Effective Leadership in the Context of Change

The provided content focuses on leadership studies, specifically exploring the characteristics of heroic leaders and the impact of their behaviors on organizational change. The articles and books discussed include works by authors such as Allison, Fullan, Harding, Hoffman, Malenfant, Nguyen, Pavur Jr, Selznick, Skakon, Thoroughgood, Wheatley, and Yukl. Additionally, online resources like videos about Apollo 13's Gene Kranz are also included. The content highlights the importance of leadership in fostering creativity, change, and knowledge management practices. It also emphasizes the significance of leaders' well-being, behaviors, and styles on their employees' affective well-being.

LEADING CHANGE

TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
Yukl's taxonomy of leadership skills..........................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
Technical skills applied in Apollo 13 mission............................................................................4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
Motivation by Gene Kranz .........................................................................................................7
Shared vision..............................................................................................................................8
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................9
Conceptual skills.........................................................................................................................9
TASK 5..........................................................................................................................................10
Leadership assessment of Gene Kranz......................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

Illustration Index
Illustration 1: Meta categories ........................................................................................................1
Illustration 2: Task-oriented behaviour 2
Illustration 3: Relation oriented behaviour......................................................................................3
Illustration 4: Change oriented behaviour........................................................................................4
Illustration 5: Leadership of Gene Kranz ........................................................................................5
Illustration 6: Motivation by Kranz.................................................................................................6
Illustration 7.....................................................................................................................................7
Illustration 8: Decision making that helped in success....................................................................9

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The leadership skills are the attributes that makes a person differentiated from others. The
skills that are required by an individual for becoming a successful leader are related with his/ her
overall personality that consists of interpersonal, technical and conceptual skills. The present
report has depicted all these qualities of a leader as per the Yukl's taxonomy of leadership. On
this basis, the three main skill set of a person making the individual a better leader are mentioned
above. As per this, he should be able to make better decisions, motivate their subordinates or
followers and able to face challenges. The report has inferred all theses attributes of Gene Kranz
who was the incharge of Apollo 13 mission to land on Moon. Although the mission of landing on
moon was failed due to certain circumstances yet they were successful in their new mission of
bringing all astronauts back to earth safely. Here, he played an important role where he lead his
team with extraordinary skills that made this mission successful.

INTRODUCTION
The leadership is a process where a leader uses to inspire followers and unite them to work for a
common goal. The leadership is a skill that is necessary at all levels so that any work can be done
with more effectiveness. This can be done by a good and efficient leader who has skills that are
necessary for leading a team and unify them in a single unit so that tasks can be done in proper
manner. Further, a leader has power to bring great changes in ways of doing any task which
makes hi/ her different from others (Malenfant, 2010). The present report is based on leading
change where Gary Yukl's taxonomy of leadership skills have been discussed. Also, the report
has given special emphasis on Apollo 13 movie in which various kinds of skills that are
necessary for a leader has been focussed.
TASK 1
Yukl's taxonomy of leadership skills
Gary Yukl is a renowned scholar who has done a complete research on leadership skills and
propounded effective leadership skills into three categories. He has given the name to categories
as meta categories in which he identified different behaviours of a leader. These meta categories
involve behaviours like task oriented, relation oriented and change-oriented behaviour. These
behaviours by a leader are applied as per the prevailing situations. Each behaviour of a leader as
divided by Gary describes that some of the criteria like commitment towards tasks, flexibility,
innovation, etc. must be present in a leader (Harding, 2010).
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Illustration 1: Meta categories

Making decisions (Technical skills)
 Planning: Here, the leader is expected to plan and determine the objectives so that
resources can be collected as per the strategy. The leader has to make the allocation of
these resources as well on a priority basis. So, a leader has to do all kinds of managerial
work while planning (Yukl, 1994).
 Clarifying responsibility: The goals and objectives set by a leader have to be
accomplished by achieving proper coordination among team members. For this, a leader
has to make all teammates their roles and responsibilities so that everyone can put their
efforts for completing tasks (Fullan, 2014).
 Monitoring: The leader will supervise the work of all group members, collect various
information on working with team members and then he will also check for quality of
work. Apart from this, it is also necessary that different internal conditions are also
monitored by the leader so that any adverse impacts on the working of the team can be
minimised.
(Source: Fullan, M., 2014.)
Building relations (Interpersonal skills)
 Supporting: The leader has to act in a patient and relaxed manner so that his followers
can feel free to share their ideas and feelings with the leader. Further, a friendly
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Illustration 2: Task-oriented behaviour

behaviour should be there between leader and followers with support so that team
members can see the concern of leader for them.
 Development: The leader has to act as a teacher as well where he is responsible for
developing the skills and talent of the group. This will help in proper and overall
development of follower's personality and their confidence with a professional
advancement.
 Recognition: Every man needs a proper recognition and credit for their hard work as it
develops a satisfaction in him. So, a leader should monitor work of a team and give a
proper appreciation to deserved ones. This helps in developing satisfaction and also
motivates them to work hard.
 Consulting: The leader should always make the decision by taking view points of its team
as well (Alkahtani and et.al., 2011). He should encourage members to come up new ideas
and suggestions so that an effective decision can be made.
 Empowerment: The leader should also attempt to develop decision-making skills among
group members. This can be done by delegating authority to deserving teammates to
make decisions on various occasions. Thus, confidence and decision-making ability cab
be developed.
(Source: Allison and Goethals, 2013)
Influencing (Conceptual skills)
 Scanning of the environment: The leader should always be attentive against various
external situations existing in the form of threats and opportunities. This will help in
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Illustration 3: Relation oriented behaviour

making proper measures against threats and using opportunities for increasing efficiency.
Thus, a proper monitoring is required.
 Envisioning change: As per the different situations and changes in the environment, it is
necessary to develop changes accordingly so that a proper pace can be kept to match with
current conditions (Thoroughgood and et.al., 2012). The changes in various areas should
be established by discussing it with team members and informing them about various
effects of these changes on them. This will aid in getting more support from followers in
implementing change.
 Encouraging innovation: The leader should always encourage team members to be
creative and innovative in all kinds of work. This will give them added advantage with
findings of new and interesting ways to accomplish tasks. Risk taking: The leaders should also motivate the associates of the group to take risks so
that all members can become able to face difficult situations and apply their skills to
solve them.
(Source: Nguyen, 2010)
As per Yukl, effective leaderships can be explained through some of the theories which
he explained after categorising into more parts. As per his empirical model, he included in it the
the trait theory and behavioural approach.
Trait theory: The trait theory is the oldest one among various theories propounded by different
scholars. This theory states that the quality of leadership cannot be developed into an individual
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Illustration 4: Change oriented behaviour

rather it is an inborn characteristic that is present in a person by birth. These traits may range
from personality traits to aptitudes and social factors (Harding, 2010).
Behavioural theory: This theory of leadership was based on the fact that leadership qualities can
be developed in an individual. This needs that right behaviour of a person must be identified so
that the qualities can be developed into him. On this basis various styles of leadership cam into
existence like autocratic, democratic, participative etc. (Nguyen, 2010).
TASK 2
Technical skills applied in Apollo 13 mission
The technical skills of a leader as proposed by Yukl is a competency which is related to
expertise in a particular field. The technical skills of a leader specify that a leader should have
specific and expert knowledge related to accomplishing any work. This also refers to the ability
of a person to make strategies as per the goals of a company (Hoffman and Lord, 2013). It is the
responsibility of the leader to formulate strategies aligned with objectives. The leader applies his
technical skills to clarify various roles and responsibilities of team members so that the tasks can
be accomplished in the proper way. At this moment, leader uses to monitor the work of the team
as well so that quality can be maintained in working with the team. As per the mission of Apollo
13, when flight met with an accident, Kranz united his team and encouraged them to come up
with a plan for the goal of bringing all astronauts to earth in a safe way. He had a trust on skills
of his team members that all of them can work in the best way in their mission. Hence, Mattingly
was appointed to help the crew in successful landing on earth by restarting the spacecraft. Kranz
was in charge of this mission which turned into a historic moment. It is evident that working in a
spacecraft includes very critical tasks as this needs effective decision making. Kranz adopted
different leadership methods as per the situations prevailing at the time of Apollo 13 mission. As
per the situation where the main motto was moon landing was aborted due to technical
difficulties happened at spacecraft. At this time, he took the decision to abort the mission and
primarily focussed on saving all crew members on space flight (Allison and Goethals, 2013).
Besides this, he trusted his all team members which is evident as he gave the decision-making
power to team members so that plans can be made to save all astronauts. Along with this, he also
took the approach of democratic decision making where he took consultation of all team to
execute strategy.
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(Source: Wheatley, 2011)
As a good leader, he was efficient to handle the emergency situation in a calm manner. Because
of his effective leadership skills, he was successful in uniting the team and made them work with
great enthusiasm. He took help of simulation model where the same situation was created of
spacecraft and recruited Ken Mattingly so that problem-related to techniques can be improved.
His great decision-making power in pressurised situation was the major skill that helped in the
successful return of all astronauts. Here, technical skills of Kranz is apparent in the form of better
strategy planning, allotting responsibilities to team members as per the situation and also
monitoring the entire performance so that he can give better guidance to the team members.
Kranz also had trust on his team that all individuals will perform their job in a best way. He also
took the ideas of different members and applied it because of which the problem was solved. The
faith of Kranz gave his team confidence as well due to which they were successful in solving the
problem from such a distant place (Apollo 13 - Gene Kranz at Mission Control, 2013). The team
was also confident that under the leadership of Kranz, Failure is not an option.
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Illustration 5: Leadership of Gene Kranz

TASK 3
Motivation by Gene Kranz
(Source: Movies That Everyone Should See: “Apollo 13”. 2013)
The interpersonal skills of a leader include various aspects that are necessary to lead a team in
an effective manner. These attributes include supporting, developing, empowering, etc. The
support given by team leader to its team member plays a major role in this. At the time of Apollo
13 mission, Kranz was motivating his team members who were present at spacecraft and to those
who were with him in this mission. He developed a feeling among them due to which all of them
were motivated. He had an objective of landing on the moon with his team which was failed due
to technical mistakes. At that time, he took the decision of aborting mission and set the new goal
of bringing all astronauts safely to earth. He believed that a person cannot be successful in any
task till he does not have faith in himself. Thus, it is necessary to have confidence while
performing so that any critical problem can also be solved. With setting up of the goal to bring
all crew members back, he motivated all teammates to have faith. In the technical mistake related
to loss of oxygen, everyone was unable to find the reason behind it which was making all of
them stressed (Pavur Jr, 2012). He was trying that his team remains focussed on the mission and
also ensured that all of them perform their duties well. He commanded in a calm voice to his
team to remain cool and figuring out the problem without making it worse. He was clear on his
objective and without any feeling of panic which helped in motivating his team and building
confidence among them.
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Illustration 6: Motivation by Kranz

Shared vision
The mission of Apollo 13 is termed as a 'Successful failure' in the history as though the
mission of landing on the moon was failed, yet the mission of bringing home to all astronauts
safely was the biggest success at that time. The situation where all crew members were losing
their hope, Gene Kranz motivated all his team members by saying that failure is not an option
which created a new confidence among all teammates. Besides this, Lovell's statement 'I intend
to go home' was another phrase that built a faith among the team. Both the statements of Gary
and Lovell attempted to set up a new vision so that solving the problem can be handled more
effectively. As per the interpersonal skills of a leader mentioned by Yukl, the leader should be
able to develop change and envision future. In the present situation of Apollo 13, both astronauts
did their work in a right manner as they successfully developed a new enthusiasm among team
members who had lost their hopes (Brett and Mckay, 2009). Apart from this, the leader should
be able to make act as a supporting mentor at the time of crisis so that team can remain united.
Gene gave a right empowerment to his team to make the right decision as per the situation. Here,
it is also evident that conflicts may arise in teams, but it is necessary that the group agree at a
common vision which reduces the chances of failure.
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Illustration 7

TASK 4
Conceptual skills
The conceptual skills of a leader refer to various abilities like to create a positive environment of
change, encouragement to innovation, motivation for taking risks and correctly assess the
environment to identify threats and opportunities. As per the situation prevailing in the spacecraft
due to technical failures, the situation became quite pressurising and tensed. At this situation, the
first thing that Gene Kranz commanded to his team was to work out the problem. By this
command, he meant to figure out the root cause of the problem so that a right solution can be
framed. Besides this, entire team also ensured that all necessary technical arrangements are
organised in a proper way to so that the team can face the challenge with the right preparation.
After the explosion, the first question raised by Kranz was, ' what do we have good in
spacecraft?' By this question, he intended to identify best opportunity that can be utilised to solve
the problem (Nguyen, 2010). Here, the conceptual and better decision-making the power of
Kranz is apparent. The spacecraft had lost its oxygen supply, and engine also got problems, so
Kranz made a decision to make a solution by utilising the best thing available at present in the
space flight. Hence, he commanded to shut down the fuel cells so that spacecraft can consume
less power and oxygen supply from one of the tanks can be used for longer time. This became
possible by effective teamwork who was continuously working to find solution of a problem
through every manner. For this, they were making efforts to collect all relevant and crucial
information so that decision can be made quickly in right manner. Apart from this, Kranz also
ensured that his decision is supported by all team members and any change in situations can be
applied without any difficulty. Thus, he was focussing on creating a positive environment so that
changes can be implemented easily. On this mission, he made a comment that 'to gain victory,
things which are needed to be the best is you, your team and all equipment that you are going to
use (Skakon and et.al., 2010). It was also evident here that technical backgrounds of all team
were different, yet they managed to work as a single unit supporting each other that helped them
in achieving success.
Apart from all above mentioned attributes, a leader must have the ability to take risks and also
making his team to face challenges. Besides this, the entire team was encouraged to come up
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with innovation and creativity so that the problem can be solved by applying different strategies.
Further, when members on spacecraft observed that thousands of people are working hard to
bring them back, they were filled with encouragement, and all of them worked to make a group
effort to achieve a common objective (Selznick, 2011).
(Source: Apollo 13 - Gene Kranz at Mission Control. 2013)
TASK 5
Leadership assessment of Gene Kranz Task-related behaviour: As per the leadership skills defined by Gary Yukl, task-oriented
behaviour includes technical skills like making strategies, allotting responsibilities and
also observing the performance of the team. Kranz possessed all these as he made right
strategy by utilising the best opportunity which was available after the explosion. He
made the plan to cut the power usage so that less consumption of oxygen and fuel can be
done. Besides this, he recruited Mattingly so that he can help in technical difficulties in
solving the problems. This shows his ability to clarifying right roles and responsibilities
to team members. Further, he was trying to make team mates focussed on major objective
of bringing astronauts back to earth (Wheatley, 2011). Thus he was able to monitor team
members and their activities as well so that they can work with concentration. Relation related behaviour: The relationship-oriented behaviour of leader states various
attributes like support. The support and motivation given by Kranz played an important
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Illustration 8: Decision making that helped in success

role in uniting the team and making them work for achieving a common objective.
Besides this, he also developed skills among them to face difficult situations. He gave
enough decision-making power to all its team members as per the situation so that
everyone can do the best to make the mission successful. He also consulted his team
members before taking any decision and continuously encouraged them as well. He
motivated all members by encouraging them to not lose their hopes and try to figure out
the major problem. This helped them in achieving the success as all were trying their
best to collect all information and use it in the best way (Allison and Goethals, 2013).
 Change related behaviour: Here the major responsibilities of a leader is to make a proper
scanning of the internal and external environment so that identification of threats and
opportunities available can be done. This was accomplished by Kranz through making a
decision from the available opportunity. Besides this, he also successfully developed the
innovative and creative ideas in team members to develop a solution for a problem. He
made a positive environment for implementing change as well so that everyone can
support his decision. Further, the major thing was, he truly developed a risk-taking
attitude and facing challenges among his team members (Thoroughgood and et.al., 2012).
All the above-mentioned behaviours state the overall abilities and skills of Gene Kranz because
of which he is well known as one of the best leaders.
CONCLUSION
The present report on leading change refers to the best of leadership aspects that were
used by Gene Kranz on a well-known mission of Apollo 13. The report has discussed the
leadership behaviour as per given by Gary Yukl which are the task, relation and change oriented.
Besides this, the skills of leader that are necessary are technical, conceptual and interpersonal
skills. All these attributes and behaviours are well related with the case of Apollo 13 mission
which was aborted due to technical mistakes. The mission is considered as the successful failure
where the new mission of bringing all astronauts safe to the earth was successful. Further, the
report states that the whole mission was achieved a great success due to the efficient leadership
of Gene Kranz who took the right decision at the right time along with proper motivation and
guidance of his team.
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REFERENCES
Journals and Books
Alkahtani, A.H. and et.al., 2011. The impact of personality and leadership styles on leading
change capability of Malaysian managers. Australian Journal of Business and
Management Research. 1(2). p.70.
Allison, S.T. and Goethals, G.R., 2013. Heroic leadership: An influence taxonomy of 100
exceptional individuals. Routledge.
Fullan, M., 2014. Leading in a culture of change personal action guide and workbook. John
Wiley & Sons.
Harding, T., 2010. Fostering creativity for leadership and leading change. Arts Education Policy
Review. 111(2). pp. 51-53.
Hoffman, E.L. and Lord, R.G., 2013. A taxonomy of event-level dimensions: Implications for
understanding leadership processes, behavior, and performance. The Leadership Quarterly.
24(4). pp. 558-571.
Malenfant, K.J., 2010. Leading change in the system of scholarly communication: A case study
of engaging liaison librarians for outreach to faculty. College & Research Libraries. 71(1).
pp. 63-76.
Nguyen, H.N., 2010. The Impact of Leadership Behaviours and Organisational Culture on
Knowledge Management Practices in Small and Medium Enterprises. Griffith University.
Pavur Jr, E.J., 2012. Leadership for managers. The Psychologist-Manager Journal. 15(4). pp.
269-274.
Selznick, P., 2011. Leadership in administration: A sociological interpretation. Quid Pro Books.
Skakon, J. and et.al., 2010. Are leaders' well-being, behaviours and style associated with the
affective well-being of their employees? A systematic review of three decades of research.
Work & Stress. 24(2). pp. 107-139.
Thoroughgood, C.N. and et.al., 2012. The susceptible circle: A taxonomy of followers associated
with destructive leadership. The Leadership Quarterly. 23(5). pp. 897-917.
Wheatley, M., 2011. Leadership and the New Science: Discovering Order in a Chaotic World
(Large Print 16pt). ReadHowYouWant. Com.
Yukl, Gary A. Leadership in Organizations (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994), 65.
Online
Apollo 13 - Gene Kranz at Mission Control. 2013. [Online]. Available through:
<https://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/Apollo-13-Gene-Kranz-at-Mission-
Control>. [Accessed on 29th December 2016].
Brett and Mckay, K., 2009. Lessons in Manliness from Gene Kranz. [Online]. Available through:
<http://www.artofmanliness.com/2009/07/20/lessons-in-manliness-from-gene-kranz/>.
[Accessed on 29th December 2016].
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Movies That Everyone Should See: “Apollo 13”. 2013. [Online]. Available through:
<https://fogsmoviereviews.com/2012/08/13/movies-that-everyone-should-see-apollo-13/
comment-page-1/>. [Accessed on 29th December 2016].
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