A Comprehensive Report on 5G Technology and its User Needs

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of 5G technology, exploring its advancements and benefits. It begins with an introduction to 5G, highlighting its enhanced speed, low latency, and network management features like network slicing. The report then delves into a literature review, discussing key technologies such as NOMA (Non-orthogonal multiple access), and the evolution of 5G architecture to meet increasing user demands. It examines the use of millimetre wave spectrum, small cell deployment, and the integration of technologies like D2D communication and cloud networks. The report also addresses the challenges and limitations of 5G implementation, emphasizing the importance of addressing user needs for high data rates, improved quality of service, and reduced latency. Overall, the report investigates the potential of 5G to meet the evolving demands of modern wireless communication and the impact of the technology on user experience.

Running head: 5G TECHNOLOGY
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Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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Introduction
5G or the Fifth Generation wireless technology is the latest release for the cellular
technology. This technology has been formulated for enhancing the speed and quality of wireless
connection networks. This technology is iteration after the 4G connection, but its novelty lies
within the speed and the quality that the technology is going to serve. Some estimates claim that
the speed at which the data will transmit between the networks will be at a speed of 20 GBPS
that is 20 gigabytes of data could be transmitted with the help of 5G technology. The
implementation of 5G technology will let a passage for heavy bulk of data to be transmitted at
less time. More bandwidth will be available and antenna technologies at an advanced rate will be
present to make the data to be transmitted at a higher rate. The novelty of this technology could
be understood better with the extra features that this technology offers. Apart from high quality
speed, latency and capacity, 5G provides external features related to network management.
Network slicing is one of the features that worth mentioning. With the help of this technology,
through a single physical 5G network that mobile operators will be able to create virtual
networks that will be multiple in number. Besides, after the invention of the IoT it has become
mandatory to have a fast connection that will let the device function in real time and more
accuracy will be seen in the results. Such as for the navigation process of a vehicle should have a
fast connection with low-latency that is possible by the usage of network slicing can be done
with the help of 5G technology. The implementation of 5G technology is entirely based on
millimetre wave spectrum and hence the transmission has to be done among multiple small cells
that will be mostly planted at light poles or on the roofs of the buildings. Thus, the speed will
increase and would provide the low latency feature of it too. The primary objective of this report

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is to analyse the user needs that will be satisfied through the implementation of 5G technology. It
is to analyse that whether the provision of high speed as well as low latency will be possible that
5G technology promises to provide. These are the primary research questions that this report will
answer.
Literature review
According to Ding et al., (2017) there is a technology which is very important is known
as NOMA. NOMA can be illustrated as Non-orthogonal multiple access. It helps to enable the
wireless network of fifth-generation. This is the network which is used to meet the demands that
are heterogeneous includes the high reliability, improved fairness, low latency, massive
connectivity, and also high throughput. The primary idea which is behind NOMA serves
different users together that are from the resource block that is same (Rappaport et al., 2017).
This includes time slot, the spreading code and the subcarriers. The author also said that the
principles of NOMA is a type of framework which is general and there are also several access
schemes of the 5G that are considered as of special cases. In the survey done by the authors an
overview is done by the authors on the NOMA that is latest, there are discussions about the
innovations with all their applications (Panatela et al., 2016) the authors have also discussed all
the challenges that are relating with NOMA of 5G and beyond to this topic is further discussed.
It can be understood form the paper that NOMA is the main principle in case to design the
techniques of radio access in case of the network of 5th generation. There are various techniques
that are proposed by academia and other industries which also includes the power domain that is
known as NOMA. Not like NOMA the Orthogonal Multiple Access is also a technique which is
known as OMA. Various other techniques known as Time Division Multiple Access that is

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defined as TDMA and Orthogonal Frequency Davison Multiple Access which is defined as
OFDMA. This are the techniques that serves the resource block that are orthogonal. The OMA
and its spectral inefficiency can be illustrated with different examples. It is defined by the
authors that the applications of NOMA which is in a cellular network is new. The concepts that
are related to this are studied from the theory of information for a huge amount of time. The
principles of NOMA that are which removes orthogonally is a principle that is not used before by
any technique of previous generations. The authors have also found that the philosophy which is
applied on NOMA is different from that of the CDMA. The chip rate I case of the CDMA is
higher than the information rate of data that are supported (Zing et al., 2016). It is said that the
NOMA can be easily integrated in the existing wireless system and also in the wireless system of
the future. It is stated by the authors that NOMA is also included in the standards of Digital TV
those are forthcoming. In this case it is referred as LDM. From the above explanation of the
paper it is found that the primary goal of this paper is to provide an overview which is much
comprehensive for the latest research and the latest innovations done on NOMA (Hu et al.,
2015). This is the statement which is also included in the paper that is published on the special
issue of JSAC.
As said by Gupta & Johan, (2015) if anything next to 4G network is considered the main
objectives and the main demands that are needed to be fulfilled is to address and also to increase
the capacity, the data rate is improved, also the latency is decreased and the service is also
provided with much better quality of service. The paper says that in case to meet the following
demands various improvements are needed to be done in case of the architecture of the cellular
network (Islam et al., 2016). A detailed survey is also provided in the paper which is done on the
fifth generation architecture of the cellular network and various keys are emerged which are on

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the technologies which helps in improving the architecture and also to meet all the demands of
the particular users (Fouke’s et al., 2017). The survey is mainly focusing on the cellular network
of 5G which includes huge amount of multiple input and output along with with d2d
communication facility. There are various discussions which are noticed on this paper are about
the emerging technologies that includes sharing of the spectrum, management of interference
that are along with cognitive radio, the networks that are ultra-dense, the association of the
technology of multi-radio access, the radios that are full duplex and the solutions of the
millimetre wave in case of the cellular networks that are 5G, the technology of the cloud which
which have 5G access and the network which is defined by software. In the particular paper a
network of 5G is proposed that shows D2D, points of cell access that are small, the network of
the clouds and the Internet of Things which is included in the 5G cellular network. As mentioned
in the paper the demands of the users have increased which laid the replacement of the 4G
network to the 5G network. This laid to a technology which is more advanced that is named as
the BDMS and the FBMC which have multiple access (Ge et al., 2015). In the paper the concept
of BDMA is explained by the consideration of the case which is ion the base station that
communicates with mobile station. In case of this type of communication a type of the type of
beam that is allocated is orthogonal in case of each of the mobile stations and the technique of
BDMA is also divided with the beam of the antenna which occurs in accordance to the locations
that are of the mobile stations which helps in giving numerous number of access. In the paper the
BDMA concept is also explained which considers the base station case which helps in the
communication along with the mobile station (Ayyash et al., 2016). An idea is also mentioned by
the authors of the paper which says that the 5G is dependent on the current drift and it is
mentioned that the there are six different challenges in case of the 4G network which is intended

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to be solved by the 5G network (Ordonez-Lucena et al., 2017). The authors have given a detailed
survey which defines the requirements of the performance in case of the 5G network which is
defined in accordance to the capacity, rate of data, the efficiency of spectral, latency, efficiency
of energy and the service quality.
As said by Islam et al., (2017) in article it provides an overview which is on the power
domain that have numerous access for the non-orthogonal of the 5G systems. The concepts that
are basic and the benefits are presented briefly which have all the current solutions and the
activities are standardization. There are enough limitation and the challenges of research which
are also discussed. The paper provides NOMA schemes which attention that are very important
in case of the 5G networks (Di et al., 2017). The main reason in case to adopt NOMA in the
networks of 5G have the ability in case to serve numerous number of users that use the time and
the resources of frequency. There are two different technoques of NOMA that include power-
domain and the code-domain (Wang et al., 2017). The paper says that the power-domain have
the multiplexing in the power domains beside to this the code-domain of NOMA gains the
multiplexing which are in the code domain. Though the article is mainly focused on power
domain NOMA which is referred as NOMA. Superposition coding is exploited by NOMA which
is present in the transmitter interface and in the successive interface cancellation which is known
as SIC present in the receiver. The BS helps in sending the signal that bare superposed in which
the first user have high signal with respect to the second user (Tao et al., 2015). In case of
NOMA the users those who have higher channel and for the users who have lower channels are
referred as the strong users and as the weak users. As said by the authors the users that are
described as strong subtracts all the signals that are of the weak users with the help of SIC and
after this it decodes the town’s signal. The paper describes about various benefits of NOMA

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where the OMA hake numerous access in various ways. The paper also describes about the
NOMA solutions that are already existing. The paper also describes about the trends of the
industry and the status of the standardization. Various limitations that are of the NOMA are also
d3escribed in the paper which says that there are certain limitations of the of NOMA and several
challenges that are faced by NOMA are also explained in the paper. The paper illustrates all the
efficiencies of NOMA which gives the radio access of the 5G. As said in the paper NOMA is
also investigated along with numerous viewpoints that include the allocation of resources and the
fairness of resources. In case to make practical practice of NOMA the limitations of NOMA
should be overcome is also mentioned in this paper.
As said by Zang et al., (2017) where the mobile networks of 5G is evolved from
the radio access that is cell centric network to the user centric. The UCNC framework was
proposed where the physical layer is also enabled with the coordination of huge number
transmission and the points of reception for the mobile users for experiencing a communication
that is cell like. This is the paper which also present some of the main technologies which are of
the UCNC framework (Chen et al., 2018). The paper is focusing to proof the transmission that is
UL grant-free which is of the UNCN architecture. All the challenges that supports the
connectivity by lying the signalling cost of overhead latency and transmission latency. Testing of
the laboratory is conducted that is collaborated with the Huawei project and the Telephonic
project which verifies the matrices of performance (Hosseini et al., 2016). LTE is taken as of the
baseline which are used for comparison. The report clarifies that the 5G network may support
diverse scenarios. It is also said in case to obtain the requirements of service huge performances
that are challenging includes the 1ms of delay in transmission which have a data rate that is 100x
higher beside to this 1000x connections are also to be provided when it compared to all the

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4Gnetworks. These are the mentioned requirements which are not important in case to meet in
the same time. The authors have clarified that a framework is also evolved from the access of the
cell centric to that of the userswho are dependent on the abstraction of the hyper-cell. A hyper
cell can also be formed with different transmissions and other points of reception (Yuan et6 al.,
2016). The network can have huge connectivity along with numerous number of devices that
include the smart phones, the low costs machines, the low cost sensors and the tablets as well.
This are the types of transmission which are known as the single SFN. In case to address the
requirements of the devices of the devices that are if low cost, in this case the sensors are capable
of transmitting only small of data. By applying this procedures, the latency of data transmission
can be reduced. Even the scheduling is also involved along with the application of the
transmission that is free in case to reduce the delay of data transmission (Ye et al., 2018). The
authors have concluded an overview that is done on the UCNC RAN architecture and the key of
the technologies that are presented. The authors have also concluded that the results of the test
will be provided by them in the paper that will be given in the upcoming paper.
Different journals and papers released till date that discussed the methods through which
the technology of 5G took place and implemented. Various works are there that investigated the
quality of the technology of 5G connection over the places having a big crowd (Zhang et al.,
2018). According to the technology that is prevailing, connection to a limited number of users
can be given by the service providers. When the number of users starts to increase gradually all
of the users those who are present start experiencing denial of service due to high traffic in the
network (Mahjabin et al., 2017). With the use of 5G it is found that even in a crowd where there
are users in a number that is more than enough for a regular connection, the connection signal
strength remains almost the same and the same speed and quality are maintained throughout the

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service period. Many researches are there that entirely looked into the interest of the users. Using
such technology would be only feasible if the speed and the connectivity quality remains intact
throughout the usage of it. There are papers that focussed into the user needs that will be satisfied
with the usage of the 5G technology. In the METIS project it was found out that the speed of the
technology peaked to a high level (Tullberg et al., 2016). Real time connections also enable the
devices that fall under the category of 5G connection to work the best and to perform the desired
function with an accurate result. IoT devices are benefitted highly through the usage of the 5G
technology. These devices also need a connection that will make them response as fast as
possible and that would surely let the products and devices to serve the desired output.
The other area that is being researched on and would require further research for the
development of the final product and that is the construction of Massive MIMO. The simple
structure of MIMO is 2 x 2 or 4 x 2 which is being under the process of construction to be bigger
than the present scenario (Kashima et al., 2016). Besides, the use of the millimetre waves also
present more number of opportunities as well as equal number of challenges for the
implementation. The waveforms that provides high frequency comes up with equal number of
challenges as the opportunities it offers. One of the important aspects for a device that is being
worked on is the battery life of a device (Lauridsen et al., 2016). While using 5G technology a
device is subjected to consume heavy consumption of electrical charge to perform the
functionalities it is desired for. Hence, if the battery life of the device will not be long enough to
support the device to perform its functions then usage of such technology will be done in vain.
Therefore, researches are being done over the extension in battery life of the devices so that it
can perform all of the functionalities it is devised for. Another important aspect is to increase the
latency that will make it possible for the easy communication between the devices. 5G

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technology is found to be serving a low latency rate of 1ms that will not be enough in the future
course of time (Shirvanimoghaddam et al., 2018). Hence, researches are being made over the
subject of the increment of the latency rate to at least 10ms that will make it feasible to continue
with the communication between two devices. It is said in the journals and the research papers
that a normal messaging service requires a high consumption of battery power as well internet
sources to communicate between the devices while the service that is executed is of minimal
information. Hence, to make it feasible new waveforms are researched upon so that backward
compatibility will be there (Trivisonno et al., 2015). In case of any compatibility issues this
backward compatibility will be worked upon to make the device work for the functionalities it is
devised for.
There are several organisations and companies that are on the verge of replacing their
present network structure with the 5G network structure to have their business achieve the speed
that is desire for the competition of the market. Researchers have looked into this matter with
appropriate concern and investigated the pros and the cons of implementing the technology over
the business field. This is done because of the high cost that are incurred over the company to
make necessary changes in their network architecture due to the challenges that are imposed for
the presence of low latency in the 5G technology (Liu et al., 2017). The findings that emerged
out of the investigation is that ultra-low latency is the key behind the successful implementation
of 5G technology in the business sectors. Besides, it is investigated that all of the applications
will be possible based on the delivery of the services and the applications by the operator. The
operator is found to be playing an important role in the provision of the ultra-low latency
services (Ford et al., 2017). All of the aspect regarding the user needs are being researched on or
had been already researched as because the technology of the millimetre wave form do provide a

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lot of challenges along with the advantages. Hence, before the implementation of such
technology all of the possible threats and issues have to be analysed and respective measures
have to be taken. Researches are being done over how the telecom operators will be benefitted
by the upcoming 5G technologies. It is found that with the coming technology the telecom
partners will be benefitted as they could use the feature of spectrum sharing of 5G technology.
This feature allows the telecom partner with both the licensed and unlicensed spectrum to use the
5G New Radio technologies (Richardson & Kudekar, 2018).
Although researches are being done throughout all of the regions of 5G technology,
however the section of satisfaction for the customer will always top the lists of the priority. It has
been said in various reports and surveys available over the Internet that almost 60 percent of the
population using a smartphone is in the expectation of a faster service that 5G could provide.
This service is expected to be faster and reliable than the networks available today. Customer
satisfaction will be the parameter that the next generation technology will find difficult to
maintain. Videos are generat6ed of higher quality, hence, it is obvious that the standard high
quality video would not be sufficient enough to support the 2K and 4K videos (Mumtaz et al.,
2017). Therefore, the speed of the network has to be much higher so that these medias can be
uploaded at the maximum speed available. Besides, the emerging technology of Augmented
Reality or Virtual Reality needs much enhanced network performance for the execution of the
desired functionalities. (Egena, 2018) The works that are being done concerns the cases where
the customers are found to be experiencing bad connection and network. It is obvious that the
customers will remember the bad experiences more than the smooth experiences. Hence, that
little percentage of cases and customers have to be seen as the parameter of quality for the
services that the network operators are providing.

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At this point of time, being the novelest wireless technology after 4G and LTE
connections, 5G is in use in some parts of the world. Such as in United States 5G technology is
available at a handful number of locations. Service providers such as Verizon, C Spire and Starry
are providing 5G broadband connection to some limited number of locations (Zhang et al.,
2015). Mobile 5G services are also being provided to some selected customers in a few locations
all around the United States by companies like AT&T, Sprint, Verizon, and T-Mobile. Within
the end of 2019, more areas will be under the coverage of 5G services both at home and mobile
in the United States by companies like U.S. Cellular (Zhou, Cherian & Abraham, 2017). In
Canada, the year 2020 has been stated as the introduction period of 5G connections to the people
over there by Telus Mobility of Canada. However, it has been said that the people of Vancouver
can expect the services earlier than the rest of Canada (Kristem et al., 2017). Various companies
are investing millions of dollars for the implementation of 5G technology in their respective
countries sand cities. There is an investment of $4.7 billion USD by Rogers Communications
over the development of 5G and build a test site for the same on the campus of the University of
British Columbia. In Mexico 4.5 network was launched in the year of 2017 anticipating the
release of 5G over there (Elijah et al., 2015). The release was done by a Mexican
telecommunication company named America Movil. In Puerto Rico, Claro is planning to launch
5G connection in 2019. Ericsson in Honduras had announced in the year 2018 to have a
modernized network in which there would be a provision of as multi standard 5G network.
Although the date of the final release of the 5G connection in Honduras has not been announced
yet but the agreement that was done in 2018 would be of great importance for further
implementation (Bruns et al., 2015).

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Apart from of all of these researches that has been carried on over the disadvantages of
the features of the technology and the user satisfaction with the technology, there are also
researches that justify the invention of the technology. They justify the reasons for which there is
a need felt for the invention of the technology. The reasons that are proves to be the justification
for the need of 5G technology are stated below:
 Revenue system of the global operators will be better in the current scenario and the
function of interoperability will become feasible between the operators.
 Techniques of data coding and modulation will become improved with this technology
through the presence of the filter bank multi carrier way in schemes (Han et al., 2017).
 To have better wireless connections and backward compatibility of millimetre wave
forms will become possible with the advent of 5G technology.
 It is known that when the devices use the real time data, then the consumption for both
data and power becomes higher than the normal usage and hence, it is not feasible for the
users to feed the devices with such huge amount of data and power. Therefor with the
invention of the technology both the needs will be managed. 5G technology will bring
more speed and accuracy through which the device can operate itself as per the desired
outcomes and with that the power consumption will become low.
 The maintenance of the infrastructure of the technology is cheaper as the deployment
costs are not high at all (Karanassios, 2019).
 It is known that the radiation that emits out of the different signals and wave forms is
harmful for human health (El Shorbagy et al., 2017). The advent of 5G technology will
make it less due to small length transmission and the harmful effects for this technology
will be harder to find.

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