Human Body Systems: Structure, Function, and Interdependence

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PHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES FOR HEALTH AND SOCIAL
CARE
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Table of contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................3
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................3
1. Function and structure of human body (LO1).........................................................................3
1.1. Main anatomical characteristics of human body...............................................................3
1.2. Different body system interaction for proper body growth and functions........................5
2. Relationship between body function, detailed anatomy, and physiology (LO2).....................6
2.1. Regular body responses for daily activities.......................................................................6
2.2. Explanation of body responses with help of tissue and cellular structure.........................6
2.3. Coordination among internal activities within body.........................................................7
Task 2...............................................................................................................................................9
3. Process of routine data collection in social and health care for individual care (LO3)...........9
3.1. Explanation behind use and recording of routine measures of social and health care......9
3.2. Evaluation of routine measures about information of body functions..........................10
3.3. Assessment of information for body functioning in individual care planning..............11
4. Relation between routine variations in body structure and functioning to care received by
individuals (LO4).......................................................................................................................12
4.1. Effects of age on body functioning and structure............................................................12
4.2. Effects of common disorders on body functioning and structure...................................13
4.3. Relation of infection ad common disorders in routine care given to individual persons 14
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................14
Reference list.................................................................................................................................15
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Introduction
Human body is one of the most complicated systems in biological system and it contains a
number of physiological principles for proper growth of human body over growing ages.
Additionally, it is essential to take appropriate care through different types of routine checkups
and thus reduce impacts of common diseases and infections.
Task 1
1. Function and structure of human body (LO1)
1.1. Main anatomical characteristics of human body
Human body consists of head, main body trunk, and 4 limbs. Entire body is based on skeleton
system and hence it can help the body to maintain its structure as per needs. Abdomen and pelvis
are situated within trunk to support their physiological systems as per requirements. In upper
limbs of human body, there are total 30 bones within these 30 bones the main connecting bone is
Humerus that contains an anatomical head including greater tubercle and lesser tubercle
according to bone density (Sherwood, 2015). At the same time, the lower parts of the upper
limbs have two separate bones known and Radius and Ulna. Ulna is situated at medial side of
the hand and at the lateral side Radius is situated. At the end of upper limb, there are carpus
bones that have the major function in development of wrist and finger bones. Entire bones of
Upper limbs are attached with help of different connective tissues and hence it can help to
improve body strengths. Triceps and Biceps are associated with Humerus according to the need
of movement at limbs.
At the same time, lower limbs contain 30 bones in total. The upper part of lower limbs are
known as Femur, this is the largest bone of human body and helps to support Thai muscles. It is
connected with lower parts with help of Patella that works as a natural knee cap. The lower part
of lower limb contains two separate bones (Birks et al., 2018). Weight bearing, Tibia at medial
side and Fibula in lateral side are present in lower part of lower limb. The entire vertical column
has 5 different regions these are Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, and Coccyx. There are 4
main types of human body these are long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.
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Additionally, there are some supportive bones such as sutures and sesamoid bone. There are two
principles of joints as per two separate requirements in Human body. The first one is
cartilaginous and it can help to withstand the body according to different weight of body. On the
other hand, second types of joint are synovial joint that can help for movement of body.
There are basically 8 types of blood cells present in human body, including 7 types of white
blood cells (WBC) and red blood cells (RBC). RBC has a major role in gaseous exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide. On the other hand, different types of WBC can help in the process of
immune system development and can support body to withstand against various kinds of
infections. Bones in human body are the natural calcium reservoir and contain 98% of body
calcium at different parts of cortical bones according to the needs of maintaining bone density.
Contractility of muscle is a process of forcefully shortening of muscles according to the needs of
body movements. Additionally, conductivity of nerve muscle is a human body feature to transmit
different neural signals as per needs. Tendons and ligaments are the collagen fibers and have
hierarchical muscular order. Both these fibrils have a number of fascicles that again contains
different types of fibrils. The fibrils again contain sub fibril, micro fibril, and collagen in a
mannered way.
At the same time, there are different body organs namely heart, liver, kidney, lungs and many
more. Heart is main organs of cardiovascular system and lungs are the main parts of respiratory
system (Uejio et al., 2016). At the same time liver is associated with hepatic system and help in
restricted secretion of bile salts as per requirements. In addition to that integumentary system
and sensory nervous system are interrelated to each other. Based on different sense endocrine
glands secrete different hormones as per needs. At the same time, loco motor system helps
human body in different types of movements. Respiratory, cardiovascular, renal and digestive
systems are fully automatic systems and hence it can perform without effects of any special
stimulus. Additionally, reproduction system can help human body to develop egg and sperm
cells gametes for generation of new human beings. Hence for properly maintain the life
respiration and digestive systems are most important within a human body. At the same time,
renal system can help in the purification of blood with tissue waste and help in recirculation of
blood in the body.
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1.2. Different body system interaction for proper body growth and functions
There are different chemicals secreted in Human body to support various electro chemical
changes as per requirements. According to Yun et al. (2016), most of the chemicals are secreted
within digestive tract for conversion of food into energy through appropriate digestion. Hence it
can help in metabolism through secretion of various enzymes that help food particles to
breakdown into different chemical energy and thus help in entire digestion process. Secretion of
different chemicals in the form of enzymes can be increased during controlled exercise and hence
it can help in the process of higher metabolism rate. That can further help to digest different
food products and send the undigested parts to the excretory system for systematic excretion of
the body.
Different types of cells growth can take place in human body based on chromosomal structure
and effectiveness of different cell cycle gates. Due to ineffectiveness of cell cycle gate at the end
of cytokinesis cells can further turn into G1 phase instead of G0 phase it can lead to growth of
different unnecessary cells and develop tumours within body. At the same time increase in the
size of adipose tissue can lead to increase in body weight and further lead to obesity. According
to Barton-Burke et al. (2017), tissue turnover and replacement can only take place in those parts
where sensory nerve endings are not presents, such as different types of epidermal growth.
Moreover, apoptosis can take place for destruction of unnecessary tissues. In addition to that, it is
observed that tissue damage both in muscular and nervous systems can be replaced up to 80%
according to depth of injury. Even in case of wear and tear condition muscle and nerve tissues
can be regenerated up to a certain level. Disuse of food and starvation can lead to tissue depletion
and can further lead to different complexity in adolescent and childhood growth.
In addition to that interaction between different bodies, systems are essential for proper support
and inter dependability. According to Sarrat-Torres et al. (2019), digestion and transport of
nutrients can help in supply of energy to different body organs and support them in proper
functions. Moreover, it can help in the process of proprioception that can help human body to
maintain proper balance and position in the body. At the same time, it can help to maintain body
balance during walking and support human brain to function properly. In addition to that
appropriate pulmonary functioning can help to supply freshly oxygenated blood to different
tissues and collect back used blood containing CO2. Excretion of undigested food particles can
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help to clear digestive tract and help body homeostasis for proper maintenance of temperature
regulations.
2. Relationship between body function, detailed anatomy, and physiology (LO2)
2.1. Regular body responses for daily activities
Human body is an automated system that can help to generate appropriate body response in a
regular manner according to various daily activities. Breathing is one of the main automatic
cognitive systems that are independent of different external stimulus and takes place as a part of
the respiratory system for 24*7 within body within any hassle in the pathway. Additionally,
eating and excretion are two controlled processes and based on human wish (Hesse et al., 2017).
In one hand eating can help in the process of energy gaining and on the other hand, excretory
system can help in different extraction of body wastes such as digestive wastes and renal waste
products. All these above mentioned daily body activities are entirely dependent on various types
of physical activities and hence entirely dependent on rate of physical activity and directly
proportional to each other.
2.2. Explanation of body responses with help of tissue and cellular structure
There are 3 types of muscles in Human body based on their anatomic structure and their
functions within human body. First type of muscle is skeletal muscle and is attached with bone
through tendon. Within a single part of skeletal muscle, there are different myofibrils arranged in
a longitudinal direction. Each of these myofibrils is made up of different groups of micro fibrils
those are separated through Z-bands. Each of the microfilaments is separated in t4 major groups
these are myosin, troponin, tropomyosin, and actin. These fibres play a key role in the
contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle according to different locomotive requirements of
human body. M-line is the connection of Myosin fibres and I-lines are the connection of actin
fibres. The second types of muscles are smooth muscle and it is made up of only two types of
fibres namely actin and myosin. Based on location of different fibres these are of two types
single unit smooth muscle and multi unit smooth muscle (Uejio et al., 2016). At the same time,
third type of muscle is cardiac muscle those are found in heart. Cardiac muscle is made up of
different types of myofibrils connected to each other through intercalated discs and is
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involuntary in nature to generate a continuous cardiac rhythm without any other support from
internal and external stimulus.
Bone is made up of cortical bone, cancellous bone, bone marrow and different types of bone
cells. Cortical bones are the core part of the bone and hence it can help in the process of bone
construction. It contains 80% of the bone density and weight of bone. Additionally, it contains
Haversian canal in the centre of oeston. At the same time, cancellous bone is the spongy internal
bone tissues that can help in the process of core formation. Within cancellous bone, a semi liquid
fluid is available that helps in the formation of new blood cells known as bone marrow.
Additionally, different types of bone cells namely osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteogenic cells, and
osteoclasts are the parts of entire bones to support in bone absorption and maintain bone tissue.
Epithelium is the membranous epithelial tissue that can cover free surface of the body. Two
basic types of epitheliums are single epithelium and stratified epithelium. In epithelium,
different cells are attached through cell adhesive molecule and thus create a membrane as per
requirements.
The current structure of the cell membrane is based on fluid mosaic model according to this
structure there is a phospholipids bilayer that is the main components of the membrane.
Additionally, there are some protein channels; glycoprotein and cholesterols are present in the
cell membrane (Fang et al., 2015). Additionally, the cells in Human body contain a total of 23
pairs of chromosomes. Out of 23 pairs, there are 22 pairs of autosomes and a single pair of sex
chromosomes as per expectations.
2.3. Coordination among internal activities within body
Gaseous exchange can take place within different part of respiratory tract and hence it can help
in the process of proper respiration. Additionally, it is dependent on different types depth of
breath and hence it can help in the process of insertion of oxygenated air and extraction of air
with higher grade of CO2. Major absorption of different nutrients is taken place within small
intestine especially in the duodenum and ileum, with help of mucosa and simple columnar
epithelial tissue. With proper movement of inner epithelial cells, the digestive tract is able to
select appropriate nutrients required for the body and absorbs them through different blood
vessels associated with digestive tract. Additionally movement of villi can help in the process of
nutritional absorption. The renal system is based on two types of blood vessels in Bowman’s
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capsule and hence it can help in the process of additional pressure generation (Sherwood, 2015).
In Bowman’s capsule, afferent arteriole is thicker than efferent arteriole and hence it can lead to
greater pressure for filtration. Moreover, it can help in the process of micturition reflex and thus
support selective reabsorption according to needs of Human body. During reabsorption, some
chemicals such as Na, K, H2O, hydrocarbons, and glucose can be reabsorbed through proximal
tubule especially in the part of loop of Henle. On the other hand, metabolic rate of the body can
be controlled through different types of exercises and hence it can help in the process of
Controlling BMI rate according to body weight and height.
There is an automatic coordination system within human body that can help to improve
coordination among endocrine system, autocrine system, and central nervous system. Hence
these three systems can help to support different internal activities. One of the major internal
activity is maintenance of body temperature through principle of body homeostasis. Over
secretion from pancreatic β-cells can increase metabolic rate and thus it can lead to an increase in
the body temperature. Additionally, according to Sarrat-Torres et al. (2019), it can further lead to
increased sensory signals on hypothalamus. That can help to improve temperature of the body as
per expectations. At the same time secretion of Adrenal gland can lead to increase in heart rate
and thus different types of additional cardiac diseases can take place. Moreover, stimulus
through parasympathetic pathway can lead to increased blood pressure and hence it can lead to
cardiac arrest. Combined secretion of pituitary gland and thyroid glands can help in the process
of control of respiration rate. Improper secretion of these two glands can lead to changes in
respiration rate. Moreover, improper stimulus from thalamus of both the hemisphere can lead to
change in respiration rate within human body. Blood sugar rate is entirely dependent on secretion
of pancreatic β-cells and volume of insulin secreted by the cells. Moreover, no additional neural
stimuli are responsible for proper control of blood sugar according to the needs of body and
maintain body homeostasis. Spinal cord, cerebral cortex, and brainstem are the major neural
control centres for urinary system. Additionally, secretion of renin, angiotensin and aldosterone
can increase control over urinary output. On the other hand, there are some autocrine glands in
the human body, where secretion of hormones from different cells can affect the own cells to
increase effectiveness. One example for autocrine secretion is interleukin-1 that secrets from
monocytes and directly bound to the cell surface of monocyte to increase effectiveness.
Therefore these types of coordination among internal activities can help to maintain body
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homeostasis in a mannered way. According to Barton-Burke et al. (2017), principle of feedback
loop can help human body to counteract different body conditions and thus it can help to
improve rate of stability within body system. Moreover, it can help the body to raise or lower
different relevant parameters according to the needs. Additionally, it can help in the process of
maintenance of body stability as per requirement and different external and internal stimuli.
Task 2
3. Process of routine data collection in social and health care for individual care (LO3)
3.1. Explanation behind use and recording of routine measures of social and health care
For proper support to different health and social care, it is essential for a health care assistant to
properly record different health parameters of the care receivers and thus provide appropriate
medical and physical support to quickly run feedback loop through care and provide health and
social stability as per expectations. As opined by Olson et al. (2015), recording of routine
measure can help to identify social and health impacts over the care and thus it is essential to
measure basic parameters during visual observation such as height, weight, pulse rate, body
temperature, respiration, and blood pressure. Thus regular observation and data recording can
help to understand impacts of treatment procedure over basic parameters of the care receiver.
Moreover, rate of respiration and blood pressure are helpful to take decision during any surgical
procedure.
In addition to that, it is essential for different health care assistant to take proper care of food
intake, and fluid intake along with fluid output by patients. It can help to identify impacts of
different medicines and proper record can help to observe gradual improvement or deterioration
of health conditions of care receivers. Moreover, it can help health care staffs to change in
treatment in the health and social care to improve health condition of the care receivers.
Additionally, recording of correct units in a tabulated form can help to develop health care charts
and graphs that can provide a clear idea of current health condition of the care receivers.
Moreover, it can help different care receivers to get appropriate treatment based on their current
health situations. Additionally, according to Fernandes et al. (2017), proper record of indicator
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test of urine can help the health care assistant to identify different types of renal diseases and
hence it can help to quick and immediate treatments according to the expectations.
Moreover, it can help different care providers to select appropriate drug doses along with various
route of drug delivery according to depth of disease. Moreover, recording of pulse rate
respiration and blood rate can help in the process of identification of different respiratory and
cardiac diseases. In addition to that proper recording of different measures can help to
interpretational capacity of different diseases and help to take various precautionary measures.
Thus it can help to improve health and social conditions of the care receivers. At the same time
measurement and recording of correct units can help in the process of accurate treatment and
thus it can help to improve level of confidence among health care assistants. Moreover, proper
measurement of heart rate can help to identify possible cardiac diseases and peak flow
measurement can provide an idea of lung capacity. Recording of measures such as over or
underweight can help to indicate hydration or dehydration among care receivers. In addition to
that proper recording of measurements can help to identify diabetic stability and different types
of infections that can further lead to several diseases in the care receivers.
3.2. Evaluation of routine measures about information of body functions
Routine measure can be referred to as the process for the examination of health interventions as
well as to identify whether the interventions are related to changes in the health status of the
patients. The common routine health checkups involve the following:
Visual observations: Visual observations indicate key issues about a patient's health status. This
can be regarded as the first step of clinical diagnosis, where visual clues from patient’s health are
identified as an approach towards clinical tests and diagnosis. For instance, visual clues such as
loss of weight can either indicate hyper-metabolism, or inadequate nutrition, depending on the
fitness of the individuals (Santanasto et al., 2015). Again, rashes on skin indicate either skin
infections, allergies or liver issues.
Weight-height proportion: Healthcare providers refer to BMI charts for assessing the
measurements of height and weight. Measurement of height-weight proportion is important,
especially for infants, for tracking the overall growth and health status. The measurements can be
compared with BMI charts for understanding the statuses as healthy versus unhealthy in clinics.
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Body temperature: Body temperature is another crucial aspect of healthcare. Human body
normally change its temperature for supporting its own mechanism of defence, or immunity
(Kivellos et al., 2017). Therefore, rise in temperature indicates sign of infection.
Pulse rate: Measurement of pulse rate is crucial for tracking the number of times the heart beats
in a minute. Therefore, it indicates the functioning of heart. Moreover, the measurement can be
used for checking blood flow and blocked blood vessels. Furthermore, activeness of thyroid
gland can be tracked through pulse rates as well.
Respiration rate: Respiration rates increases with illnesses, fever and other medical conditions.
Therefore, an abnormal respiration rate indicates underlying medical issues. However, it is
important to note whether patients have breathing difficulty prior to measurements.
Blood pressure: Blood pressure is the force of blood the pushes against the walls of artery
during relaxation and contraction of heart. Two measurements of blood pressure are taken, where
systolic pressure is the pressure exerted in the artery upon contraction of heart, whereas, diastolic
pressure is the one during relaxation of the heart. For instance, high blood pressure indicates
risks of stroke, health failure and attack (Hotel, 2015).
Urine tests: Urinalysis can detect the presence of cells and substances in urine that indicate
different disorders. Although the tests are affected by dehydration, diet, exercise and medicines,
however, the tests can detect infections within the human body. Urine tests primarily detect
urinary tract issues, kidney infections, diabetes, hepatitis and more.
3.3. Assessment of information for body functioning in individual care planning.
The information of body functioning such as temperature, respiration, height-weight, blood
pressure, urine tests and others are the foremost step towards planning of care and diagnosis. The
role of such information in healthcare planning is as follows:
Blood pressure: Blood pressure is primarily associated with the cardiac output of body. Firstly,
monitoring the changes in blood pressure in a day will allow the medical practitioners to ensure
whether medications are working. Moreover, the measurements help determine whether
treatments should be aimed at lowering cardiac output or making it higher.
Weight-height proportion: The BMI helps determine whether the body weight of an individual
is appropriate in proportion to the weight. Therefore, the BMI measurement provides information
on whether an individual has ideal weight, is underweight or overweight, in relation to their
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height (Mann and Truswell, 2017). Therefore, the measurement is crucial before planning few
treatments, where an idea regarding the metabolic rate, nutrition and body fat is required for
making a few evaluations.
Body temperature: The importance of body temperature in healthcare planning is that it
indicates that the immune system is struggling to eliminate infections or microbes from the body.
Therefore, a high temperature, more than 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, requires plans for supporting
the immune system of the patient. On the other hand, low temperature, below 95 degrees
Fahrenheit, indicates hypothermia.
4. Relation between routine variations in body structure and functioning to care received
by individuals (LO4)
4.1. Effects of age on body functioning and structure
Physical: The most common impact of aging on body functioning is loss of impaired functions.
This refers to significant loss in hearing and clarity of vision. Such changes in body generally
begin as people age through adulthood. Again, as people age further towards their middle age,
muscles and nervous systems start to degenerate. A condition known as Ataxia is common,
which is characterised by gradual degeneration of the nervous system. On the other hand, as
people further age towards the elderly stage, degeneration of bone tissues start to begin that leads
to osteoarthritis at positions such as spine and knees. Moreover, nervous illnesses such as
Parkinson’s disease are very common among elderly population, which is a progressive disorder
of nervous system affecting movement. Furthermore, people are vulnerable to Emphysema at
their later lives, which is a pulmonary disease that is associated with damage to alveoli.
Psychological: Along with physical changes, aging has effects on psychological behaviour as
well. As people proceed from adulthood to their later life, they seem to lose enthusiasm,
however, become more confident. On the other hand, as people age from middle age to elderly
stage, they start displaying cognitive issues such as loss of short-term memory and the ability of
learning new things or retaining new information. Moreover, elderly people face difficulty
reading and writing due to their degenerating nervous systems. Such loss of cognitive abilities
begin during the middle ages at proceed to old age. Furthermore, elderly people become less
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