MN603 Wireless Networks and Security: 5G Network Evaluation Report

This report provides a comprehensive evaluation of 5G wireless network technology, contrasting its features with those of 4G, 3G, and 2G networks. It begins by comparing the communication spectrum, modulation techniques, medium access control mechanisms, network speeds, and bandwidth utiliz...Read More

Running head: WIRELESS NETWORK AND SECURITY
WIRELESS NETWORK AND SECURITY
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Table of Contents
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................2
Comparison of cellular networks (5G, 4G, 3G and 2G)..........................................................................2
Communication Spectrum.................................................................................................................2
Modulation Techniques.....................................................................................................................3
Medium Access Control Mechanism.................................................................................................4
Network Speed..................................................................................................................................4
Bandwidth Utilization........................................................................................................................5
5G Architecture.....................................................................................................................................5
Identification and analysis of 5G risks....................................................................................................6
Identification and analysis of 5G limitation in network coverage..........................................................6
Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................6
References.............................................................................................................................................7

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Introduction
The aim of this report is to highlight the contrasting features of 5G technology in terms of
band width, network coverage and the speed of the uploads and downloads. In due course of this
procedure, the contrast has been laid with respect to other networks like 4G, 3G and 2G. A
comparative analysis has been performed on these networks based on these parameters and the
outcome highlights the outstanding features of 5G network which has eventually helped it to gain
supremacy and pioneer ground in the domain of communication network. This report incorporates
the following aspects- comparison between the networks, description of the 5G architecture,
analysis of the associated risks and the obstacles encountered in the way of 5G network coverage.
Comparison of cellular networks (5G, 4G, 3G and 2G)
Communication Spectrum
The communication spectrum of 5G network is harmonised. The target set up by most of the
regulators is to make the availability of 3.5 GHz spectrum for the mid-bands of 5G network. Even
some of the regulators aspire to increase the spectrum of the 5G network up to 26-28 GHz. In the
generalised scenario, 5G spectrum operates within 3 distinct ranges for facilitating the purpose of
supporting widely dispersed coverage [1]. The ranges incorporate- 1-6 GHz, above 6 GHz and Sub-1
GHz. The spectrum of Sub-1 GHz is designed to satisfy the purpose of delivering wide spread
coverage for the rural, urban and suburban arenas and rendering support to the Internet of Things
(IoT).
4G network also coined LTE network, operated within an operational frequency of range
600 MHz to 2.5 GHz. This range incorporates the frequencies of 700 MHz, 600 MHz, 2.3 GHz, 1.7/2.1
GHz and 2.5 GHz [2]. The bandwidth allocated per channel in the case of 4G network varies within
the range of 5 MHz to 20 MHz, where in the case of 5G network the range varies from 5 MHz to 100
MHz. The relationship between the throughput and the bandwidth follows a directly proportional
relationship.
Owing to this fact, the enhancement in the bandwidth of 5G network in contrast to the 4G
network has facilitated the enhancement in the throughput for the 5G network [1]. There is the
global acceptance of the fact that the 1800 MHz band is the best suited operating bandwidth for the
4G network for the purpose of facilitation of the high speed access of the data. The speed rendered
by the 4G network is 100 megabytes per second (Mbps). The carrier frequency in this case is 15

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MHz. The operating frequencies for 4G network is diversified, it may be 850 MHz ads well as 1800
MHz, based on the requirements.
In the event of the 3G networks, the acceptable bandwidth ranges between 5 MHz to 20
MHz. This has facilitated the rate of data access up to 2 Megabytes per second (Mbps) which in turn
highlights the fact that the accessible rate of data is up to 384 kilobytes per second (Kbps) available
over Wide Area Network (WAN) [3]. The speed rendered by the 3G network is 3.1 megabytes per
second (Mbps). The carrier frequency in this case is 5 MHz. The operating frequencies for the 3G
network is 2100 MHz.
The bandwidth of 2G network is in generalised scenario considered to be 25 MHz. However,
the operating frequencies are diversified owing to the category of utilization. For the case of GSM
services supported by the 2G network, the accessible operating frequencies lies within the range of
900 MHz to 1800 MHz [4]. However, in the occasion of the services rendered to fetch the functional
requirements of CDMA network, the operating frequency is 800 MHz. The category of Band
frequency is concise or narrow in broader perspectives. The carrier frequency in this case is 200 KHz.
The speed rendered by the 2G network is 14.4 kilobytes per second (Kbps).
Modulation Techniques
The modulation techniques employed in the occasion of 5G network is outstanding owing to
the fact that it successfully fulfils the aspects of peak to average power ratio, performance in the
occasion of interference and hindrances offered by the noise and finally the spectral efficiency. The
entrain of 3G network accompanied by its associated enhancements in the HSPA, succeeded by the
advent of 4G technology, has accelerated the progressive aspect of the signals. This in turn has led to
the ascent or elevation in the levels of the PAPR, which immediately signifies the reduction in the
efficiency rendered by the RF amplifiers that have been deployed for the purpose of running even
under compression.
The implementation of the 5G modulation techniques is anticipated to be successful in
diminishing the PAPR and in due course of this would facilitate the enhancement in the efficiency of
the network [5]. The design specification of the 5G network is such that it is capable of rendering
premium spectral efficiency, owing to the lower rate of spectral efficiency provided by the networks
of frequency below 3GHz. 5G network is equipped with the potentials that has facilitated the
maintenance of balance between higher levels of modulation.
The elevated levels of modulation is achieved depending on a quality ratio of signal to noise.
5G modulation techniques came in the scenario with the purpose of overcoming the PAPR issue
through the provision of APSK i.e. Amplitude Phase Shift Keying. 5G modulation technique will be

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capable to endure the hindrances imposed by the noise and apart from that it should equip the
system to optimum threshold in any diversified scenarios.
4G network or the LTE network employs the utilization of the Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplex technology (OFDM). This technology renders the pre-requisite spectral efficiency for the
purpose of achievement of the enhanced data rates [6]. This technology equips multiple users to
access a common channel for the attainment of their customised requirements.
The authorized spacing between the subsequent channels in the case of LTE connection is
15 KHz. The relevant symbol period is symbolized by 1/15 KHz which is equivalent to 66.7
microseconds. LTE connection provides the tremendous speed transmission of the serialised data
through the propagation into multiple sluggish streams. Each of these streams is responsible for the
purpose of modulating the subcarriers. The category of modulation is diversified, depending upon
the usage and the speed requirements. This can incorporate 16 phase Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation, Quadrature Phase Shift Keying and 64 state Quadrature Amplitude Modulation.
3G network also employs the similar modulation techniques employed by the 4G network.
This incorporates the utilization of the FSK, ASK and QPSK. ASK is responsible to fetch the purpose of
enhancing the amplitude of the wave [7]. FSK is held responsible for fulfilling the purpose of bringing
alterations in the frequency and making the wave robust in terms of enduring the hindrances
imposed by the noise interference. QPSK performs the amalgamation operation facilitating the
addition of two or more than two phases.
Medium Access Control Mechanism
In the case of 5G network, the Medium access control (MAC) is frame based. FDMAC has
been proposed for the 5G networks to accomplish the concurrent propagation of the wave of the
5GH network that should be free from collision [9]. This utilizes the full usage of the mmWave
networks in the spatial arena. The efficiency rate of the FDMAC is enormously high owing to the
phenomenon of the amortization of the scheduling overhead over continuous transmissions taking
place in a row.
The mechanism of medium access control in a 4G network is achieved through the
incorporation of the Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) [10]. MIMO platform provides the
participation of the multiple users over the identical time based frequency resource that operates on
the basis of the Spatial Division Multiple Access.

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Network Speed
The network speed offered by the 5G network has enhanced the speed of the internet. 5G
network is capable of supporting the transmission of the data at a speed of 300 Mbps. There is a
future anticipation of the fact that in the upcoming future, 5g network will be designed to meet the
specifications of rendering speed at the rate of Tbps [13]. The advancement in the 5G technology is
following a parabolic path that will facilitate the transmission of data to be enhanced by 20 times.
The network speed rendered by the 4G connection is 10 times faster in contrast to the speed
offered by the 3G network. 4G network facilitates the download speed of 5-12 megabytes per
second and the upload speed of 2-5 megabytes per second. However, in a 4G network the peak
speed can be as high as up to 50 megabytes per second [14].
The network speed offered by the 3G networks can attain a maximum threshold value of 21
Mbps.
The 2G connection offers the speed associated with the transmission of the data at a speed
of 40 Kbps. The threshold speed in the case of a 2G network can attain a peak value of 384 Kbps [16].
Bandwidth Utilization
The bandwidth employed in the case of 5G network ranges between 30 GHz to 300 GHz. The
bandwidth range in case of 4G and 3G are almost identical that lies in the range of 5 MHz to 20 MHz.
The threshold bandwidth in the case of 2G connection is 25 MHz.
5G Architecture
5g architecture is designed to be flexible and accomplish the diversified requirements.
Network Functions Virtualization and the Software Defined Networking are the fundamental pillars
which eventually render robustness and support to the 5G Infrastructure. These diversified aspects
makes the easy access to the cloud network. This architecture facilitates the slicing of the E2E
network through enabling the key technologies [1]. Apart from that, this architecture also deploys
the service anchors and employs the network functions on the basis of components.
The contrasting aspect of 5g network is the CloudRAN that incorporates the mobile cloud
engines. This led to the introduction of the multi-connectivity fetching the purpose of permitting the
on-demand network [1]. The control planes the programmer-oriented planes permits the
orchestration of the network function. This in due course of time ensures the selection of the
relevant user-plane and the control-plane in accordance to the diversified service based
requirements.

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The fundamental constituent of the network responsible for the transportation operation is
the SDN controllers. SDN controllers are capable of generating specified paths responsible for the
purpose of forwarding the data on the basis of the parameters like service oriented requirements
and the topology of the associated network [13]. After the thorough and proper analysis of the
capabilities exhibited by the network, there is the provision for the optimization of the capabilities of
the network in the disguise of API.
The top level of the architecture of the network is capable of implementing the automatic
slicing of the E2E and also manages the network of the resource.
Identification and analysis of 5G risks
5G networks has witnessed a rapid evolution in terms of the advancement in technology
that in turn incorporates the procedures of virtualization. This in turn can be responsible for the
vulnerabilities of the cyber security environment [5]. The advancement in the networks beyond the
5G RAN is anticipated to have profound impact on the domain of security, incorporating the NFV,
SDN and the computing of the edge. 5G 3GPP network is flexible owing to the fact it permits the
virtual and physical overlap between the core network and the RAN.
The vulnerabilities witnessed in the 5G network that exposes the network to the security
issues can be mitigated through the successful adoption of the following aspects- there needs to be
a substantial increment in terms of the stake value and decrement in terms of the risk tolerance,
there should be the provision for the deployment of the security standards for the products,
adoption of appropriate cyber security measures aligned in the line of risks and threats and finally
proper management of the vulerabilites.
Identification and analysis of 5G limitation in network coverage
The inter cellular interference is the major obstacle in the way of the network of the 5G
connection. The contributing factors that contribute to the interference is the variable dimensions of
the small cells and the macro cells [1]. The wide scale deployment of the access points and the user
terminals will eventually facilitate the reduction in the user throughput which will stimulate the
elevation in the levels of latency. Another challenge encountered in the way of 5G network is its
aspiration to render services over heterogeneous networks in diversified geographic regions.
Conclusion

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This report concludes that though there are several vulnerabilities within the structural
framework of the 5G network, yet it is strongly recommended to utilize the 5G network for the
purpose of communication owing to the wide spectrum of diversified positive aspects of the 5G
network when contorted to other networks like 4G, 3G and 2G. The features that had profound
contribution in the event of the 5G network to gain potential ground over the other contemporary
networks are enhanced bandwidth facilitating high rate of uploads and downloads. All these aspects
have been thoroughly analysed and then there is the inference of the fact that 5G network has
sufficed all the loopholes of the other networks and in due course of this has become the premium
choice to be used for the purpose of the communication.
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