2808NRS Human Pathophysiology and Pharmacology COPD Concept Map

This assignment presents a detailed concept map and a 750-word explanation analyzing a case study of a 60-year-old man, Steve McManus, presenting with symptoms of COPD, chest pain, and other related health issues. The analysis delves into the patient's risk factors, including a history of smoking, hypertension, and sleep apnoea, and their relationship to the diagnosed disease. The assignment explores the aetiology and pathophysiology of COPD, examining how the disease manifests through the patient's signs and symptoms, such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and an enlarged liver. Furthermore, it suggests various treatment modalities, including lung function tests, chest X-rays, and lifestyle modifications like diet and reduced alcohol and smoking, to manage and treat the condition. The document references current literature to support its analysis, providing a comprehensive understanding of the case.

CONCEPT MAP

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Analysis of link between the patient’s risk factors, aetiology and pathophysiology..................1
Analysis of disease's pathophysiology manifests through the patient's signs and symptoms.....1
Suggestion of treatment modalities test......................................................................................2
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................2
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................4

INTRODUCTION
Concept map basically shows the relationship between ideas, images or words in form of
diagram. This process helps in establishing connection between various thoughts and opinions. It
helps individual in brainstorming and developing new concepts. In this project concept map will
support in providing relation between patient's risk factor, aetiology clinical manifestation etc.
Presentation consists of links between the patient’s risk factors and aetiology to account for the
disease’s pathophysiology (Postma and Rabe, (2015). It will also include process of disorder’s
pathophysiology manifests through the service user's signs and symptoms.
MAIN BODY
Analysis of link between the patient’s risk factors, aetiology and pathophysiology
Scenario shows that Steve is suffering from various diseases like shortness of breath,
chest pain, enlarged liver, COPD, etc. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a lung disorder
that causes barricaded airflow from respiratory organ. Aetiology consists of causes and reasons
for sufferance. It shows that patient is suffering from acute disorder due to excessive smoking.
Main symptom for this illness is daily outflow of cough and mucus. Pathophysiology describes
the condition which can be seen during facing a disease (Watz and et.al., 2014). Steve has been
diagnosed with COPD 10 years ago and is also suffering from hypertension, sleep deceptiveness
and enlarged liver. Excessive consumption of alcohol and smoking cigars leads to these
disorders.
COPD is basically termed as a progress sickness. Patient suffering from it can face severe
health related issues like shortness in breath, chest pain, fatigue restlessness and hopelessness. It
impacts well-being of service user severely. Excessive intake of harmful substances like cocaine,
marijuana, alcohol can also make an individual at risk of developing various diseases like liver
failure, hypertension, kidney problem, diabetes, bronchitis which affects human body negatively
and often results into death. COPD also often occurs to individuals who are exposed to burning
fuel for cooking and heating in home that are poorly ventilated (Hendriks and et.al., 2015).
Analysis of disease's pathophysiology manifests through the patient's signs and symptoms
COPD is a heterogeneous disorder which lays impact on large number of people.
Individuals suffering from it are at more risk of developing various problems related to liver and
lungs. This disease is caused due to various factors like smoking cigars, marijuana, exposure to
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heat and smoke at workplace or in home, consumption of tobacco or air pollution etc. It can be
treatable if proper care and quality service is provided to patient. Steve is suffering from this
chronic disease and its symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, ongoing mucus and cough.
It has also been noted that patient is also having have elevated neck veins which is caused due to
reason of right sided heart failure. This is a symptom of disease called jugular vein distension
and might occur due to hypertension or high cholesterol level. Clinical manifestation of this
disorder may show elements like confusion, loss of memory, alteration in weight, dizziness, etc.
(Multidisciplinary Care of the Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 2008).
Medical report of Steve also indicated that service user is having enlarged liver. Due to
this patient is at risk of underlying issues like liver disorder, cancer or heart-stroke (Kline,
(2014). This disease is caused because of many conditions like excessive consumption of
alcohol, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, intake of harmful supplements or medicines. It may
also occur due to genetic disorder. These diseases affect growth and well-being of patient
severely and might also lead to various problems like anxiety, depression, etc.
Suggestion of treatment modalities test
COPD is a disease which is formally seen in chain smokers and individuals who are
exposed to polluted heat and air. Steve is suffering from this acute disease and must concern a
physician or healthcare professional who can provide support to overcome it (Govindaraj and
et.al., 2016). Several tests like lung function, chest X- ray, CT-scan, arterial blood gas analysis
are designed to diagnose it. Further it is recommended by supervisors to follow a healthy diet,
involvement in physical activities such as yoga, dance, aerobics etc.
Limiting use of alcohol and cigars can also support patient from recovering through these
disorders. The National Emphysema Treatment Trial also introduces multidisciplinary team for
curing patients suffering from this disease (Ponikowski and et.al., 2016). Workforce include
nurses, carers, dietician, exercise specialist, social workers etc. These people aim at providing
emotional and health support to patient and also help in strengthening their ability to fight
against problems.
CONCLUSION
This to summarise that above presentation consists of scenario in which Steve is going
through various diseases. Patient is suffering from problems like COPD, hypertension, jugular
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vein distension, sleep derisiveness. These problems are faced due to reasons like heavy
consumption of alcohol and smoking cigars. Further, it also includes test modalities like CT-
Scan, ECG, which can be taken by service user in order to recover through various disorders.
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REFERENCES
Books and journals
Postma, D. S., & Rabe, K. F. (2015). The asthma–COPD overlap syndrome. New England
Journal of Medicine.373(13). 1241-1249.
Watz, H. & et.al., (2014). An official European Respiratory Society statement on physical
activity in COPD.
Hendriks, S. A., & et.al., (2015). From admission to death: prevalence and course of pain,
agitation, and shortness of breath, and treatment of these symptoms in nursing home
residents with dementia. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.16(6).
475-481.
Kline, J. A., (2014). Outcomes and radiation exposure of emergency department patients with
chest pain and shortness of breath and ultralow pretest probability: a multicenter
study. Annals of emergency medicine. 63(3).281-288.
Govindaraj, J. & et.al., (2016). Influence of Video Assisted Pranayama Practice on Modified
Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale (MMSAS) and Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
(PEFR) among Patients with COPD Patients at SRMC Hospital, Porur, Chennai, TN
India. International Journal of Nursing Care.4(1). 53-59.
Ponikowski, P. & et.al., (2016). ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and
chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and
chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Developed with the
special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. European
journal of heart failure.18(8). 891-975.
Online
Multidisciplinary Care of the Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. (2008).
[ONLINE] Available through:
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2645337/>
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