4G Mobile Standard Convergence to LTE Standard: A Research Paper

This research report examines the convergence of 4G mobile standards to the Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. It delves into the concept of open standards, the LTE framework, and the benefits and limitations of 4G networks. Employing a qualitative approach and secondary data sources, the research includes a stakeholder analysis and adheres to ethical considerations, including the Data Protection Act 1998. The study aims to understand the convergence to the LTE mobile communication standard, identify the challenges of implementing a single convergence network using LTE, and recommend mitigation strategies. Ultimately, the expected outcome is the successful implementation of LTE convergence within 4G mobile networks, fulfilling the research objectives.

Running head: RESEARCH PAPER
Examining the 4g mobile standard convergence to the LTE standard
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note

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Executive Summary
This research focuses on the examining the 4g mobile standard convergence to the LTE
standard. The aim of the research is to examine the 4g mobile standard convergence to the LTE
standard. This research focuses on the concept of the open standard and the LTE. The benefits
and limitations of the 4G networks have been discussed in the research. The research has
followed qualitative approach and data has been collected from secondary data sources. The
stakeholder analysis has been properly done in the research. The research has followed all the
ethical consideration. The data protection act 1998 has been included in the research for
securing data and information of the research. The expected outcome of the research project is to
implement LTE convergence method in the 4G mobile networks. The research will help in
fulfilling the objectives initiated at the first of the research.

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................3
1.0 Background of the study...................................................................................................3
1.1 Rationale................................................................................................................................3
1.2 Problem Statement.................................................................................................................4
1.3 Research Aim, Objectives and research questions................................................................4
Chapter 2: Literature Review...........................................................................................................6
2.0 Concept of open standards................................................................................................6
2.1 Standard development process and stakeholder analysis......................................................6
2.2 Concept of Long Term Evolution (LTE)...............................................................................7
2.3 Difference between Open Access and LTE...........................................................................7
Chapter 3: Research Methodology................................................................................................10
Chapter 4: Experimental Set Up....................................................................................................11
Chapter 5: Results..........................................................................................................................13
Gantt Chart.....................................................................................................................................13
Chapter 6: Conclusion...................................................................................................................14
References......................................................................................................................................15

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Background of the study
The Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard has been an emerging technology in the Fourth
Generation (4G) mobile communication systems. The Third Generation Partnership project
(3GPP) family of standards has helped in proposing basic knowledge about this new standard
(Castel et al. 2015). However, some of the benefits of evolution has been providing higher
throughput with low latency for accessing data. LTE helps in enabling a richer mobile service
environment that helps in providing efficient usage of limited available spectrum.
As commented by Trifina and Tarniceriu (2014), mobile communication service providers
has been operating networks in two different standards including 3GPP and 3GPP-2. However,
both families of standards have been evolved for separating fourth generation technologies. The
majority of service providers participate in growth of LTE and adopted LTE technology. The
study on UMB has been stopped and use of mobile WiMAX has been evolved in the market by
the communication providers (Carla et al., 2016).
1.1 Rationale
The market of the mobile communication has been geographically fragmented based on
several factors. The mobile communication service providers have been providing network
connection at various places in the market based on demographics. In last few years, major
service providers have been committed to single standard termed as Long Term Evolution (LTE)
(Karami, Dobre and Adnani, 2015). This technology has been gaining its importance in the
telecommunication industry rapidly.

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This research will focus on the decisive convergence to a single mobile communication
standard with the help of multi-level longitudinal LTE for exploring process, context and change
associated to all (Naddafzadeh-Shirazi et al., 2015). The research might focus on describing
convergence of LTE and other phenomenon in information technology. However, the research
might be successful in completing the research objectives and aim of the research.
1.2 Problem Statement
The primary problem for performing the study is related to mobile communication
services. The two types of mobile communication including GSM and CDMA have been
creating various issues in the communication. Therefore, the use of LTE has been promoted in
these days. The benefits of the LTE services will be discussed in the study. The convergence of
single mobile communication using the LTE process has been initialized in this study.
1.3 Research Aim, Objectives and research questions
The aim of the research is to examine the 4g mobile standard convergence to the LTE
standard.
The objectives of the research are as follows:
 To understand the convergence to LTE mobile communication standard
 To identify the challenges of implementing single convergence network using LTE
 To recommend strategies in order to mitigate these challenges in the LTE.
The research questions are as follows:
 What can be done in order to describe convergence to LTE mobile communication
method?
 What are the challenges for implementing single convergence network using LTE?

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 What are the strategies required for mitigating these issues in the LTE?
Hypothesis
H0: The conversion of 4G standard into single LTE standard is beneficiary.
H1: The conversion of 4G standard into single LTE standard is not beneficiary
1.4 Significance of the study
The study has been performed on the limitations of the mobile communication network
over the market. The study will focus in the implementation of the fourth generation network in
the mobile communication industry. The use of the LTE for transmitting single convergence
network will be identified in the study. The longitudinal study include combination with
stakeholder analysis can be a lacking in the management.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.0 Concept of open standards
As commented by del Peral-Rosado et al., (2015), standards refers to a common goal that
helps in maintaining a proper mobile communication between two user in the market The use
in the standards helps in supporting various identity in order to maintain the mobile
communication. The American national Standards Institute (ANSI) has defined open standards
as an available specification that helps in describing characteristics of hardware device and
software program. Therefore, open standards can help in encouraging interoperability in the
new technologies. As argued by Mehta, Akhtar and Karandikar (2015), it is free from all charge
and easily accessible for use. Open standards implementations can be extended in various subset
forms that makes it more accessible in the market. Various certified organizations decline their
subset implementations and place requirements on their extensions.
2.1 Standard development process and stakeholder analysis
As commented by Curpen et al., (2017), motivation and knowledge of the standards
development procedure are an important process in the research. There various standard bodies
that are operating at national level including Internet Engineering Taskforce (IETF). As argued
by Shih, Liu and Chou (2017), standard strategy is a plan for achieving consistency between
pubic standards evolution and product development. Motivation of the development of the
product has been committed by stakeholders of the organization. The common goal for moving
the technology for creating products and services has been enhanced in the market. The analysis
of stakeholders include interdependence, identification and positioning of the component in the
market. Xu et al. (2017) commented that present stakeholder identification and classification has

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been applied in the information technology standardization process. The identification of
stakeholders has been divided onto nine dimensions including production chain, value chain,
inspection agencies, end users, regulators, researchers, educators, representative of organization
and consultants. These dimensions have helped in analyzing stakeholders in the research. The
specific unit of the analysis has been based in the internal validity of the data collection process
used in the study. Chiu et al. (2017) commented that external validity can be achieved by
analyzing theoretical relationships of the study.
2.2 Concept of Long Term Evolution (LTE)
Long Term Evolution is a 4G wireless network that is applicable in the mobile
communication. The evolution of the 4g has been transacted from the 1G, 2G and 3G (del Peral-
Rosado et al., 2017). The fourth generation of the mobile communication has been developed for
providing quality communication services to the users. LTE technology is used for providing
high-speed communication services over the wireless network. Different technology has been
explore g the 4G wireless technology in the market. However, 3GPP is an agreement that has
helped in providing multiple telecommunication standards (Afsahi and Wang, 2017). This
technology has helped in increasing the speed of the communication and internet in the mobile
communication sector. The LTE technology has been increasing speed of the internet services
provided to the users in the market. The speed of internet and clarity in voice calls have helped in
providing proper facilities to the users in the market. Various researches have been made on the
LTE process that have helped in enhancing the quality of communication services in the market.
2.3 Difference between Open Access and LTE
The need of the Open Access standard has been emerged in order to define requirement
of multiple stakeholders and using only one driving stakeholder in the process. However, there

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have been some differences between LTE and Open Access standard. The standardization
process of the standards are different from each other (Singh, Tabet and Vangala, 2017).
However, Open Access standard have emerged from multiple stakeholders that helps in driving a
single stakeholder in the organization. This is different from LTE as it focuses on the
technological context by multiple stakeholders’ across several industry (Bui et al., 2017).
Therefore, it is required to develop a longitudinal analysis of the collected data. The
identification of relevant stakeholders in the organizations have helped in maintaining the
decision making process in the organization (Bui et al., 2017). The use of the LTE in the mobile
communication has helped in monitoring the speed of the services provided by the mobile
communication network. The technological evolution of the Open Access standard has been
enabled by the companies in the market for dominating on the quasi open source
implementation. The level of openness has not been defined on terms of access for reference
implementation. Therefore, the use of LTE standard is better then that of Open Access. The
Open Access standard has been driven logically toward the adoption of technology in the life
cycle.
Open Access LTE
Analysis of one major stakeholder Necessitating the analysis of multiple
stakeholders
Technology evolution driven by an initial free
release of private technological assets
No standard technology available at the
beginning, i.e. evolution driven by complex
technology contribution, coordination and
implementation mechanisms
Relevant to a narrower industrial context Relevant to multiple industries

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Nature of openness – reference
implementation, evolves in time
Nature of openness – principles of
cooperation setup at the beginning
Dynamics – incremental adoption driven by
the logic of technology adoption life cycle
Dynamics – a high degree of (radical)
acceptance within a very short period of time
driven by the logic of technology
convergence and network effects
Table 1: Comparison of Open Access and LTE

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Chapter 3: Research Methodology
This research will use a qualitative approach during the study. The relevant stakeholder’s
included in the research will be properly analyzed in the study. The stakeholder analysis will
create a great impact on the study for analyzing different units of the LTE communication. The
technological convergence on the LTE standard will be properly analyzed in the study (Peethala,
Zarifeh and Kaiser, 2017). The LTE technology has been increasing speed of the internet
services provided to the users in the market. The speed of internet and clarity in voice calls have
helped in providing proper facilities to the users in the market. Various researches have been
made on the LTE process that have helped in enhancing the quality of communication services in
the market.
The research will use inductive research approach. Public data source including
stakeholders, alliance forming and standard development will be collected (Ootsuka, Kijima and
Sakisaka, 2018). Secondary data will be collected from various online journals, books and
reports. The initial phase of the research will focus on the descriptive design that contain all
descriptive analyzing of the data and information collected from the secondary sources and
stakeholders. The research will perform a stakeholder analysis and their motivations towards
new products and services involved in the LTE transitions (Chen et al., 2017). The data related to
3GPP standard has been documented for the LTE standard mobile communication. The data has
been qualitatively analyzed with the help of the stakeholder analysis. The stakeholder of the
company has played an important role in decision making system (Bui et al., 2017).
The research will follow all the ethical considerations including security of data. Data and
information related to the research will not be published until the completion of the study. Data

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will not be tampered during the analysis. The stakeholder will be free to provide their answers
during the data collection method. The tools and techniques used during the data collection
procedure will not be tampered. The research will, follow the Data Protection Act 1998 in order
to secure data and information of stakeholders. The personal data of stakeholder will not be
available for all excluding the research team (Malek and Leow, 2017).
The research might face some limitations during the data collection method. Data will be
collected from online journals, books and reports. Online journals might not be available after
year 2012. Some journals might be of paid version that might create a problem for the researcher
to collect data from nut the stakeholder might not be ready for providing their answer during the
data collection method. Online journals might be of different language that might create problem
for the researcher to understand and gather data from it (Kulkarni, Sarkar, Nagaraj and Ahmed,
2017). The financial budget and timeline for the project night not be enough to complete the
research. The financial budget of the research will be low that might restrict the researcher to use
advanced tools and techniques of data analysis. The timeline provided for the completion of the
project has been less.

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Chapter 4: Experimental Set Up
All the events are relevant to the LTE standard that can be categorized in four layers. The
chronological timeline events in the NGMN layers have been created for analyzing the LTE
standard. Various events in the layer involve occurrences of different events driven by the
NGMN alliance providing various service providers for the next generation mobile
communication networks.
Figure 1: Chronological timeline of events in the NGMN activities layer
(Source: Saini, 2009)
The network equipment vendor sub-layer involves network equipment vendor specific events.
Figure 2: Chronological timeline of events in the stakeholder: UE/chipset vendors
(Source: Saini, 2009)

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The research will be based on the longitudinal analysis of the stakeholder perspective. Random
selection of online journals and books related to the topic will be done. The use of the random
sampling technique will be used in the research. The thematic analysis of the journals will be
done by creating themes related to the topic. The NGMN layers will be properly explained in the
analysis that might help in maintaining change in the network of the LTE standard.

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Chapter 5: Results
The expected outcome of the research project is to implement LTE convergence method
in the 4G mobile networks. The research will help in fulfilling the objectives initiated at the first
of the research. The service providers having 3GPP technologies including GSM, HSPA and
CDMA are 3GPP based networks might be enhanced in the market (Bui et al., 2017). The use of
the LTE network will, be initiated in the mobile communication networks that might help in
increasing the speed of the internet services. The natural evolution path for 3GPP based 2G/3G
technologies has been maintained by outcomes of the research.
Gantt Chart
Figure 3: Gantt chart
(Source: Created by author)

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Chapter 6: Conclusion
It can be concluded that the LTE technology is used for providing high-speed
communication services over the wireless network. Different technology has been exploring the
4G wireless technology in the market. However, 3GPP is an agreement that has helped in
providing multiple telecommunication standards. Online journals might be of different language
that might create problem for the researcher to understand and gather data from it. The financial
budget and timeline for the project night not be enough to complete the research. Open standards
implementations can be extended in various subset forms that makes it more accessible in the
market. Various certified organizations decline their subset implementations and place
requirements on their extensions.

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