Individual Differences and Abnormal Psychology Essay - Case Studies

This essay delves into the realm of abnormal psychology, focusing on a case study of a 21-year-old male, Marc, exhibiting mental health problems and trust issues. It explores potential diagnoses such as depression and anxiety, along with their aetiologies, encompassing physiological, psychological, and environmental factors. The essay discusses various treatment options, including psychotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy, highlighting their effectiveness in addressing mental health concerns. Furthermore, it evaluates different therapeutic approaches, such as individual and family therapy, and emphasizes the importance of confidentiality and patient-centered care. The essay also touches upon positive psychotherapy and its focus on cultivating positive aspects of an individual to promote overall well-being. The essay provides a detailed analysis of the case, offering insights into effective interventions and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment for mental health issues.

Individual Differences
and Abnormal
Psychology Essay

Table of Contents
Individual Differences and Abnormal Psychology Essay..........................................................1
Table of Contents.............................................................................................................................2
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
Potential diagnose, possible treatment aetiologies and relevant to the case of Marc..................1
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
CASE STUDY 2............................................................................................................................10
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................10
MAIN BODY................................................................................................................................11
Reliability and validity of big 5 personality traits with critical evaluation...............................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................15
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17

INTRODUCTION
Abnormal psychology refers to a small part or division of psychology which studies all those
people who behave abnormally. This present study is based on a case in which a 21-year-old
male is suffering from mental health problems and has trust issues (Johnson and et.al., 2018.). In
this regard this study will discuss appropriate interventions and potential diagnoses which can
help out the patient in living his normal life, interacting with friends, protecting him against fear
of losing and other consequences of mental health. It will also discuss some ways by which
abnormal behaviour of the patient can be identified along with reasons of that changing and
abnormal behaviour. It can help out healthcare providers in taking decisions about effective
interventions which can help out the patient in treating in a timely as well as effective manner.
Psychotherapy will be discussed for this case study as it helps healthcare professionals in treating
the patient by knowing all causes, reasons and engaging patients in the process of treatment.
Further, it will also show all principles of consultation and effectiveness of using more
than 1 therapy in such cases where people started behaving in an abnormal manner suddenly. All
those therapies which can be used at once by health care professionals in treating patients in an
effective and timely manner include: observation, family involvement approach, patient centred
care approach, Verbalization, situational support and proper medication include Antipsychotic
relevant to the patients’ condition and which can help them out in an early stage.
As per the proper information related to the mac health issues will be treated in the manner by
using the cognitive behavioural therapy as to provide better level of treatments which
psychological disorders (Zhong, Huang, & Liu (2020)). This approach will be in accorporating
the aspect of cognitive therapy which is focussing on the personal though influencing the mood
and behaviours which have been observed by the individual action. In addition to that report will
have the discussion on the therapeutic model to be aimed at an oriented approach to be more
focussed on the supporting clients to use the inner level of resources to over different challenges
in way towards residences and greater sense of wellbeing.
Potential diagnose, possible treatment aetiologies and relevant to the case of Marc
Overview of case
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Mental health in young adults is becoming common and increasing. Most of the people in
this mental health problems study at university because of the fear of competition and nature of
competing with others and achieving first rank. In the case of Marc who is 21-year-old is the
same stage as he studies in university. From some days he is behaving in an abnormal manner as
his friends stated that he is withdrawing himself from social activities and talking with friends
who share rooms with him (Corrigan, P. W and et.al., (2016)). It is all happening because Marc
feels that his friends will steal his ideas which he has prepared for his final year project and may
also hack his computer for getting information’s related to the project or final exam. He is
suspicious to his friends and from last few days he is feeling depressed, upset and also in anxiety
bang his head against the wall. So, it is important to provide appropriate treatments and using
interventions in order to treat Marc at initial stage and also help him out in getting pass in final
year exam.
Potential diagnoses
For providing better treatments and diagnosing it is important to make a link between
some common signs of depression, anxiety and mental illness with signs of Marc. Some common
signs of initial mental illness include: Eating disorders, mood disorders, anxiety, social
distancing and others. So, from all these common and main signs of initial stage of anxiety and
mental ill in young adults it can be said that Marc is suffering from this problem and require
effective treatments. From the above signs and symptom, it has been clearly diagnosing as
inclusion of symptoms: Mania. Hypomania. Difficulty falling asleep. Frenzied speaking. Severe
depression. Impulsivity. Paranoia. Depression, formerly called manic depression, is a mental
health condition that causes extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or
hypomania) and lows (depression).
Aetiologies
Depression is a medical condition that many people are afflicted with, where some don’t even
realize they are suffering from it (Kendig, S and et.al., (2017)). Several physiological,
psychological and environmental factors contribute to the etiology (or causes) of depression.
Physiological factor
Biochemical Imbalance
When there is a chemical imbalance in the body, mainly one that results from the lack of proper
function of neurotransmitters, it may lead to depression
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A Symptom of another Physical Problem
Depression can occur as a symptom of other physiological problems, such as the presence of
Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, menopause, cancer, diabetes, heart disease, and
hypothyroidism.
Genetic Conditions
Some potential diagnoses which may help Marc include: In an appointment to doctor, it is
important of giving answers of all questions and feelings which an individual has and involving
family members in such treatment for making Marc feel comfortable.
Psychological
Personality Traits
Possess certain personality traits such as pessimism, low self-esteem, anxiety or
excessive worrying, hypersensitivity, fear of rejection, a sense of isolation from the others, a
superiority or inferiority complex, and feelings of inadequacy, are prone to suffering from
depression.
Irrational Thought Process
Due to errors in thinking that people develop, such as blaming themselves for their
misfortune, and misinterpreting every fact
Environmental factors
Loss of Loved Ones
The loss of a loved one (particularly at a young age) is a cause of depression. It could be
the death of a parent, or a divorce that forces a child to experience such a loss.
Perceived Failure
When people believe that they have failed in any particular area of life, such as in a
relationship, in a job, or academic underachievement among students, it may lead to depression.
Possible treatments
As per the case of the mac is considered, it is important to have note that psychotherapy is
helpful in treating the most mental health problems such as the obsessive and compulsive
disorders, the inclusion offering phobias along with post trauma stress disorder (Goodman, J. H.
(2019)). This may help out to bring the changes in the working of brains as the process of
learning changes the brains. Hence, this approach is beneficials in promoting proper and mental
health. This is the psychotherapist helps in assisting the patient such as mac by identifying
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negative levels of behaviours and making the stoppages in repeated manner. Eventually this has
led to improved mental health.
Physiatrist and other health professionals have the usage of several types of the therapy which is
creating the major level of dependency in the patient particle health problem such as the different
level of illness and circumstances. The therapist has the need to make note on different elements
from different problems to meet the best needs of the pros receiving the treatments in the best
manner (Kirmayer, Gomez-Carrillo., & Veissiere (2017)). As the situation with the Mach has
prevailed, it is important to learn the basic ideas which have inclusion difficulty in coping with
daisy life trauma. So, the possible level of treatment will be greatly followed up as the therapy
sessions followed up with medication. As to ask the proper discussion, therapy has to be
conducted as in individuals, fails, couples along with different group settings. Both the patient
and therapist need to do psychotherapy. So, there is a need to have the maintaining the trust and
relationship between the different persons to be essential working together in an effective and
benefitting form of psychotherapy.
As to be discussed with therapy sessions to be conducted at a short level who will begin
with immediate issues slowly moving to the long term one which will be moving around the
complex issues. There have been goals of treatments and different arrangements as long as
meeting the patient and therapist.
Hence it is also a need to look into looking into the management. it is the obligation for
the therapist to look into the matter of confidentiality. In some circumstance’s medication may
be clearly useful and in others psychotherapy may be the best option. Confidentiality is a basic
requirement of psychotherapy. Also, although patients share personal feelings and thoughts,
intimate physical contact with a therapist is never appropriate, acceptable, or useful.
There are over a thousand of psychological therapies which are being used according to the
extent and the nature of the disease after identifying reasons and symptoms. In the case of Marc,
it can be said that there is a requirement of tackling patients with sensitivity and making him feel
comfortable with the fact of practical exams and reducing fear of competition and suspicious
behaviours. Marc feels that his friends will steal his ideas which he has prepared for his final
year project and may also hack his computer for getting information related to the project or final
exam (Majeed, & Lee, (2017)). This is of course as the majority of treatments clients will go
through a period of feeling as their old habits to be repacked moving to different strategies.
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Evaluation of Treatment Option
Psychotherapy
It is considered one of the best and effective treatment in which mental health professional
involves gradual but repeated exposure to things Marc has fear of in hopes of changing his
response to situations. In addition, this cognitive behavioural therapy involves exposure and
other effective tools which can help in handling current situation of patient like fear of failure or
fear of competition. There are over a thousand of psychological therapies which are being used
according to the extent and the nature of the disease after identifying reasons and symptoms
(Teismann, and et.al., (2018)). In the case of Marc it can be said that there is a requirement of
tackling patients with sensitivity and making him feel comfortable with the fact of practical
exams and reducing fear of competition and suspicious behaviours. For this it is important to
make him able to take part in social activities, interaction with friends in order to know the actual
feelings of his friends and family members.
Mental health professionals may use more than 1 therapies like individual and family. In
first therapy they can make use of individual therapy or by involving the patient only they can
identify all his feelings and make him feel comfortable. After the evaluation of the first
individual therapy mental health professional may use family psychological therapy. By
involving some family members of Marc he may be felt better and family members can also
know the actual feeling thoroughly which Marc is going and require extra care and affection.
All therapy should focus on cultivating a positive aspect of a person and how to engage
the world in order to govern areas of growth and being towards their full authentic potentials
(Reynolds 3rd, & Patel (2017)). There has been a therapeutic model to be aimed at reorientation
to be more focussed on the supporting clients to use the inner level of resources to over different
challenges in way towards residences and greater sense of well Bing.
Positive aspects
The positive psychotherapy has been a relatively new approach influenced by both
humanistic and psychodynamic approaches towards diagnosis and treatment. As the core focus
in a way of moving the what’s wrong as negative aspects of individuals as moving towards good
and positive. PPT uses a range of interdisciplinary approaches of psychotherapy including the
use of multicultural stories, ideas and metaphors. This will be helping out as mental positive
ways. As the therapist using PPT offering individuals creates the view of mental illness. They are
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becoming active in their healing process in an empowered way and have become the therapy of
theory for their own recovery.
While emphasis on positive and positive outcomes as to looking out in three core principles need
to be addressed. This is looking out as the principle of Hope by encouraging the individuals to
focus on overall positivity of humanity (Lattie and et.al., (2019)). Negative experiences having
the higher positive reframing. As the disruption of sense of wellbeing is encouraged to be
explored by reframing as there is imbalance in requiring head dressing.
Negative aspects
On the other hand, negative impact effects of psychotherapy occur when the treatment
exacerbates existing problems and leads to the occurrences of new symptoms problems where
solving the psychotherapy. This is of course as the majority of treatments clients will go
through a period of feeling as their old habits to be repacked moving to different strategies
(Watts, 2017). On the other hand, this process is important for giving answers to all questions
and feelings which an individual has and involving family members in such treatment for making
Marc feel comfortable. For example, eating disorders, mood disorders, anxiety, social distancing
and others. So, from all these common and main signs of the initial stage of anxiety and mental
ill in young adults it can be said that Marc is suffering from this problem and requires effective
treatments.
Principle of Balance examining
The principle of Balance examining has experienced the discontent and coping method as to
addressing. According to the PPT, the principle examines the discontent and coping methods
aren’t working and our area of life to be balanced (Weisburd and et.al., (2018)). This is
discontent impacting the how to think and feel. As per the authors, there are four areas which
will be balancing body/sense, achievement/activities, contact/environment, and fantasy/future.
This is above in PPT on when exploring and addressing the principle of balance (Benton and
et.al., 2016). The psychotherapy’s have becoming.
The principle of consultation
The principle of consultation was setting out the five stages as to be worked to address the issues
that arise in above two principles in order to achieve the positive level of outcomes. Mental
health professionals may use more than 1 therapies like individual and family.The principle of
consultation was setting out the five stages as to be worked to address the issues that arise in
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above two principles in order to achieve the positive level of outcomes. Mental health
professionals may use more than 1 therapies like individual and family.
Different therapies used by different individual
1.Observatsion
The individual provides the account of the issues, challenges or different situations which are
upsetting them. As per the situation he is behaving in an abnormal manner as his friends stated
that he is withdrawing himself from social activities and talking with friends who share rooms
with him (Werner-Seidler. and et.al., (2017)). Friends will steal his ideas which he has prepared
for his final year project and may also hack his computer for getting information related to the
project or final exam. Some common signs of initial mental illness include: Eating disorders,
mood disorders, anxiety, social distancing and others.
2. Inventory
This therapist and individual work together to explore and highlight the correlation in
between the negative feeling and symptoms in terms of the individual true level of capabilities.
There are over a thousand of psychological therapies which are being used according to the
extent and the nature of the disease after identifying reasons and symptoms. Marc is suffering
from this problem and requires effective treatments.
3.Situatsional support
This is the individual's way of asking the focus on the positive traits of the people around
them who are significantly offering the support. In an appointment to a doctor, it is important to
give answers to all questions and feelings which an individual has and involving family members
in such treatment for making Marc feel comfortable . In an appointment to a doctor, it is
important to give answers to all questions and feelings which an individual has and involving
family members in such treatment for making Marc feel comfortable.
4.Verbalsizatsion
There is individual encouragement to verbally discuss and to talk openly in negative ways,
feeling challenges with symptoms (Brailean and et.al., (2020)). Marc feels that his friends will
steal his ideas which he has prepared for his final year project and may also hack his computer
for getting information related to the project or final exam. There are over a thousand of
psychological therapies which are being used according to the extent and the nature of the
disease after identifying reasons and symptoms.
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5. Development goals
There are core capabilities in PPT seeking to explore the individual core capabilities to
understand better which way is appropriate, addressing the balances to create the additional
positive outcome. Due to its openness around utilizing multicultural stories an idea negative or
traumatic experiences can be seen to lead to trivializing these experiences. There is perceiving
the positively manner psychology county with wonderful with so wonderful outcome and results.
It is all happening because Marc feels that his friends will steal his ideas which he has prepared
for his final year project and may also hack his computer for getting information related to the
project or final exam.
CONCLUSION
It has been summarized from the above study Marc feels that his friends will steal his
ideas which he has prepared for his final year project and may also hack his computer for getting
information’s related to the project or final exam. Friends will steal his ideas which he has
prepared for his final year project and may also hack his computer for getting information’s
related to the project or final exam. There has been clear level of noticing of common signs of
initial mental illness include: Eating disorders, mood disorders, anxiety, social distancing and
others. Some potential diagnoses help Marc include it is important of giving answers of all
questions and feelings which an individual has and involving family members in such treatment
for making
Marc feel comfortable to take participate in social activities, interaction with friends in order to
know the actual feelings of his friends and family members (Berger and et.al., (2018)). In first
therapy they can make use of individual therapy or by involving patient only they can identify all
his feelings and make him feel comfortable. In the case of Marc, it can be said that there is
requirement of tackling patient with sensitivity and making him feel comfortable with the fact of
practical exams and reducing fear of competition and suspicious behaviours.
Negative experiences having the higher positive reframing. As the disruption way of sense of
wellbeing encourage to be explored by reframing as there is imbalance in requiring head
dressing. This is the individual is way of asking the focus on the positive traits of the people
around them who is significantly offering the support. Hence, this approach is beneficials in
promoting the proper and mental health. This is the psychotherapist helps in assisting the patient
such as mac by identifying negative levels of behaviours and making the stoppages in repeated
8

manner. Eventually this has led to improved mental health. Due to its openness around the
utilizing the multicultural stories an idea negative or traumatic experiences can be seen to lead to
trivializing these experiences Capone, & Petrillo, G. (2018)). Both the patient and therapist need
to do psychotherapy maintaining the trust and relationship between the different persons to be
essential working together in an effective and benefitting from of psychotherapy.
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CASE STUDY 2
INTRODUCTION
Big five personality traits are considered as important 5 factors model in psychology which
helps people in understanding personality of others and taking decision on the basis of results.
All these 5 personality traits which shows personality of people include: openness,
agreeableness, conscientiousness, introversion and neuroticism. All these factors may be affected
by family life and upbringing. In professionalism these personality traits play an important role
as high results in some traits shows effectiveness of an individual and on the basis of this result,
employer can make decision of promotion and performance appraisal. This present study is
based on a case of Jessica who is hard working and passionate about her work. She had
completed an effective role as marketing researcher and as a promotion and for showing her
capabilities she wants to take next step and work as brand ambassador. Working as a brand
ambassador is not an easy task as there is requirement of having several skills like
communication for interacting with customers, different types of people, having ability to
openness to experience and others.
Effectiveness of an individual for working as brand ambassador can be known by doing
these 5 big personality traits. She has completed short version of 5 big personality traits and in
result it is found that she is high on introversion, high on conscientiousness, high on openness to
experience and high on agreeableness which means that she is more able to work as brand
ambassador and having all those skills which are required in performing such roles in an
effective manner.
So, in this regard this study will show effectiveness of having all main 5 big personality
traits in an individual and how it can help them out in performing their roles. All these traits
allow an individual in improving her personal as well as professional lives in a successful
manner. A person who got high scores in agreeableness, openness to experience and other traits
then it shows that that person is confident, helpful, discipline and practical. All these abilities are
required in interacting with customers, making them able to understand effectiveness of brand,
products and overall promoting brand of company and make company able to become the market
leader
It will also show reliability and validity of all 5 traits as it all can be used by
psychologists and other professionals who conduct personality assessment and allow by
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