5G Wireless Systems: An Analysis of Key Technological Characteristics

This research essay provides a comprehensive overview of the key characteristics and technologies of 5G wireless systems. It explores various aspects, including network architectures like Cloud Radio Access Networks (C-RAN) and Mobile Edge Computing (MEC), and physical layer techniques such as Massive MIMO, mmWave, and Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA). The essay examines the impact of these technologies on capacity, spectral efficiency, and energy efficiency. It also covers critical topics like the Internet of Things (IoT), Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications, and interference mitigation techniques. Furthermore, the essay discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with 5G deployment, offering insights into the future of wireless communications and networking. The content is well-researched and concisely written, adhering to IEEE referencing standards to provide a clear understanding of the subject matter.

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978-1-107-17241-8 — Key Technologies for 5G Wireless Systems
Edited by Vincent W. S. Wong , Robert Schober , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Li-Chun Wang
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Key Technologies for 5G Wireless Systems
Gain a detailed understanding of the protocols, network architectures, and techniques
being considered for 5G wireless networks with this authoritative guide to the state of
the art.
• Get up to speed with key topics such as cloud radio access networks, mobile
edge computing, full duplexing, massive MIMO, mmWave, NOMA, the Internet
of Things, M2M communications, D2D communications, mobile data offload-
ing, interference mitigation techniques, radio resource management, visible light
communication, and smart data pricing.
• Learn from leading researchers in academia and industry about the most recent
theoretical developments in the field.
• Discover how each potential technology can increase the capacity, spectral efficiency,
and energy efficiency of wireless systems.
Providing the most comprehensive overview of 5G technologies to date, this is an
essential reference for researchers, practicing engineers, and graduate students working
in wireless communications and networking.
VincentW. S. Wongis a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering at the University of British Columbia, Canada, and a Fellow of the IEEE.
Robert Schoberis an Alexander von Humboldt Professor and the Chair for Digital Com-
munication at the Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
He is a Fellow of the IEEE, the Canadian Academy of Engineering, and the Engineering
Institute of Canada.
Derrick Wing Kwan Ngis a Lecturer in the School of Electrical Engineering and
Telecommunications at the University of New South Wales, Australia. He is an
Associate Editor of IEEE Communications Letters.
Li-Chun Wangis a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
at National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan, and a Fellow of the IEEE.

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Key Technologies for
5G Wireless Systems
VINCENT W.S. WONG
University of British Columbia
ROBERT SCHOBER
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
DERRICK WING KWAN NG
University of New South Wales
LI-CHUN WANG
National Chiao-Tung University

Cambridge University Press
978-1-107-17241-8 — Key Technologies for 5G Wireless Systems
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Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
Names: Wong, Vincent W. S., editor.
Title: Key technologies for 5G wireless systems / edited by Vincent W.S. Wong [and 3 others].
Other titles: Key technologies for five G wireless systems
Description: Cambridge ; New York, NY : Cambridge University Press, 2017.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016045220 | ISBN 9781107172418 (hardback)
Subjects: LCSH: Wireless communication systems. | Machine-to-machine
communications. | Internet of things.
Classification: LCC TK5103.2.K49 2017 | DDC 621.3845/6–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016045220
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Contents
List of Contributors page xvi
Preface xxi
1 Overview of New Technologies for 5G Systems 1
Vincent W. S. Wong, Robert Schober, Derrick Wing Kwan Ng, and Li-Chun Wang
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Cloud Radio Access Networks 3
1.3 Cloud Computing and Fog Computing 4
1.4 Non-orthogonal Multiple Access 4
1.5 Flexible Physical Layer Design 6
1.6 Massive MIMO 7
1.7 Full-Duplex Communications 9
1.8 Millimeter Wave 12
1.9 Mobile Data Offloading, LTE-Unlicensed, and Smart Data Pricing 13
1.10 IoT, M2M, and D2D 14
1.11 Radio Resource Management, Interference Mitigation, and Caching 16
1.12 Energy Harvesting Communications 17
1.13 Visible Light Communication 19
Acknowledgments 20
References 20
Part I Communication Network Architectures for 5G Systems 25
2 Cloud Radio Access Networks for 5G Systems 27
Chih-Lin I, JinriHuang, Xueyan Huang, RongweiRen, and YamiChen
2.1 Rethinking the Fundamentals for 5G Systems 27
2.2 User-Centric Networks 29
2.3 C-RAN Basics 29
2.3.1 C-RAN Challenges Toward 5G 30
2.4 Next Generation Fronthaul Interface (NGFI): The FH Solution
for 5G C-RAN 31
2.4.1 Proof-of-Concept Development of NGFI 33

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vi Contents
2.5 Proof-of-Concept Verification of Virtualized C-RAN 35
2.5.1 Data Packets 37
2.5.2 Test Procedure 38
2.5.3 Test Results 39
2.6 Rethinking the Protocol Stack for C-RAN 40
2.6.1 Motivation 40
2.6.2 Multilevel Centralized and Distributed Protocol Stack 40
2.7 Conclusion 45
Acknowledgments 46
References 46
3 Fronthaul-Aware Design for Cloud Radio Access Networks 48
Liang Liu, WeiYu, and Osvaldo Simeone
3.1 Introduction 48
3.2 Fronthaul-Aware Cooperative Transmission and Reception 49
3.2.1 Uplink 51
3.2.2 Downlink 57
3.3 Fronthaul-Aware Data Link and Physical Layers 61
3.3.1 Uplink 63
3.3.2 Downlink 69
3.4 Conclusion 73
Acknowledgments 74
References 74
4 Mobile Edge Computing 76
Ben Liang
4.1 Introduction 76
4.2 Mobile Edge Computing 77
4.3 Reference Architecture 79
4.4 Benefits and Application Scenarios 80
4.4.1 User-Oriented Use Cases 80
4.4.2 Operator-Oriented Use Cases 81
4.5 Research Challenges 82
4.5.1 Computation Offloading 82
4.5.2 Communication Access to Computational Resources 83
4.5.3 Multi-resource Scheduling 84
4.5.4 Mobility Management 85
4.5.5 Resource Allocation and Pricing 85
4.5.6 Network Functions Virtualization 86
4.5.7 Security and Privacy 86
4.5.8 Integration with Emerging Technologies 87
4.6 Conclusion 88
References 88

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Contents vii
5 Decentralized Radio Resource Management for Dense Heterogeneous
Wireless Networks 92
AbolfazlMehbodniya and FumiyukiAdachi
5.1 Introduction 92
5.2 System Model 93
5.2.1 SINR Expression 95
5.2.2 Load and Cost Function Expressions 95
5.3 Joint BSCSA/UECSA ON/OFF Switching Scheme 96
5.3.1 Strategy Selection and Beacon Transmission 96
5.3.2 UE Association 96
5.3.3 Proposed Channel Segregation Algorithms 98
5.3.4 Mixed-Strategy Update 100
5.4 Computer Simulation 101
5.5 Conclusion 104
Acknowledgments 104
References 105
Part IIPhysical Layer Communication Techniques 107
6 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for 5G Systems 109
WeiLiang, Zhiguo Ding, and H. Vincent Poor
6.1 Introduction 110
6.2 NOMA in Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) Systems 112
6.2.1 The Basics of NOMA 112
6.2.2 Impact of User Pairing on NOMA 113
6.2.3 Cognitive Radio Inspired NOMA 116
6.3 NOMA in MIMO Systems 120
6.3.1 System Model for MIMO-NOMA Schemes 121
6.3.2 Design of Precoding and Detection Matrices with Limited CSIT 123
6.3.3 Design of Precoding and Detection Matrices with Perfect CSIT 126
6.4 Summary and Future Directions 128
References 130
7 Flexible Physical Layer Design 133
Maximilian Matthé, Martin Danneberg, Dan Zhang, and Gerhard Fettweis
7.1 Introduction 133
7.2 Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing 135
7.3 Software-Defined Waveform 137
7.3.1 Time Domain Processing 138
7.3.2 Implementation Architecture 138
7.4 GFDM Receiver Design 141
7.4.1 Synchronization Unit 142
7.4.2 Channel Estimation Unit 144
7.4.3 MIMO-GFDM Detection Unit 145

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viii Contents
7.5 Summary and Outlook 147
Acknowledgments 148
References 148
8 Distributed Massive MIMO in Cellular Networks 151
MichailMatthaiou and ShiJin
8.1 Introduction 151
8.2 Massive MIMO: Basic Principles 152
8.2.1 Uplink/Downlink Channel Models 153
8.2.2 Favorable Propagation 154
8.3 Performance of Linear Receivers in a Massive MIMO Uplink 154
8.4 Performance of Linear Precoders in a Massive MIMO Downlink 157
8.5 Channel Estimation in Massive MIMO Systems 158
8.5.1 Uplink Transmission 159
8.5.2 Downlink Transmission 160
8.6 Applications of Massive MIMO Technology 161
8.6.1 Full-Duplex Relaying with Massive Antenna Arrays 161
8.6.2 Joint Wireless Information Transfer and Energy Transfer for
Distributed Massive MIMO 163
8.7 Open Future Research Directions 167
8.8 Conclusion 168
References 169
9 Full-Duplex Protocol Design for 5G Networks 172
TaneliRiihonen and Risto Wichman
9.1 Introduction 172
9.2 Basics of Full-Duplex Systems 173
9.2.1 In-Band Full-Duplex Operation Mode 173
9.2.2 Self-Interference and Co-channel Interference 174
9.2.3 Full-Duplex Transceivers in Communication Links 175
9.2.4 Other Applications of Full-Duplex Transceivers 178
9.3 Design of Full-Duplex Protocols 179
9.3.1 Challenges and Opportunities in Full-Duplex Operation 179
9.3.2 Full-Duplex Communication Scenarios in 5G Networks 180
9.4 Analysis of Full-Duplex Protocols 182
9.4.1 Operation Modes in Wideband Fading Channels 182
9.4.2 Full-Duplex Versus Half-Duplex in Wideband Transmission 184
9.5 Conclusion 184
9.5.1 Prospective Scientific Research Directions 184
9.5.2 Full-Duplex in Commercial 5G Networks 185
References 186
10 Millimeter Wave Communications for 5G Networks 188
Jiho Song, MiguelR. Castellanos, and David J. Love

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Contents ix
10.1 Motivations and Opportunities 188
10.2 Millimeter Wave Radio Propagation 189
10.2.1 Radio Attenuation 189
10.2.2 Free-Space Path Loss 191
10.2.3 Severe Shadowing 193
10.2.4 Millimeter Wave Channel Model 193
10.2.5 Link Budget Analysis 194
10.3 Beamforming Architectures 195
10.3.1 Analog Beamforming Solutions 196
10.3.2 Hybrid Beamforming Solutions 200
10.3.3 Low-Resolution Receiver Architecture 201
10.4 Channel Acquisition Techniques 201
10.4.1 Subspace Sampling for Beam Alignment 202
10.4.2 Compressed Channel Estimation Techniques 205
10.5 Deployment Challenges and Applications 207
10.5.1 EM Exposure at Millimeter Wave Frequencies 207
10.5.2 Heterogeneous and Small-Cell Networks 208
Acknowledgments 209
References 209
11 Interference Mitigation Techniques for Wireless Networks 214
Koralia N. Pappiand George K. Karagiannidis
11.1 Introduction 214
11.2 The Interference Management Challenge in the 5G Vision 214
11.2.1 The 5G Primary Goals and Their Impact on Interference 214
11.2.2 Enabling Technologies for Improving Network Efficiency
and Mitigating Interference 216
11.3 Improving the Cell-Edge User Experience: Coordinated Multipoint 218
11.3.1 Deployment Scenarios and Network Architecture 218
11.3.2 CoMP Techniques for the Uplink 220
11.3.3 CoMP Techniques for the Downlink 221
11.4 Interference Alignment: Exploiting Signal Space Dimensions 223
11.4.1 The Concept of Linear Interference Alignment 224
11.4.2 The Example of the X-Channel 225
11.4.3 The K-User Interference Channel and Cellular Networks:
Asymptotic Interference Alignment 226
11.4.4 Cooperative Interference Networks 227
11.4.5 Insight from IA into the Capacity Limits of Wireless Networks 227
11.5 Compute-and-Forward Protocol: Cooperation at the Receiver
Side for the Uplink 228
11.5.1 Encoding and Decoding of the CoF Protocol 228
11.5.2 Achievable-Rate Region and Integer Equation Selection 230
11.5.3 Advantages and Challenges of the CoF Protocol 232
11.6 Conclusion 233
References 233

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12 Physical Layer Caching with Limited Backhaul in 5G Systems 236
Vincent Lau, An Liu, and WeiHan
12.1 Introduction 236
12.2 What Is PHY Caching? 238
12.2.1 Typical Physical Layer Topologies 238
12.2.2 Basic Components of PHY Caching 240
12.2.3 Benefits of PHY Caching 241
12.2.4 Design Challenges and Solutions in PHY Caching 243
12.3 DoF Upper Bound for Cached Wireless Networks 245
12.3.1 Architecture of Cached Wireless Networks 246
12.3.2 Generic Cache Model 246
12.3.3 Cache-Assisted PHY Transmission Model 249
12.3.4 Upper Bound of Sum DoF for Cached Wireless Networks 251
12.4 MDS-Coded PHY Caching and the Achievable DoF 255
12.4.1 MDS-Coded PHY Caching with Asynchronous Access 256
12.4.2 Cache-Assisted MIMO Cooperation in the PHY 256
12.4.3 MIMO Cooperation Probability of MDS-Coded PHY
Caching with Asynchronous Access 258
12.4.4 Achievable DoF for Cached Wireless Networks 260
12.5 Cache Content Placement Algorithm for DoF Maximization 261
12.6 Closed-Form DoF Analysis and Discussion 264
12.6.1 Content Popularity Model and Definition of DoF Gain 264
12.6.2 Asymptotic DoF Gain with Respect to the Number of Files 265
12.6.3 Asymptotic DoF Gain with Respect to the Number of Users 267
12.7 Conclusion and Future Work 267
References 268
13 Cost-Aware Cellular Networks Powered by Smart Grids and Energy Harvesting271
Jie Xu, Lingjie Duan, and RuiZhang
13.1 Introduction 271
13.2 Energy Supply and Demand of Cellular Systems 274
13.3 Energy Cooperation 276
13.3.1 Aggregator-Assisted Energy Trading 276
13.3.2 Aggregator-Assisted Energy Sharing 277
13.4 Communication Cooperation 278
13.4.1 Cost-Aware Traffic Offloading 278
13.4.2 Cost-Aware Spectrum Sharing 279
13.4.3 Cost-Aware Coordinated Multipoint 280
13.5 Joint Energy and Communication Cooperation 280
13.5.1 Joint Energy and Spectrum Sharing 281
13.5.2 Joint Energy Cooperation and CoMP 281
13.5.3 A Case Study 282
13.6 Extensions and Future Directions 284
13.7 Conclusion 286
References 286

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Contents xi
14 Visible Light Communication in 5G 289
Harald Haas and Cheng Chen
14.1 Introduction 289
14.2 Differences between Light-Fidelity and Visible Light
Communication 290
14.3 LiFi LED Technologies 292
14.4 LiFi Attocell Networks 293
14.4.1 Optical OFDM Transmission 294
14.4.2 Channel Model 296
14.4.3 Light Source Output Power 302
14.4.4 Signal Clipping 303
14.4.5 Noise at Receiver 303
14.4.6 Multiple Access and Spatial-Reuse Schemes 304
14.5 Design of Key Parameters for LiFi Attocell Networks 304
14.5.1 Co-channel Interference Minimization 305
14.5.2 Maximization of Strength of Desired Signal 306
14.5.3 Parameter Configurations 307
14.6 Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio in LiFi Attocell
Networks 308
14.6.1 System Model Assumptions 309
14.6.2 Hexagonal Cell Deployment 309
14.6.3 PPP Cell Deployment 312
14.6.4 SINR Statistics Results and Discussion 316
14.7 Cell Data Rate and Outage Probability 318
14.8 Performance of Finite Networks and Multipath Effects 322
14.9 Practical Cell Deployment Scenarios 324
14.9.1 Square Network 324
14.9.2 Hard-Core Point Process Network 324
14.9.3 Performance Comparison 325
14.10 LiFi Attocell Networks Versus Other Small-Cell Networks 325
14.11 Summary 328
References 329
Part IIINetwork Protocols, Algorithms, and Design 333
15 Massive MIMO Scheduling Protocols 335
Giuseppe Caire
15.1 Introduction 335
15.2 Network Model and Problem Formulation 337
15.2.1 Timescales 337
15.2.2 Request Queues and Network Utility Maximization 338
15.3 Dynamic Scheduling Policy 342
15.3.1 The Drift-Plus-Penalty Expression 342
15.3.2 Pull Congestion Control at the UEs 344

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xii Contents
15.3.3 Greedy Maximization of the Individual Utilities at the UEs 344
15.3.4 PHY Rate Scheduling at the BSs 344
15.4 Policy Performance 345
15.5 Wireless System Model with Massive MU-MIMO Helpers 347
15.5.1 PHY Rates of Massive MIMO BSs 347
15.5.2 Transmission Scheduling with Massive MIMO BSs 350
15.6 Numerical Experiments 351
15.7 Conclusion 355
References 356
16 Mobile Data Offloading for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks 358
Man Hon Cheung, Haoran Yu, and JianweiHuang
16.1 Introduction 358
16.2 Current Standardization Efforts 359
16.2.1 Access Network Discovery and Selection Function (ANDSF) 359
16.2.2 Hotspot 2.0 360
16.2.3 Next Generation Hotspot (NGH) 361
16.2.4 Radio Resource Management 361
16.2.5 Design Considerations in Data Offloading Algorithms 361
16.3 DAWN: Delay-Aware Wi-Fi Offloading and Network Selection 363
16.3.1 System Model 363
16.3.2 Problem Formulation 364
16.3.3 General DAWN Algorithm 366
16.3.4 Threshold Policy 367
16.3.5 Performance Evaluation 369
16.4 Data Offloading Considering Energy–Delay Trade-off 370
16.4.1 Background on Energy-Aware Data Offloading 371
16.4.2 System Model 372
16.4.3 Problem Formulation 374
16.4.4 Energy-Aware Network Selection and Resource Allocation
(ENSRA) Algorithm 375
16.4.5 Performance Analysis of ENSRA 376
16.4.6 Performance Evaluation 376
16.5 Open Problems 377
16.6 Conclusion 378
Acknowledgment 378
References 378
17 Cellular 5G Access for Massive Internet of Things 380
Germán Corrales Madueño, Nuno Pratas,ˇCedomir Stefanovi´c, and Petar Popovski
17.1 Introduction to the Internet of Things (IoT) 380
17.2 IoT Traffic Patterns in Network Access 381
17.3 The Features of Cellular Access That Are Suitable for the IoT 386
17.4 Overview of Cellular Access Protocols 387

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17.4.1 One-Stage Access 388
17.4.2 Two-Stage Access 389
17.4.3 Periodic Reporting 390
17.4.4 Case Study: LTE Connection Establishment 390
17.5 Improving the Performance of One-Stage Access for 5G Systems 392
17.6 Reliable Two-Stage Access for 5G Systems 393
17.7 Reliable Periodic Reporting Access for 5G Systems 395
17.8 Emerging Technologies for the IoT 396
17.8.1 LTE-M: LTE for Machines 397
17.8.2 Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT): A 3GPP Approach to Low-Cost IoT 397
17.8.3 Extended Coverage GSM (EC-GSM): Evolution of GSM for
the IoT 398
17.9 Conclusion 398
References 399
18 Medium Access Control, Resource Management, and Congestion Control
for M2M Systems 402
Shao-Yu Lien and Hsiang Hsu
18.1 Introduction 402
18.2 Architectures for M2M Communications 403
18.2.1 WLAN Architecture for M2M Communications 403
18.2.2 Cellular Radio Access Network for M2M Communications 404
18.2.3 Heterogeneous Cloud Radio Access Network for M2M
Communications 405
18.2.4 FogNet Architecture for M2M Communications 407
18.3 MAC Design for M2M Communications 408
18.3.1 Grouping-Based M2M MAC in H-CRAN 409
18.3.2 Access Class Barring Based M2M MAC in FogNet/WLAN 410
18.3.3 Random-Backoff-Based M2M MAC 411
18.3.4 Harmonized M2M MAC for Low-Power/Low-Complexity
Machines 412
18.4 Congestion Control and Low-Complexity/Low-Throughput Massive
M2M Communications 416
18.4.1 Congestion Control in ACB-Based M2M MAC 416
18.4.2 Massive MTC and Low-Complexity/Low-Throughput IoT
Communications 417
18.5 Conclusion 419
References 420
19 Energy-Harvesting Based D2D Communication in Heterogeneous Networks423
Howard H. Yang, Jemin Lee, and Tony Q. S. Quek
19.1 Introduction 423
19.2 Energy Harvesting Heterogeneous Network 425
19.2.1 Energy Harvesting Region 426

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19.2.2 Energy Harvesting Process and UE Relay Distribution 427
19.2.3 Transmission Mode Selection and Outage Probability 429
19.3 Numerical Analysis and Discussion 432
19.4 Conclusion 435
References 435
20 LTE-Unlicensed: Overview and Distributed Coexistence Design 438
Yunan Gu, Lin X. Cai, Lingyang Song, and Zhu Han
20.1 Motivations 438
20.1.1 Better Network Performance 441
20.1.2 Enhanced User Experience 441
20.1.3 Unified LTE Network Architecture 441
20.1.4 Fair Coexistence with Wi-Fi 441
20.2 Coexistence Issues in LTE-Unlicensed 441
20.3 Distributed Resource Allocation Applications of LTE-Unlicensed 444
20.3.1 Matching Theory Framework 444
20.3.2 Static Resource Allocation: Student–Project Allocation Matching 446
20.3.3 Dynamic Resource Allocation: Random Path to Matching
Stability 451
20.4 Conclusion 457
References 458
21 Scheduling for Millimeter Wave Networks 460
Lin X. Cai, Lin Cai, Xuemin Shen, and Jon W. Mark
21.1 Introduction 460
21.2 Background 461
21.2.1 Multiplexing Technologies for mmWave Networks 461
21.2.2 Directional Antennas 461
21.2.3 Network Architecture 462
21.3 Exclusive Regions 462
21.3.1 Case 1: Omni-antenna to Omni-antenna 464
21.3.2 Case 2: Directional Antenna to Omni-antenna 465
21.3.3 Case 3: Omni-antenna to Directional Antenna 465
21.3.4 Case 4: Directional Antenna to Directional Antenna 465
21.4 REX: Randomized Exclusive Region Based Scheduler 466
21.5 Estimating the Average Number of Concurrent Transmissions Using REX 467
21.5.1 Case 1: Omni-antenna to Omni-antenna 468
21.5.2 Case 2: Directional Antenna to Omni-antenna 468
21.5.3 Case 3: Omni-antenna to Directional Antenna 469
21.5.4 Case 4: Directional Antenna to Directional Antenna 469
21.5.5 Edge Effect 469
21.6 Performance Evaluation 470
21.6.1 Spatial Multiplexing Gain 470
21.6.2 Fairness 472

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Contents xv
21.7 Further Discussion 473
21.7.1 Fast Fading 473
21.7.2 Shadowing Effect 473
21.7.3 Three-Dimensional Networks 473
21.7.4 Distributed Medium Access 474
21.7.5 Hybrid Medium Access 474
21.7.6 Optimal Scheduling 475
21.8 Conclusion 475
References 475
22 Smart Data Pricing in 5G Systems 478
Carlee Joe-Wong, Liang Zheng, Sangtae Ha, Soumya Sen, Chee WeiTan, and Mung Chiang
22.1 Introduction 478
22.2 Smart Data Pricing 482
22.2.1 How Should ISPs Charge for Data? 482
22.2.2 Whom Should ISPs Charge for Data? 483
22.2.3 What Should ISPs Charge For? 484
22.3 Trading Mobile Data 485
22.3.1 Related Work on Data Auctions 485
22.3.2 Modeling User and ISP Behavior 486
22.3.3 User and ISP Benefits 487
22.4 Sponsoring Mobile Data 489
22.4.1 Modeling Content Provider Behavior 489
22.4.2 Implications of Sponsored Data 490
22.5 Offloading Mobile Data 491
22.5.1 User Adoption and Example Scenarios 491
22.5.2 Optimal ISP Behavior 494
22.6 Future Directions 494
22.6.1 Capacity Expansion and New Supplementary Networks 495
22.6.2 Two-Year Contracts Versus Usage-Based Pricing 495
22.6.3 Incentivizing Fog Computing 496
22.7 Conclusion 496
References 497
Index 501

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978-1-107-17241-8 — Key Technologies for 5G Wireless Systems
Edited by Vincent W. S. Wong , Robert Schober , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Li-Chun Wang
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List of Contributors
Fumiyuki Adachi
Tohoku University, Japan
Lin Cai
University of Victoria, Canada
Lin X. Cai
Illinois Institute of Technology, USA
Giuseppe Caire
Technical University of Berlin, Germany
Miguel R. Castellanos
Purdue University, USA
Cheng Chen
The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Yami Chen
China Mobile Research Institute
Man Hon Cheung
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Mung Chiang
Princeton University, USA
Martin Danneberg
Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
Zhiguo Ding
Lancaster University, United Kingdom

Cambridge University Press
978-1-107-17241-8 — Key Technologies for 5G Wireless Systems
Edited by Vincent W. S. Wong , Robert Schober , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Li-Chun Wang
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Lingjie Duan
Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore
Gerhard Fettweis
Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
Yunan Gu
University of Houston, USA
Sangtae Ha
University of Colorado at Boulder, USA
Harald Haas
The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Wei Han
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
Zhu Han
University of Houston, USA
Hsiang Hsu
National Taiwan University, Taiwan
Jianwei Huang
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Jinri Huang
China Mobile Research Institute, China
Xueyan Huang
China Mobile Research Institute, China
Chih-Lin I
China Mobile Research Institute, China
Shi Jin
Southeast University, China
Carlee Joe-Wong
Carnegie Mellon University, USA

Cambridge University Press
978-1-107-17241-8 — Key Technologies for 5G Wireless Systems
Edited by Vincent W. S. Wong , Robert Schober , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Li-Chun Wang
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George K. Karagiannidis
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Vincent Lau
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
Jemin Lee
Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Korea
Ben Liang
The University of Toronto, Canada
Wei Liang
Lancaster University, United Kingdom
Shao-Yu Lien
National Formosa University, Taiwan
An Liu
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
Liang Liu
University of Toronto, Canada
David J. Love
Purdue University, USA
Germán Corrales Madueño
Aalborg University, Denmark
Jon W. Mark
University of Waterloo, Canada
Michail Matthaiou
Queen’s University Belfast, United Kingdom
Maximilian Matthé
Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
Abolfazl Mehbodniya
Tohoku University, Japan

Cambridge University Press
978-1-107-17241-8 — Key Technologies for 5G Wireless Systems
Edited by Vincent W. S. Wong , Robert Schober , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Li-Chun Wang
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Derrick Wing Kwan Ng
The University of New South Wales, Australia
Koralia N. Pappi
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
H. Vincent Poor
Princeton University, USA
Petar Popovski
Aalborg University, Denmark
Nuno Pratas
Aalborg University, Denmark
Tony Q.S. Quek
Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore
Rongwei Ren
China Mobile Research Institute, China
Taneli Riihonen
Aalto University, Finland
Robert Schober
Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
Soumya Sen
University of Minnesota, USA
Xuemin Shen
University of Waterloo, Canada
Osvaldo Simeone
New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA
Jiho Song
Purdue University, USA
Lingyang Song
Peking University, China

Cambridge University Press
978-1-107-17241-8 — Key Technologies for 5G Wireless Systems
Edited by Vincent W. S. Wong , Robert Schober , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Li-Chun Wang
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ˇCedomir Stefanovi´c
Aalborg University, Denmark
Chee Wei Tan
The City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Li-Chun Wang
National Chiao-Tung University, Taiwan
Risto Wichman
Aalto University, Finland
Vincent W. S. Wong
The University of British Columbia, Canada
Jie Xu
Guangdong University of Technology, China, and Singapore University of Technology
and Design, Singapore
Howard H. Yang
Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore
Haoran Yu
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Wei Yu
University of Toronto, Canada
Dan Zhang
Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
Rui Zhang
National University of Singapore, and Institute for Infocomm Research, A*STAR,
Singapore
Liang Zheng
Princeton University, USA

Cambridge University Press
978-1-107-17241-8 — Key Technologies for 5G Wireless Systems
Edited by Vincent W. S. Wong , Robert Schober , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Li-Chun Wang
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Preface
Mobile devices (e.g., smartphones and tablets) have become a commodity in our daily
lives. While these devices already support many different types of applications and
services, there will be a continual increase in demand for mobile data traffic due
to web applications, real-time and streaming video traffic, and applications related
to the Internet of Things (IoT). The future fifth generation (5G) wireless cellular
systems aim not only to provide a higher aggregate throughput, but also to support
applications which have stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as
seamless mobility, ultra-low latency (e.g., Tactile Internet), and high reliability (e.g.,
vehicular communications). Further improvements in spectrum efficiency, energy
efficiency, and cost per bit are also important. In order to meet these demands,
fundamental changes to the network architecture and all layers of the protocol stack
compared with fourth generation (4G) wireless systems are needed.
This book aims to provide a comprehensive treatment of the ongoing research into
and state-of-the-art techniques for addressing the challenges arising from the design of
5G wireless systems. Written by leading experts on the subject, this book includes 22
chapters, which cover various aspects of 5G systems, including network architecture
design, physical layer techniques, algorithms, and network protocol design. Chapter
1 serves as an introductory chapter and provides an overview of the different key
technologies related to 5G systems. Each of the other chapters tackles one specific
challenge for system design. The chapters can be read independently.
This book will be of interest to a readership from the communications, signal
processing, and networking communities. The primary audience for this book is
researchers and engineers who are interested in studying advanced communication and
networking techniques, as well as state-of-the-art research on 5G systems. This book
will serve as a resource for self-study and as a reference book for researchers and
engineers involved in the design of wireless communication systems. It is also suitable
for graduate students who are interested in 5G systems and the related communication
and networking issues. It may serve as a reference book for graduate-level courses for
students in electrical engineering, communication engineering, and networking.
We would like to thank all the authors for their outstanding contributions and their
timeliness in completing their respective chapters. In addition, we would like to thank
Elizabeth Horne and Heather Brolly from Cambridge University Press for their valuable
advice throughout the production of this book. Last but not least, we would like to thank

Cambridge University Press
978-1-107-17241-8 — Key Technologies for 5G Wireless Systems
Edited by Vincent W. S. Wong , Robert Schober , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Li-Chun Wang
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xxii Preface
the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for its
financial support.
Vincent W. S. Wong
Robert Schober
Derrick Wing Kwan Ng
Li-Chun Wang