21st Century Leadership Critical Review
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This report provides a critical review of 21st-century leadership, drawing upon various scholarly sources to analyze the evolving nature of leadership in a rapidly changing world. The report examines different leadership styles, including autocratic, democratic, and transformational leadership, and discusses their effectiveness in the context of modern business environments. It highlights the importance of adaptability, communication, and innovation in contemporary leadership, while also acknowledging the challenges and risks associated with implementing new ideas and technologies. The report emphasizes the need for leaders to cultivate essential skills such as effective decision-making, collaboration, and the ability to learn from failures. It concludes by summarizing the key characteristics of successful 21st-century leaders and their role in motivating and guiding their teams towards achieving organizational goals.

CRITICAL REVIEW
21ST CENTURY LEADERSHIP
1
21ST CENTURY LEADERSHIP
1
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Table of Contents
LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................3
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................7
LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................3
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................7

LITERATURE REVIEW
Leadership is defined as action of leading a group of people towards achieving a particular
goal in effective manner. It is an activity involving directions and instructions given by team leader
to members and inspiring them for achieving a specific target in predetermined manner. According
to Duncan (2015) leadership qualities are inherent in a person and good leaders are born with
superior leadership quality. It is vital that leaders should be having higher level of energies and
motivational forces so that subordinat6s can be motivated for achieving their goals. As per Peters
(2016) values and beliefs of a person makes him different from others and due to it a person
becomes different from other individuals working in a team. However Porter-O'Grady and Malloch,
(2014) has described that leaders are not born but leadership qualities are learnt by an individual
through experience and learning. Power used by a person for leading a group of people is defined as
leadership and instructions given by a leader depends upon situation, followers and style adopted
by a person for guiding the subordinates. Hassan and Prussia, (2013) has described that leaders
should involve followers in the decision making process.
It supports in getting better ideas and suggestions for making improvements in existing
procedures adopted by team for accomplishing their set targets. Optimum utilization of potential
and capabilities of group members becomes possible by effective leadership rendered by head of the
team. It is ability to define a problem and getting most effective solution for coming out from the
troubles and solutions. Avolio and Yammarino, (2013) on the critical note has mentioned that
actions of leaders influence all the group members and overall activity performed by the group gets
affected due to it. Humility, Integrity and affection are some significant traits of a leader which
differentiates a person from others and makes him effective leader. Ciulla, (2014) has mentioned
that leadership is an act for taking stand for motivating and inspiring a group of people for
transforming them as super performing individuals. Sims and Quatro, (2015) has mentioned that it
is vital that leaders should assign specific tasks and responsibilities to the group members.
Accountabilities and responsibilities should be rendered to each individual of the group so that
visions and objectives of the group should be clear to all the members. On the other hand Tal and
Gordon, (2016) has described that specific parameters are set by leaders which works as lamppost
for rendering guidelines to the team members.
Leadership styles differ but the central objective of leadership is to build consensus for a
Leadership is defined as action of leading a group of people towards achieving a particular
goal in effective manner. It is an activity involving directions and instructions given by team leader
to members and inspiring them for achieving a specific target in predetermined manner. According
to Duncan (2015) leadership qualities are inherent in a person and good leaders are born with
superior leadership quality. It is vital that leaders should be having higher level of energies and
motivational forces so that subordinat6s can be motivated for achieving their goals. As per Peters
(2016) values and beliefs of a person makes him different from others and due to it a person
becomes different from other individuals working in a team. However Porter-O'Grady and Malloch,
(2014) has described that leaders are not born but leadership qualities are learnt by an individual
through experience and learning. Power used by a person for leading a group of people is defined as
leadership and instructions given by a leader depends upon situation, followers and style adopted
by a person for guiding the subordinates. Hassan and Prussia, (2013) has described that leaders
should involve followers in the decision making process.
It supports in getting better ideas and suggestions for making improvements in existing
procedures adopted by team for accomplishing their set targets. Optimum utilization of potential
and capabilities of group members becomes possible by effective leadership rendered by head of the
team. It is ability to define a problem and getting most effective solution for coming out from the
troubles and solutions. Avolio and Yammarino, (2013) on the critical note has mentioned that
actions of leaders influence all the group members and overall activity performed by the group gets
affected due to it. Humility, Integrity and affection are some significant traits of a leader which
differentiates a person from others and makes him effective leader. Ciulla, (2014) has mentioned
that leadership is an act for taking stand for motivating and inspiring a group of people for
transforming them as super performing individuals. Sims and Quatro, (2015) has mentioned that it
is vital that leaders should assign specific tasks and responsibilities to the group members.
Accountabilities and responsibilities should be rendered to each individual of the group so that
visions and objectives of the group should be clear to all the members. On the other hand Tal and
Gordon, (2016) has described that specific parameters are set by leaders which works as lamppost
for rendering guidelines to the team members.
Leadership styles differ but the central objective of leadership is to build consensus for a
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particular target. Harris and Chapman, (2013) has defined that leadership is a complicated and
challenging task and various types of risks are involved with providing instructions to the
subordinates. Mentors supports their group members learning specific set of skills and capabilities
which aids in making them a effective leader. Influence of a leader is used for guiding the
subordinates and making them informed and aware about diverse range of issues. Parkay, Anctil,
and Hass, (2014) has described on a critical note that leader needs to care less about personal issues
and personal troubles and should give more concentration and focus on group members. Great
vision of leader aids in providing better instructions to all the followers and overall targets set by
group members can be accomplished in effective manner. Leadership is all about bringing bringing
all the missions and objectives into reality by involving positive and effectual support of team
members. Kotter and Cohen, (2014) has argued that leaders should have courage for accepting
failure and responsibilities for not accomplishing a desired target should be taken by a leader.
Sometimes it is required that mentor should take courage for accepting risks and failures that may
encounter while working for getting a specific set of target. Jensen, Neck and Beaulieu, (2015) has
mentioned that a effective leader should have capabilities for accepting failures and turning them
into success by trying for things that are hard and difficult to achieve.
Yukl, Mahsud and Prussia, (2013) has described that leadership qualities in a person comes
from inner influence and it also supports in enhancing morale and motivational level of team
members. Solansky, (2014) has explained on a contrary note that leaders should listen to the group
members and understand personal view points of all the group members. It will supports in taking
recommendations and suggestions from all the group members and solving troubles and problems
of staff members. McNutt, (2014) has said that management is different from leadership.
Management is all about directing and managing manpower of the organization for achieving
desired objectives of business. On the other hand leadership is all about motivating and leading a
group of followers by involving their positive support for completing desired set of goals. 21ST
Century is defined as century of technical advancements. Regular and new innovations are
happening in the industry and smart tech products including tablets, smartphones, laptops, electric
equipments are supporting in making life easier for people. Clayton (2015) has mentioned that due
to changes occurring in external business environment it is vital that leadership in organization
should also be modified so that desired targets of enterprise can be accomplished in effective mode.
Duncan, (2015) has mentioned that after world war second production related concept started and
majority of organizations were focussing on manufacturing large number of products.
challenging task and various types of risks are involved with providing instructions to the
subordinates. Mentors supports their group members learning specific set of skills and capabilities
which aids in making them a effective leader. Influence of a leader is used for guiding the
subordinates and making them informed and aware about diverse range of issues. Parkay, Anctil,
and Hass, (2014) has described on a critical note that leader needs to care less about personal issues
and personal troubles and should give more concentration and focus on group members. Great
vision of leader aids in providing better instructions to all the followers and overall targets set by
group members can be accomplished in effective manner. Leadership is all about bringing bringing
all the missions and objectives into reality by involving positive and effectual support of team
members. Kotter and Cohen, (2014) has argued that leaders should have courage for accepting
failure and responsibilities for not accomplishing a desired target should be taken by a leader.
Sometimes it is required that mentor should take courage for accepting risks and failures that may
encounter while working for getting a specific set of target. Jensen, Neck and Beaulieu, (2015) has
mentioned that a effective leader should have capabilities for accepting failures and turning them
into success by trying for things that are hard and difficult to achieve.
Yukl, Mahsud and Prussia, (2013) has described that leadership qualities in a person comes
from inner influence and it also supports in enhancing morale and motivational level of team
members. Solansky, (2014) has explained on a contrary note that leaders should listen to the group
members and understand personal view points of all the group members. It will supports in taking
recommendations and suggestions from all the group members and solving troubles and problems
of staff members. McNutt, (2014) has said that management is different from leadership.
Management is all about directing and managing manpower of the organization for achieving
desired objectives of business. On the other hand leadership is all about motivating and leading a
group of followers by involving their positive support for completing desired set of goals. 21ST
Century is defined as century of technical advancements. Regular and new innovations are
happening in the industry and smart tech products including tablets, smartphones, laptops, electric
equipments are supporting in making life easier for people. Clayton (2015) has mentioned that due
to changes occurring in external business environment it is vital that leadership in organization
should also be modified so that desired targets of enterprise can be accomplished in effective mode.
Duncan, (2015) has mentioned that after world war second production related concept started and
majority of organizations were focussing on manufacturing large number of products.
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Autocratic leadership style was followed by managers in production oriented industries for
taking work from people. Major target was to enhance production so that large volume of products
can be sold in market. Autocratic leadership style was followed in 19th century in most of the
industries. Harris and Chapman, (2013) has criticized that autocratic leadership style involves less
support of subordinates and mentors give directions and commands to the subordinates. Decision
making and policy formulation rights stand with the management only. The concept has changed
and due to increasing number of competitors in diverse industries more focus has been paid for
improving attributes and features in the products of the enterprise. Large number of rival firms are
offering services and products in market and it has become essential to increase innovation for
making improvements in existing commodities of business. Due to changes occurring in working
procedures of industries it has become vital to make changes in leadership style adopted by
management of an enterprise. 21st century leader needs to be knowledgable about technically
advancements so that better decisions can be taken for business (Leadership skills, 2016).
Business environment is getting global and leading business groups are making efforts for
expanding operations for enhancing profitability and financial revenues of enterprise. There are vast
number of opportunities available in market and it is assertive that effective strategies should be
adopted by a leader for taking advantages of opportunities that are available in external business
environment. Kotter and Cohen, (2014) has mentioned that due to globalization unique challenges
are creating and due to that it has become critical to use effective leadership styles for meeting the
challenges that are occurring in external business environment. Qualifications and academic
knowledge of leader also play a significant role in enhancing capabilities and competence of
leaders. However Yukl, Mahsud and Prussia, (2013) has described that academic degrees posses by
an individual are not symbol of excellent leadership. It is assertive that a good leader should be
capable for transforming his acquired knowledge, theories and learnings into practice and reality.
Transformative modifications can be brought in existing procedures and capabilities of group
members.
Solansky, (2014) it is also critical that improvements should be made in the exiting skills
and knowledge of leader so that challenges can be met that are coming in external and internal
business environment. For gaining huge market positions and market share it is required that
effective services and products should be offered to the consumers. New innovations in existing
services can be made by taking suggestions from group members. Leaders in 21st century are
encouraging their followers for giving new ideas and concepts that can be used for adding new
taking work from people. Major target was to enhance production so that large volume of products
can be sold in market. Autocratic leadership style was followed in 19th century in most of the
industries. Harris and Chapman, (2013) has criticized that autocratic leadership style involves less
support of subordinates and mentors give directions and commands to the subordinates. Decision
making and policy formulation rights stand with the management only. The concept has changed
and due to increasing number of competitors in diverse industries more focus has been paid for
improving attributes and features in the products of the enterprise. Large number of rival firms are
offering services and products in market and it has become essential to increase innovation for
making improvements in existing commodities of business. Due to changes occurring in working
procedures of industries it has become vital to make changes in leadership style adopted by
management of an enterprise. 21st century leader needs to be knowledgable about technically
advancements so that better decisions can be taken for business (Leadership skills, 2016).
Business environment is getting global and leading business groups are making efforts for
expanding operations for enhancing profitability and financial revenues of enterprise. There are vast
number of opportunities available in market and it is assertive that effective strategies should be
adopted by a leader for taking advantages of opportunities that are available in external business
environment. Kotter and Cohen, (2014) has mentioned that due to globalization unique challenges
are creating and due to that it has become critical to use effective leadership styles for meeting the
challenges that are occurring in external business environment. Qualifications and academic
knowledge of leader also play a significant role in enhancing capabilities and competence of
leaders. However Yukl, Mahsud and Prussia, (2013) has described that academic degrees posses by
an individual are not symbol of excellent leadership. It is assertive that a good leader should be
capable for transforming his acquired knowledge, theories and learnings into practice and reality.
Transformative modifications can be brought in existing procedures and capabilities of group
members.
Solansky, (2014) it is also critical that improvements should be made in the exiting skills
and knowledge of leader so that challenges can be met that are coming in external and internal
business environment. For gaining huge market positions and market share it is required that
effective services and products should be offered to the consumers. New innovations in existing
services can be made by taking suggestions from group members. Leaders in 21st century are
encouraging their followers for giving new ideas and concepts that can be used for adding new

attributes and features in the existing products and services offered by the organization.
However Ciulla (2014) has described that there are few disadvantages that are associated
with adopting democratic leadership style. When there are situation of crisis and troubles it
becomes necessary to use autocratic leadership style for rendering commands and instructions to
subordinates. In urgent and troublesome situations use of democratic leadership style is time
consuming. 21st century leaders are giving more significance to democratic leadership style. Many
ideas and recommendations are given by followers but it is not possible for implementing all the
ideas. Some followers can get angry if their ideas can not be considered for implementation and due
to that conflicts and grievance situations rise in the organization. 21st century is innovative century
where technical advancements are serving people for providing them better services in order to
make their lives easier. Peters, (2016) has described that when innovations are implemented there
are always risks associated which can led towards failure. Modern organizations are adopting
innovations and technology in their existing operational activities and sometimes there are
situations when there are failures and uncertainties are faced. Leaders in 21st century required to
posses courage for facing the failures which may come and it serves as biggest element of an
effective leadership capabilities. Intense competition is faced in diverse range of industries and it is
vital do make effective strategies for gaining competitive advantage for business. Leaders needs to
be well aware of quantitative and qualitative methods so that they can make effective action plans
for providing better directions to followers. Many critical and complex challenges are faced and so
skills and capabilities of leaders are also improving at same pace for meeting the challenges that are
faced by leaders. Ciulla (2014) has mentioned that leaders need to create vision for the group and
all the followers work towards gaining the targets and vision set by their leader. Moreover
management and leadership are becoming a unseparated discipline and leaders who are showing
good leadership skills are proving themselves as good leaders. On the other hand Goleman,
Boyatzis and McKee, (2015) has mentioned that in the digital age level of interaction between
subordinates and followers. Strength of relationship is decreasing as most of the communication is
taking place through modern technically advanced equipments and it involves computers,
smartphones, internet, fax, E-mails etc.
it is assertive that leaders should develop proper communication with the subordinates and it aids in
identifying problems and threats that are being faced by group members. Open discussion between
all the group members supports in making effective strategies for accomplishing set targets of
group. Parkay, Anctil and Hass, (2014) has described that listening to followers is indispensable
However Ciulla (2014) has described that there are few disadvantages that are associated
with adopting democratic leadership style. When there are situation of crisis and troubles it
becomes necessary to use autocratic leadership style for rendering commands and instructions to
subordinates. In urgent and troublesome situations use of democratic leadership style is time
consuming. 21st century leaders are giving more significance to democratic leadership style. Many
ideas and recommendations are given by followers but it is not possible for implementing all the
ideas. Some followers can get angry if their ideas can not be considered for implementation and due
to that conflicts and grievance situations rise in the organization. 21st century is innovative century
where technical advancements are serving people for providing them better services in order to
make their lives easier. Peters, (2016) has described that when innovations are implemented there
are always risks associated which can led towards failure. Modern organizations are adopting
innovations and technology in their existing operational activities and sometimes there are
situations when there are failures and uncertainties are faced. Leaders in 21st century required to
posses courage for facing the failures which may come and it serves as biggest element of an
effective leadership capabilities. Intense competition is faced in diverse range of industries and it is
vital do make effective strategies for gaining competitive advantage for business. Leaders needs to
be well aware of quantitative and qualitative methods so that they can make effective action plans
for providing better directions to followers. Many critical and complex challenges are faced and so
skills and capabilities of leaders are also improving at same pace for meeting the challenges that are
faced by leaders. Ciulla (2014) has mentioned that leaders need to create vision for the group and
all the followers work towards gaining the targets and vision set by their leader. Moreover
management and leadership are becoming a unseparated discipline and leaders who are showing
good leadership skills are proving themselves as good leaders. On the other hand Goleman,
Boyatzis and McKee, (2015) has mentioned that in the digital age level of interaction between
subordinates and followers. Strength of relationship is decreasing as most of the communication is
taking place through modern technically advanced equipments and it involves computers,
smartphones, internet, fax, E-mails etc.
it is assertive that leaders should develop proper communication with the subordinates and it aids in
identifying problems and threats that are being faced by group members. Open discussion between
all the group members supports in making effective strategies for accomplishing set targets of
group. Parkay, Anctil and Hass, (2014) has described that listening to followers is indispensable
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element and it is required that observation and listening of followers should be done in proper
manner. It supports in making strong relationship with the followers by assessing problems and
challenges that are being faced by subordinates. Open discussion sessions are organized by 21st
century leaders as it provides a medium for making engagement with the group members. McNutt,
(2014) has described that leaders that are serving as corporate managers need to persuade all the
stakeholders for completing required goals set for the business. Communication skills play a
significant role in transferring required information and knowledge and leaders in 21st century gives
more importance for making significant improvements in their existing communication skills.
Kotter and Cohen, (2014) has mentioned that leaders are now collaborating for creating values by
various acts such as listening, speaking and thinking in effective way. Ulrich, Smallwood and
Sweetman, (2013) has described on a critical note that due to increasing level of competition
failures are faced many times. 21st century leaders are learning from their failures and mistakes and
trying to make improvements in their skills and capabilities. Innovations and new ideas and
concepts involves risks and leaders are now cultivating for trying out new experiments. Goleman,
Boyatzis and McKee, (2015) has mentioned that negativity spread among group members when
risks and failures are observed and it becomes critical that leader should show optimism for making
positive environment and mind set among group. Murphy, (2013) has mentioned that enthusiasm is
most essential quality that a leader needed to posses while imparting necessary instructions to the
subordinates. It is vital to provide proper leadership to the subordinates and good communication
and motivational speech aids in bringing positive energy among subordinates. Kruse, (2013) has
mentioned on a critical note that there are various external and internal environmental factors that
gives influence on directions renders by subordinates. It is critical that leaders should consider
impact of these factors while making action plans and strategies for the group members. Ciulla
(2014) has explained that in 21st century leaders need to have effective decision making capabilities
and it is assertive that proper analysis should be done for taking decisions for the enterprise.
Moreover collaborative skills of leaders should also be good so that effective involvement of
subordinates should be taken for accomplishing desired objectives of the enterprise. It is needed that
leaders should try to develop effective culture where all the group members exchanges their ideas
and thoughts and involvement and support of all followers should be taken for making action plans.
Latham, (2014) has described that 21st century leaders are encouraging innovations and new
concepts in their existing systems and structures and they are creating a place for sharing new ideas
and culture. It supports in thinking out of the box and rendering innovative concepts and
manner. It supports in making strong relationship with the followers by assessing problems and
challenges that are being faced by subordinates. Open discussion sessions are organized by 21st
century leaders as it provides a medium for making engagement with the group members. McNutt,
(2014) has described that leaders that are serving as corporate managers need to persuade all the
stakeholders for completing required goals set for the business. Communication skills play a
significant role in transferring required information and knowledge and leaders in 21st century gives
more importance for making significant improvements in their existing communication skills.
Kotter and Cohen, (2014) has mentioned that leaders are now collaborating for creating values by
various acts such as listening, speaking and thinking in effective way. Ulrich, Smallwood and
Sweetman, (2013) has described on a critical note that due to increasing level of competition
failures are faced many times. 21st century leaders are learning from their failures and mistakes and
trying to make improvements in their skills and capabilities. Innovations and new ideas and
concepts involves risks and leaders are now cultivating for trying out new experiments. Goleman,
Boyatzis and McKee, (2015) has mentioned that negativity spread among group members when
risks and failures are observed and it becomes critical that leader should show optimism for making
positive environment and mind set among group. Murphy, (2013) has mentioned that enthusiasm is
most essential quality that a leader needed to posses while imparting necessary instructions to the
subordinates. It is vital to provide proper leadership to the subordinates and good communication
and motivational speech aids in bringing positive energy among subordinates. Kruse, (2013) has
mentioned on a critical note that there are various external and internal environmental factors that
gives influence on directions renders by subordinates. It is critical that leaders should consider
impact of these factors while making action plans and strategies for the group members. Ciulla
(2014) has explained that in 21st century leaders need to have effective decision making capabilities
and it is assertive that proper analysis should be done for taking decisions for the enterprise.
Moreover collaborative skills of leaders should also be good so that effective involvement of
subordinates should be taken for accomplishing desired objectives of the enterprise. It is needed that
leaders should try to develop effective culture where all the group members exchanges their ideas
and thoughts and involvement and support of all followers should be taken for making action plans.
Latham, (2014) has described that 21st century leaders are encouraging innovations and new
concepts in their existing systems and structures and they are creating a place for sharing new ideas
and culture. It supports in thinking out of the box and rendering innovative concepts and
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suggestions for making significant improvements in capabilities of the staff members. However
Reinoso and Decker, (2015) has described that just thinking about innovative concepts is not
sufficient. Leaders need to execute all the innovative concepts and suggestions that are given by
group members. It is require that appropriate strategies should be made by leaders for implementing
all the new ideas and concepts. Leaders in 21st century are setting benchmarks for the subordinates
and followers are trying to reach at trends and targets set by their leaders.
CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from above mentioned aspect that leaders in 21st century are giving
more focus towards adaptability and making improvements in personal skills. It has become critical
that for meeting the challenges that are possess by external and internal factors leaders should make
effective action plans and strategies. Leaders are giving more attention towards making significant
improvements in their communication skills, listening skills, thinking skills and decision taking
skills. New ideas and concepts are encouraged by 21st century leaders and it aids in adopting new
methods for doing a task. However there are some risks that are associated with implementing the
new idea and concept and sometimes failures are also faced while working on new concepts.
Leaders in 21st century show courage for learning from their mistakes and failures and avoiding the
mistake in future. Moreover involvement of group members have increased in decision making
process and suggestions and recommendations given by group members are considered while
making action plans for achieving targets set for the groups. Efforts are given by leaders of 21st
century for motivating and encouraging subordinates for accomplishing a set target.
Reinoso and Decker, (2015) has described that just thinking about innovative concepts is not
sufficient. Leaders need to execute all the innovative concepts and suggestions that are given by
group members. It is require that appropriate strategies should be made by leaders for implementing
all the new ideas and concepts. Leaders in 21st century are setting benchmarks for the subordinates
and followers are trying to reach at trends and targets set by their leaders.
CONCLUSION
It has been concluded from above mentioned aspect that leaders in 21st century are giving
more focus towards adaptability and making improvements in personal skills. It has become critical
that for meeting the challenges that are possess by external and internal factors leaders should make
effective action plans and strategies. Leaders are giving more attention towards making significant
improvements in their communication skills, listening skills, thinking skills and decision taking
skills. New ideas and concepts are encouraged by 21st century leaders and it aids in adopting new
methods for doing a task. However there are some risks that are associated with implementing the
new idea and concept and sometimes failures are also faced while working on new concepts.
Leaders in 21st century show courage for learning from their mistakes and failures and avoiding the
mistake in future. Moreover involvement of group members have increased in decision making
process and suggestions and recommendations given by group members are considered while
making action plans for achieving targets set for the groups. Efforts are given by leaders of 21st
century for motivating and encouraging subordinates for accomplishing a set target.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013. Transformational and charismatic leadership: The
road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing.
Ciulla, J.B., 2014. Ethics, the heart of leadership. ABC-CLIO.
Clayton, J., 2015. Leadership training for early career researchers. Science. 347(6225). pp.1024-
1028.
Duncan, W.J., 2015. Leadership for a Fractured World: How to Cross Boundaries, Build Bridges,
and Lead Change. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship. 20(4). p.115.
Harris, A.s and Chapman, C., 2013. Effective leadership for school improvement. Routledge.
Hassan, S. and Prussia, G.E., 2013. Ethical and empowering leadership and leader effectiveness.
Journal of Managerial Psychology. 28(2). pp.133-146.
Jensen, J.R., Neck, C.P. and Beaulieu, R.J., 2015. Self-Action Leadership: A qualitative,
Nomological Expansion of Self-Leadership Theory Rooted in Atmospheric and Astronomical
Metaphor. Journal of Leadership and Management. 1(3).
Kotter, J.P. and Cohen, D., 2014. Change Leadership: The Kotter Collection (5 Books). Harvard
Business Review Press.
McNutt, M., 2014. Journals unite for reproducibility. Science. 346(6210). pp.679-679.
Parkay, F.W., Anctil, E.J. and Hass, G., 2014. Curriculum leadership: Readings for developing
quality educational programs. Prentice Hall.
Peters, G., 2016. Imagining Religious Leadership in the Middle Ages: Richard of Saint-Vanne and
the Politics of Reform by Steven Vanderputten (review). Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and
Renaissance Studies, 47(1). pp.357-359.
Porter-O'Grady, T. and Malloch, K., 2014. Quantum leadership. Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
Sims, R.R. and Quatro, S.A., 2015. Leadership: Succeeding in the private, public, and not-for-
profit sectors. Routledge.
Solansky, S., 2014. Education and experience impact leadership development psychological
empowerment. Leadership & Organization Development Journal. 35(7). pp.637-648.
Tal, D. and Gordon, A., 2016. Leadership of the present, current theories of multiple involvements:
a bibliometric analysis. Scientometrics. 107(1). pp.259-269.
Yukl, G., Mahsud, R. and Prussia, G.E., 2013. An improved measure of ethical leadership. Journal
of Leadership & Organizational Studies. 20(1). pp.38-48.
Books and journals
Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013. Transformational and charismatic leadership: The
road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing.
Ciulla, J.B., 2014. Ethics, the heart of leadership. ABC-CLIO.
Clayton, J., 2015. Leadership training for early career researchers. Science. 347(6225). pp.1024-
1028.
Duncan, W.J., 2015. Leadership for a Fractured World: How to Cross Boundaries, Build Bridges,
and Lead Change. Journal of Applied Management and Entrepreneurship. 20(4). p.115.
Harris, A.s and Chapman, C., 2013. Effective leadership for school improvement. Routledge.
Hassan, S. and Prussia, G.E., 2013. Ethical and empowering leadership and leader effectiveness.
Journal of Managerial Psychology. 28(2). pp.133-146.
Jensen, J.R., Neck, C.P. and Beaulieu, R.J., 2015. Self-Action Leadership: A qualitative,
Nomological Expansion of Self-Leadership Theory Rooted in Atmospheric and Astronomical
Metaphor. Journal of Leadership and Management. 1(3).
Kotter, J.P. and Cohen, D., 2014. Change Leadership: The Kotter Collection (5 Books). Harvard
Business Review Press.
McNutt, M., 2014. Journals unite for reproducibility. Science. 346(6210). pp.679-679.
Parkay, F.W., Anctil, E.J. and Hass, G., 2014. Curriculum leadership: Readings for developing
quality educational programs. Prentice Hall.
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Collection (4 Books). Harvard Business Review Press.
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