Management and Leadership Perspectives: Theories and Applications

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Management and Leadership
Perspectives
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Executive Summary
The report has been made by based on the different leadership theories. The leadership
theories have been explained in the report briefly. Different theories of management and the
motivation has been explained. The report will helps the reader to understand the idea of the
different theories that are applied in the organisations. The application of all the theories have
been provided in the report for better understanding. The report will increase the
understanding about the leadership and the different theories of management. It will make
people aware about the motivational factors in the organisation.
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary...................................................................................................................2
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................4
2. Managers................................................................................................................................4
3. Leaders...................................................................................................................................4
4. Theories of management........................................................................................................4
5. Leadership theories................................................................................................................5
6. Motivational theories.............................................................................................................6
7. Conclusion..............................................................................................................................8
References..................................................................................................................................9
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1. Introduction
The organisational environment is the combination of different forces that has significant
impact on the organisational performance and the operations of the organisation. The process
of problem solving that can help to build the mathematical model of the management is
called the management science. The part of the management that helps to learn how the
behaviour is managed in an organisation is called behavioural management. The process of
creating and observing the flow of information within an organisation is called the
administrative management. The scientific management is the way of improving the
economic efficiency and improving the productivity of the organisation.
2. Managers
The managers are the people who control and administer the staffs of the organisation. The
roles of the managers are to manage, administer and to control a group of people who are
trying to achieve their goals in the organisation.
3. Leaders
The person who commands over a group and lead the group by leading the group is called the
leader. The role of a leader is to command over the groups and to lead the group. The leaders
are responsible for leading the followers in a right direction.
4. Theories of management
Taylor’s scientific approach
The scientific approach of Taylor states that the people should replace the rule of thumb by
applying common sense and by suing scientific method (Hatch, 2018). The jobs should be
assigned to the capable workers and the practical and scientific solution of the problems can
help to complete the jobs in an easier way. In case of studying, the student should understand
the topic and should take the shortest way of learning by applying it to the practical problems
rather than swallowing the theoretical knowledge from the book. It will help the students to
learn the topic more easily.
Hanry Fayol Administrative theory
Henry Fayol has explained about five basic elements of the administrative theory and the
theories state that the process of administration in the organisation can be completed
successfully by properly planning, organising, commanding, coordinating and controlling. In
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a company the administrative department is responsible for making the goals of the
organisation and the goals can be successfully achieved by proper planning, organising,
commanding over the subordinates and by coordinating with them. It will be a more effective
way to increase the performance of the organisation. It will help to increase the performance
of the organisation. The administrative theory is used to increase the flow of process in the
organisation.
Haw thorne Studies
The study of Hawthorne states that the people change their behaviour at the time the people
are being observed. The study of Hawthorne states different factors of the productivity in the
organisation, the room-studies in the relay assembly the effects of incentives etc. The
Hawthorne effect is applied by the managers in the organisation to increase the productivity
and to increase the motivation of the employees by providing incentives to the employees. It
increases the integrity of the business (McNeil et al., 2015). The small businesses apply the
Hawthorne effect to manage the employees in a better way, the effectiveness of the
employees along with the entire organisation is increased by applying this study to the
organisation.
5. Leadership theories
Situational theory
The theory of the situational leadership assumes that the style of the leaders change with the
circumstances and the situation (Meuser et al., 2016). The situation of the leaders have a huge
impact on the work process of the leaders. In case of applying the theory it can be said that
some of the employees work better under the autocratic leader and some of the people can
work better under the transformational leader. According to the situational leadership theory
a good leader should become autocratic sometimes and at the same time the leader should
understand the subordinate and the style that the subordinates can adapt can be understood by
the leaders of the organisations.
Contingency theory
The key statement of the contingency theory can be applied by based on some of the factors
such as the power influence of the leaders, the expectations of the followers, the
complications in the organisation and the certainty of the task (Northouse, 2018). According
to the theory a good leader should consider the four powers of the contingency. It will help
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the organisation to achieve more accuracy. The application of the contingency theory in the
company will make the communication with the leaders smoother and the performance of the
organisation can be improved.
6. Motivational theories
Maslow
The hierarchy of the Maslow states that the motivation of the people depends on fulfilling
different needs of the people (Lee and Hanna, 2015). The needs of the individuals have been
classified in the theory of Maslow hierarchy if needs. The base of the hierarchy is the basic
needs that are the air, water and food. After that the safety needs of the people come. In the
third step of the hierarchy the needs of belongingness and love comes and then the people
feel the needs of the self-esteem. The last stage of the hierarchy is the Self actualisation.
Figure 1: Maslow's Hierarchy of Need
(Source: Lee and Hanna, 2015)
Herzberg
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The theory of Herzberg states that two factors in the workplace helps to motivate the
employees of the organisation. The two factors of the motivation are the motivators and the
hygiene in the workplace (Sanjeev and Surya, 2016). If the hygiene of the workplace can be
maintained the people of the organisations can be motivated. It also denotes that generally the
hygiene factors in the workplace works as negative factors in the motivation of the
employees.
McGregor Two Factor Theory
The McGregor theory of motivation with the two factors X and Y. The theory states that the
two types of organisation exists one is the type X, which does not want to work and hates
responsibilities and the other types of the organisations are the type Y who are always
motivated and loves to take responsibilities.
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7. Conclusion
The above report on the leadership and the management perspective has explained all the
theories of the leadership, management and the motivation briefly. The basic understanding
of the leadership and related factors can be understood by the report on the leadership and the
perspective of the management.
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References
Hatch, M.J., 2018. Organization theory: Modern, symbolic, and postmodern perspectives.
Oxford university press.
Lee, J.M. and Hanna, S.D., 2015. Savings goals and saving behavior from a perspective of
Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 26(2), pp.129-
147.
McNeil, A.J., Frey, R. and Embrechts, P., 2015. Quantitative risk management:
Concepts. Economics Books.
Meuser, J.D., Gardner, W.L., Dinh, J.E., Hu, J., Liden, R.C. and Lord, R.G., 2016. A network
analysis of leadership theory: The infancy of integration. Journal of Management, 42(5),
pp.1374-1403.
Northouse, P.G., 2018. Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications.
Sanjeev, M.A. and Surya, A.V., 2016. Two factor theory of motivation and satisfaction: an
empirical verification. Annals of Data Science, 3(2), pp.155-173.
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