Teenage Pregnancy in London: Trends, Risk Factors, and Interventions

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TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN LONDON AND
THE IMPACT IN THEIR LIVES
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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................3
AIMS.........................................................................................................................4
OBJECTIVE................................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................5
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......................................................................................8
STUDY DESIGN......................................................................................................8
SEARCH STRATEGY...................................................................................................9
LIMITATION..........................................................................................................9
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION....................................................................................9
TEMPORAL PLAN....................................................................................................10
REFERENCE.............................................................................................................11
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INTRODUCTION
Teenager pregnancy can be also called as adolescent pregnancy. The female get
pregnant under the age of 20 years. It may be due to poor education and poverty
or can be due to social issues. A pregnant teenager may face a similar issue as
other women would have. There is so many risks associated with teenage
pregnancy such as low birth baby, pre-eclampsia, premature labour, and anaemia.
In 2013, there are around 1785 teenager women were pregnant. In developed
countries, the teenager pregnancies were outside the marriage (Kosinski et al.,
2015). 60% of teenage pregnancies were found in black British mother (Kosinski
et al., 2015). The lowest rate has been found between British Asian mothers. The
teenager pregnancy was high in the United Kingdom as compared to other
countries. The rate of the conception of women of age 18 years has been fallen to
2821 in the year 2016 to 3466 in 2015 (Kosinski et al., 2015). The conception
rate has been declined by 10 per cent in 2016 (Kosinski et al., 2015). In the UK,
around 7000 teenagers of age 16 years are pregnant every year (Kosinski et al.,
2015). The teenager pregnancy seriously affects the health of the mother as well
as the baby. Many teenagers are not known about birth control which makes
them pregnant.
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AIMS
The aim of this study is to critically evaluate teenage pregnancy in London and
their impact on female lives.
OBJECTIVE
On the basis of aims of this research following objective are proposed-
To identify the prevalence of teenage pregnancy in the UK
To identify the awareness level of teenage pregnancy in the UK
To critically assists the attitude of teenager females towards pregnancy
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LITERATURE REVIEW
According to McDaid, Collier, & Platt, (2015) one in every teenager has been
contacted in health services for abortion or premature birth. In 2013, 22.9 per
cent women of the age group less than 20 years have undergone an abortion. The
national institute for health and care excellence has generated a guideline which
focuses on teenager women to use contraception for birth control (McDaid,
Collier & Platt, 2015). The teenage is a time where the number of changes has
been taken place and a teenager has to face lots of challenges. Hence to decline
teenage pregnancy rate, the focus should be on assisting and preventing
pregnancy in teenagers.
Cook & Cameron, (2015) concluded that the UK has the highest rate of prevalence
of teenage pregnancy. Among them, female who are residing in higher
deprivation area have high chances of teenage pregnancy. It may be due to the
low education system, low social status, unemployment or low salary or pressure
of peers. However, the offspring of a teenage mother is more commonly to
become teenaged parents (Cook, & Cameron, 2015). Approaches to tackle social
issue include education the teenager women, skill building, use of contraceptive
methods, and social support for mother.
Hadley, Chandra-Mouli & Ingham, (2016) has evaluated that Teenager pregnancy
has been the issue of inequality that has affects the life, wellbeing and health of
young women and their offspring. The UK Labour government's teenage
pregnancy strategy for the UK has been developing in order to implement the
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suggestion based strategy. The survey in 2014 has shown that there are 51 per
cent reductions of conception rate under the age of 18 years (Hadley, Chandra-
Mouli, & Ingham, 2016). 150 local government areas in the UK have shown the
reduction rate of conception and abortion among young female (Hadley,
Chandra-Mouli, & Ingham, 2016).
Jones, C. (2017) has shown that teenage pregnancy has been associated with a
very high level of neonatal mortality and morbidity, serious risk of obstetric
complication, low birth baby, preterm delivery. Around one-fifth of births in the
age group 18 are due to repeated pregnancy. The offspring are more commonly
associated with child abuse. The child may be suffering from poor health disorder.
England has been noticing various changes in sexual health. Local authorities have
been taking part in reducing the teenager pregnancy level by introducing various
contraceptive measures among teenager women (Jones, 2017).
A study has been conducted by Oyedele, Wright & Maja, (2015) found that the
high rate of teenage pregnancy among women is due to sexual activity among the
teen female. Prevention approaches to teenage pregnancy may include
multifactorial and muti-sectoral approaches include family, society, business and
government. They have also suggested that the teenage pregnancy program
should be conducted in all age and culture with the help of mass media and
education program (Oyedele, Wright, & Maja, 2015).
Family education trust, 2002 has conducted a teenager pregnancy program which
has the main goal and objective to use of contraceptive measure, provide high
quality, free child care and support the teenage mother. The analysis that due to
poverty, low socioeconomic status, poor sexual education and low use of
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conceptive may lead to teenage pregnancy. It can be done by the distribution of
flyers and posters, training of peers and interviews should be conducted with
parents and health practitioners (O'Leary, 2018). They focus on a teenager’s
health promotion.
UK department of health, 2010 has focused on spitting the prevalence of teenage
pregnancy. It nurturing open communication among parents. The analysis that is
due to a lack of poor sexual education or alcohol use. It provides knowledge,
advice and information to the young people, sex education, and use of
contraceptive and condom. They execute a group session for preventing teenage
pregnancy. Their targeting population is teenagers (O'Leary, 2018). They
execute a health promotion program and provides a secondary level of
prevention with the help of collaboration with society.
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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
STUDY DESIGN
Research methodology is methods that are to be followed by the author in order
to formulate the research. Research methodology can be qualitative or either
quantitative. In a qualitative method, the author uses various subjective
approaches like the theme, and statement etc. to evaluate or identify the finding
of the research. And hence the data is research is subjective in nature and theme,
colour, design, and phrase are used as this research are devoid of any numerical
data. On the other hand quantitative method use numerical or statistical data to
identify the research (O'Leary, 2018). This method may be of four type case
studies, phenomenology, ethnography and grounded theory.
On the basis of a collection of data, the methodology has been divided into
primary and secondary. Primary approach deals with experimental or semi-
experimental collections of data whereas secondary approach may be defined as
the collection of information from preexisting sources with the help of literature
or academic views. In this report, we are using secondary research on the topic of
teenage pregnancy in London (Palinkas at al., 2015).
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SEARCH STRATEGY
Search strategy has been followed by the investigator to search relevant journals;
articles and research literature from the reliable sources. In this research, we are
using the secondary method and hence the data is collected by literature review.
The search in this research is initiated by collecting data from Google Scholar,
PubMed. At first, the keywords are searched on Google scholar such as teenage
pregnancy. The site provided around 30213 relevant results for this topic but after
customizing the year after 2012 the result reduced to around 7500 results
(Palinkas et al., 2015). In this inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to
sort results and hence 12 articles have been selected for research (Palinkas et
al., 2015).
LIMITATION
In any research, there are some limitations. However, it is very important to
minimize the limitation during the researches. Also, there is a need to mention
the limitation of research in conclusion with honestly. The researches me consist
of multiple limitations but you need to mention those who are directly linked with
the research. It is important to recognize and identify the inadequacy of research
rather than to leave it in the discussion (Palinkas et al., 2015). In primary
methodology, bias is one of the main limitations due to the small size of the
sample while in secondary methodology the data is not fully credible and reliable
as well as bias issue within the research
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ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
Ethical considerations are the factors that are to be followed in research that
would be useful in maintaining the ethics in HSC. The ethics are important for any
study as it safeguards that the research in the boundary of ethical rights and its
completely legal and safe (Kosinski et al., 2015). In this research, the foremost
ethical consideration has been followed to provide the necessary information
related to the study.
TEMPORAL PLAN
Research
plan
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Research
proposal
Literature
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Complete
literature
Research
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Data
collection
Data analysis
Conclusion
Final report
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REFERENCE
1. McDaid, L. A., Collier, J., & Platt, M. J. (2015). Previous pregnancies among
young women having an abortion in England and Wales. Journal of
adolescent health, 57(4), 387-392.
2. Cook, S. M., & Cameron, S. T. (2015). Social issues of teenage
pregnancy. Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine, 25(9), 243-
248.
3. Hadley, A., Chandra-Mouli, V., & Ingham, R. (2016). Implementing the
United Kingdom Government's 10-year teenage pregnancy strategy for
England (1999–2010): applicable lessons for other countries. Journal of
Adolescent Health, 59(1), 68-74.
4. Jones, C. (2017). Second pregnancy prevention among
teenagers. Community Practitioner, 90(12), 44-46.
5. Oyedele, O. A., Wright, S. C. D., & Maja, T. M. M. (2015). Community
participation in teenage pregnancy prevention programmes: A systematic
review. Journal of Research in Nursing and Midwifery, 4(2), 24-36.
6. O'Leary, Z. (2018). Research Proposal: Little Quick Fix. SAGE.
7. Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N.,
& Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data
collection and analysis in mixed method implementation
research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental
Health Services Research, 42(5), 533-544.
8. Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (2015). Experimental and quasi-
experimental designs for research. Ravenio Books.
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9. Kosinski, M., Matz, S. C., Gosling, S. D., Popov, V., & Stillwell, D.
(2015). Facebook as a research tool for the social sciences:
Opportunities, challenges, ethical considerations, and practical
guidelines. American Psychologist, 70(6), 543.
10. Gonzalez-Garcia, A., Vezhnevets, A., & Ferrari, V. (2015). An
active search strategy for efficient object class detection.
In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and
Pattern Recognition (pp. 3022-3031).
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