers. The U.S in December 2010, Subdivision of Education established a background of mutual apparatuses established in state regulations, rules and laws absorbed on bullying during that time. The outline was utilised to define how colleges were engaging in action to avoid and reply to cyber bullying events within the school. Thecollective mechanisms rules which have transformed over time comprise of explanations of bullying, essential features that are frequently battered for bullying behaviours, and comprehensive necessities for school district rules.
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YOUTH DEVELOPMENT8 References Ashford,J., & LeCroy,C. (2009).Human Behavior in the Social Environment: A Multidimensional Perspective. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning Campbell,M.K., Spears,B., Slee,P., Butler,D., & Kift,S. (2012). Victims’ perceptions of traditional and cyberbullying, and the psychosocial correlates of their victimisation.Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties,17(3-4), 389-401. doi:10.1080/13632752.2012.704316 Garner,R., & Hancock,B.H. (2014).Social Theory: Continuity and Confrontation: A Reader, Third Edition. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Harwood,C., & Johnston,J. (2016). Positive Youth Development and Talent Development.Positive Youth Development Through Sport, 113-125. doi:10.4324/9781315709499-10 Hinduja,S., & Patchin,J. (2017). Cultivating youth resilience to prevent bullying and cyberbullying victimization.Child Abuse & Neglect,73, 51-62. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.09.010 Jimenez,J. (2010).Social Policy and Social Change: Toward the Creation of Social and Economic Justice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Khan,D., & Daniyal,M. (2018). Cyber Bullying in Pakistan: Statistical, Legislative, and Social Analysis. doi:10.20944/preprints201804.0102.v1 Kowalski,R.M., Limber,S.P., & Agatston,P.W. (2009).Cyber Bullying: Bullying in the Digital Age. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. McQuade,S.C., Colt,J.P., & Meyer,N.B. (2009).Cyber Bullying: Protecting Kids and Adults from Online Bullies. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO Mishna,F. (2012). Cyber Bullying in a Cyber World.Bullying, 73-86. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199795406.003.0015
YOUTH DEVELOPMENT9 Pabian,S., & Vandebosch,H. (2016). (Cyber) bullying Perpetration as an Impulsive, Angry Reaction Following (Cyber) bullying Victimisation?Youth 2.0: Social Media and Adolescence, 193-209. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27893-3_11 Sofo,M.M., & Sofo,F. (2014). Social Networking, Cyber Bullying, and the Role of Community Education.Cyber Behavior, 164-180. doi:10.4018/978-1-4666-5942-1.ch010
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