Research Report: Smoking Trends, Health Risks, and Young People

This report investigates the concerning trend of smoking among young people. It begins with an overview of the topic, outlining the research aims, objectives, and a comprehensive literature review that explores the increasing prevalence of smoking among youth and its perceived status symbol. The research methodology details the types of investigation (qualitative), data collection methods (surveys and secondary sources), sampling techniques (purposive sampling), and addresses accessibility and ethical issues. The report then delves into data analysis, interpretation, and concludes with recommendations for mitigating the negative health impacts of smoking, including lung diseases, and heart issues, among young people. The study also includes a time management plan and considers the limitations of the research, making it a comprehensive analysis of the issue.

Smoking for Young People

Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................1
1. Overview of the topic..............................................................................................................1
2. Aims and objectives of the research........................................................................................1
3. Literature review.....................................................................................................................1
4. Research methodology............................................................................................................2
4.4 Accessibility issues...............................................................................................................3
5. Ethical issues...........................................................................................................................3
6. Time management plan...........................................................................................................4
CHAPTER-2: LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................5
2.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................5
2.2 Literature review...................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER-3: Research MEHODOLOGY......................................................................................9
3.1 Research methodology, methods and techniques..................................................................9
3.2 Sampling...............................................................................................................................9
3.3 Data collection......................................................................................................................9
3.4 Ethical consideration...........................................................................................................10
Chapter 4 Data Analysis and Interpretation ..................................................................................11
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendations...............................................................................18
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................20

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1. Overview of the topic
Smoking consists of inhalation and exhalation of fumes through burning tobacco in cigars
and cigarettes. In the present scenario, there is increasing trend towards smoking for young
people. Among smokers, the percentage of youngsters is high who are habitual to smoke as
compared to the other age group (McAloney and et.al., 2014.). It is bad habit which negatively
impacts the health of an organization. It is taken as a research issue because smoking is one of
the main causes behind increasing percentage of health and lungs diseases. Besides this, smoking
causes most of the health diseases.
2. Aims and objectives of the research
Aim of the research is to identify the trend of smoking among young people and its
impact on human health. Objectives of the research are enumerated below:
 To evaluate the trend of smoking in young people in the present scenario.
 To assess the impact of smoking upon the health and lung diseases.
 To identify the ways through which smoking habit can be eliminated among adults.
3. Literature review
Literature review consists of evaluating secondary data sources such as books and
journals which provides in depth knowledge to the researcher about the topic. Through this,
researcher is able to understand the research topic to the large extent.
Trend for smoking of young people
According to the view point of McAloney and et.al. (2014) there is increasing trend of
smoking among the young people. Individual who first tie tries cigars or cigarettes become
habitual.. This aspect clearly states that smoking consumption is continuously increasing.
However, it is to be critically evaluated by the Eastwood and et.al. (2015) that it is not only the
the cause behind the increasing trend in the consumption of cigar and cigarettes. They claimed
that in the present era, people adopt smoking habit as they consider it as status symbol. It is also
the main reason due to which youngsters or adults prefer to smoke to the large extent.
Impact of smoking upon the health and lung diseases
In accordance with the view point of Gall and et.al. (2014) smoking negatively impact the
health aspects of adults. Smoking is one of the main causes behind the brain, heart and lung
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diseases. Cigarette smoking closely affects every organ of the body. It is the main cause behind
increasing death ratio every year. As per the view point of Chhaya and et.al. (2015) smoking is
also one of the main cause behind the lung cancer which may further lead to death of the
individual. However, it is to be critically evaluated by Jha and Peto (2014) that cigarettes
smoking is not the the cause behind the lung cancer. Use of alcohol and other products which
contains tobacco are the cause of rising health diseases among the youngsters. In addition to this,
youngsters who are used to smoke are suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. It
is also the main reason behind the increasing percentage of death among the youngsters.
Identification of the ways through which smoking habit can be eliminated
As per the view point of Eastwood and et.al. (2015) by organizing the campaign health
units can develop the awareness among the chain smokers in relation to the bad effects of it.
Health unit can reduce this habit among the youngsters or adults by communication the diseases
and their impact upon the human health. It is contradict by Gall and et.al. (2014) that campaign is
not only sufficient in order to eliminate the smoking habit among the adults. There are several
reasons due to which adults are addicted to drug related products. For instance: Stress is one of
the reason due to which individual take resort of drug related products such as smoking. Thus,
individual can convert his bad habit into good by identifying the other ways to cope up with the
stress related issues. In addition to this, substitute product is also the way through which smoking
habit can be eliminated among the adults.
4. Research methodology
Research methodology refers to the ways and techniques which researcher will undertake
in order to carry out the research in an effective manner (Carson and et.al., 2014).
4.1 Types of investigation
In order to accomplish the research in the right direction, researcher is required identify
the types of the research which they require to undertake. Researcher needs to identify nature of
the research because it closely affects data collection methods and its analysis (Kremers and
Çakir, 2014). In research, there are mainly two types of research such as qualitative and
quantitative. For the present study, researcher will undertake qualitative research in order to
assess the impact of smoking upon the health and lung diseases of youngsters.
4.2 Methods of data collection
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Research findings and solutions are highly dependent upon data collection methods
which are undertaken by the researcher. There are mainly two types of data such as primary and
secondary data which researcher can use for identifying the appropriate solution for the problem
(Rhodes and et.al., 2014). For the present study, researcher gathers primary data through survey
technique. Research will conduct survey by preparing the questionnaire which contains both
close and open ended questions. In addition to this, researcher will undertake secondary sources
such as books, journals and articles which are published by the government. These sources of
data collection will provide assistance to the researcher in assessing impact of smoking upon the
health aspects of the young people.
4.3 Sampling methods
Sample is the part of the population which researcher selects by undertaking various
sampling techniques (Letourneau, 2015). For this study, researcher undertakes purposive
sampling technique which helps him in fulfilling purpose of the research. For the present study,
researcher has selected 30 health and social care practitioners who deals with the health problems
which are faced by young people.
4.4 Accessibility issues
Researcher will face difficulty in gathering appropriate information from the secondary
sources of data collection. In addition to this, researcher will also face problem in collecting
primary data through survey due to the lack of interest of respondents.
4.5 Data analysis plan
Analysis of data is must to find out appropriate solution for the problem. For this study,
researcher undertakes qualitative research so researcher will undertake thematic perception test
in order to assess the impact of smoking upon health aspect of young or adults.
4.6 Limitation of the research
To find out the solution of the problem, researcher gathers data only from 30 people. It is
one of the main limitations of research study which contains views of limited respondents.
5. Ethical issues
Researcher will also follow the ethical aspects by maintaining confidentiality of the
respondents. In addition to this, researcher does not exert any kind of force upon the respondents
in order to filling questionnaire.
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6. Time management plan
Researcher also makes schedule contains the activities which researcher needs to
undertake in order to accomplish the research study. Beside this, it also includes the duration
which clearly states the time which researcher will to complete the research study.
Sr. No. Activities List of activities Weeks Preceding activities
1 A Supervisor discussion 1
2 B Preparation of proposal 1 A
3 C Submission of the proposal 2 B
4 D Acknowledgement by supervisor 1 C
5 E Literature review 5 D
6 F Data collection 4 D
7 G Analysis of data 5 E,F
8 H Interpretation of outcomes 3 G
9 I Preparation of project report 4 E,H
10 J Conducting review 3 I
11 K Finalization of the project 1 J
12 L Submission of project 1 K
Gantt chart:
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Network diagram:
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CHAPTER-2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Literature review discusses the findings of the secondary data sources such as books,
journals and research paper. It is the text of scholarly paper which develops better understanding
among the researcher in relation to the topic of the research. Through this, researcher is able to
find out the accurate solution of the problem.
2.2 Literature review
Trend of cigarette smoking in the present scenario
As per the view point of Healey and et.al. (2015) trend towards the cigarette smoking
among the adults is continuously increasing. The percentage or ratio of the cigarette smoking is
shows growing trend. In the present scenario, there is substantial increase in the smoking related
aspects after the age of 18. Further, the person who make use of the cigarette for the first time
then they become habitual to make use of it. It is contradict by Volkow, and et.al. 2014 that
teenagers accounts for the high percentage in smoking rather than adults. People who are below
the age of 18 are highly addicted towards the drug related products. For instance: daily average
consumption of teenagers is higher as compared to the level of adults. In accordance with the
view point of Gall and et.al. (2014) consumption of the cigarette is continuously increasing.
There are several reasons due to which cigarette consumption is accelerate. Adults take resort of
drug related products in order to remove their stress. Besides this, status symbol is also the main
cause due to which they are high addicted towards the smoking.
John (2014) claimed that in the present scenario men and women accounts for the equal
ratio in relation to the smoking. Now a days girls and women assumes the smoking as their status
symbol. Besides this, the race of the equality that girls are equal to boys is the cause behind the
increasing trend of smoking among the girls. In addition to this, tobacco companies increasingly
make use of alternative media and decentralized marketing activities in order to attract the young
people. It also causes the increasing trend of the cigarette smoking. However, it is to be critically
evaluated by McAloney and et.al. (2014) that advertisement is not responsible for the increasing
trend in the cigarette consumption. Companies also make advertisement of smokeless tobacco to
attract the adults. Nevertheless, young people does not prefer to make use of smokeless tobacco
instead of cigarette smoking. The alcoholic element which are fixed in tobacco compel young
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people to make use of cigarette. Thus, young people or adults lie for the high percentage in the
cigarette smoking.
Impact of the smoking upon the human health
In accordance with the view point of Eastwood and et.al. (2015) cigarettes smoking is
injurious for the health. It negatively impacts the health of the adults and other person who
smoke. There are several short term consequences are arises when young people smoke such as
respiratory and non-respiratory effects. However, it is to be critically evaluated by Gall and et.al.
(2014) that not only short terms consequences are arises when people smoke. Long term
consequences are also arises when people regularly smoke. Cigarette smoker have to face lung
diseases when they are habitual to smoke. According to the view point of Chhaya and et.al.
(2015) cigarette smoking is also the cause of heart diseases and stroke. Heart and lung disease
are the main issue which may turn into the death of the adults. In addition to this, lung diseases
are also the cause of cancer which negatively impact the body and health of the adult.
Jha and Peto (2014) claimed that smoking closely affects the physical fitness and
enthusiasm of the individual. It closely impacts the performance and endurance of the young
people. In addition to this, people who smoke one pack or more than of it then there is the less
chances that they will alive for the more than seven years. Further, smoking also creates many
kind of diseases among the young people. Due to this, young people are not able to perform
their work with the high level of efficiency and effectiveness. According to the view point of
Eastwood and et.al. (2015) heart rates of young adult smokers run faster to two-three minutes
faster than the non-smokers. It indicates that heart of the young adult is closely impacted by
smoking habit of them. This statement is contradict by Gall and et.al. (2014) that smoking habit
causes the lung diseases or cancer instead of heart diseases. People who are habitual to smoke in
their early age then they are suffered from the lung cancer. It is continuously rising if people
continuously smoke.
According to the view point of Healey and et.al. (2015) young people who are used to
smoke then there is more chances that they are suffered from chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease. Smoking is yje main cause of disease due to which adult face difficulty in breathing. It
causes the long term disability among the individual which may turn into death. Authors claimed
that 80% chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are arises due to cigarette smoking. As per the
view point of Volkow and et.al. (2014) smoking closely impacts the each organ of the body. In
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addition to this, smoking is also the main cause of blockages in arteries which states that there is
less oxygen and blood flow to the heart. However, it is to critically evaluated by Gall and et.al.
(2014) that cigarette smoking is not the main cause of heart disease. For instance: when cigarette
consumption reduced in US market then heart disease is still on the one number one position in
relation to the cause of death in US market.
John (2014) claimed that smoking also affects the breathing aspects of the young people.
Usually adults who smoke are suffered from the attack of asthma and there by face difficulty in
breathing in the proper manner. Further, in the present scenario women are highly involved in
smoking. Women who smoke faces difficulty in their pregnancy related aspects. In this stage,
cigarette smoking proves to disastrous for both the lady and for her child. Besides this, smoking
during the pregnancy may also the cause of born of per-mature baby or child with the lower
weight. In accordance with the view point of Healey and et.al. (2015) cigarette smoking
increases the chance of diabetes among the young people rather than non-smokers. However, it is
to critically evaluated by Eastwood and et.al. (2015) that diabetes are not highly interrelated with
the smoking aspects. It occurs due to lack or changes in the the elements which may cause of
diabetes.
According to the view point of Chhaya and et.al. (2015) cigarette smoking places high
level of impact upon the eyes of the adults. They faces problem of vision loss as well as age
related macular degeneration. Thus, all these aspects clearly states that cigarette smoking places
bad impact upon the human health.
The trend of smoking has been increasing among young people chiefly because of peer
pressure and smoking typically gives pleasure to the smokers. Most of the people start smoking
especially in teenage and they get addicted by the time they reach towards the stage of
adulthood. The chief reason behind smoking is that people want to relieve stress and smoking
gives them the pleasure of forgetting about the pain and stress (McAloney and et.al., 2014).
Youngsters are getting more concerned about their status and this is the reason they get towards
smoking and alcoholism. As per youngsters viewpoints, they want to look more mature; hence
they conduct their experiments to get fun in life. At the same time, young people prefer to smoke
due to peer pressure which encourages them to smoke even twice in a day (Eastwood and et.al.,
2015). Due to lot of stress and pressure of economic and personal problems, youngsters get into
smoking and this impacts their overall health. It is estimated that each year around 207,000
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children in UK start smoking and among adult smokers, about two thirds report say that after the
age of 18 years, 68% youngsters prefer to smoke. Hence, it can be said that teenagers smoke
because they think it is cool and their friends like it as a regular habit.
Youngsters seems to be very much convincing for each other especially when it comes to
smoke and this may be particularly true when the entire friend circle and company consists of all
smokers. When youngsters see other teen smoking, they change their mindset and as a result,
they get motivation from them; hence they are also start smoking. There are several people as
well who smoke regularly even after knowing the negative impacts. Passive smoking is another
factor that encourages people to get into smoking because smoking entices them towards
smoking and other aspects (Gall and et.al., 2014). Smoking includes many hazardous elements
and it affects the overall health aspects of human body. One of the chief reasons for increasing
smoking is addiction as people are unable to come out of smoking because addiction restrict
them to quit that.
Most of the cases are also there where in some youngsters try to quit smoking but due to
addiction and peer pressure, they are unable to do so. People live busy life and due to this busy
schedule, they face more issues related to stress; thus as a result, they get into smoking more
(Chhaya and et.al., 2015). Health related issues have been increasing among youngsters and most
of them are related to smoking and alcoholism; thus people need to get aware about the same
issues so that they can quit smoking as soon as possible. From the discussion, it is clear that
smoking kills many parts of human body; thus people should pay huge concern towards such
aspects. The issues related to smoking has been accelerating and this further increases the ratio of
mortality. Current smoking ratio is increasing among youngsters; hence family members need to
be more concerned about the habits of their children.
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CHAPTER-3: RESEARCH MEHODOLOGY
3.1 Research methodology, methods and techniques
Research methodology refers to the tools and techniques which helps researcher in
finding the appropriate solution of the problem within the suitable time frame (Carson and et.al.,
2014). Research methodology entails the type of investigation which researcher undertakes. In
addition to this, it also depicts the methods which researcher undertakes to collect the data. It
facilitates the accomplishment of the research in an effective manner.
There are specifically two types of research such as qualitative and quantitative research.
In order to assess the impact of the smoking habit upon the health of the youngsters researcher
undertakes qualitative research. In this study, researcher places more emphasis upon the smoking
habit of the young people and its impact upon the human health. Thus, it is qualitative aspect
therefore researcher undertakes qualitative research.
3.2 Sampling
Sample may be defined as a subset which are selected by the researcher from the
population by undertaking the suitable sampling procedure and method (Schmidt, 2015). There
are various sampling technique such as stratified, random, purposive sampling method etc.
Researcher undertakes the purposive sampling method to select the suitable sample for the study.
In purposive sampling, researcher selects sample on the basis of their understanding in relation to
the respondent which are suitable for the research study. For the present study researcher selects
30 health and social practitioners who deals with the health disease and problems of the young
people. Through this, researcher is able to fulfill the purpose of the research by identifying the
accurate solution of the problem.
3.3 Data collection
Accuracy and appropriateness of the solution is highly dependent upon the kind of data
which are gathered by the researcher. There are mainly two types of data which researcher can
collect for their research study. Primary data are those which are collected by the researcher for
the first time as by taking into consideration the problem of the research (Rhodes and et.al.,
2014). Whereas data which are collected by the another researcher for their own research are
known as secondary data. In order to assess the impact of smoking upon the body or human
health researcher undertakes methods of primary data collection. Researcher collects the primary
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