Analyzing Closing the Gap Policy: Aboriginal Health Case Study
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Case Study
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This case study examines the Closing the Gap policy, an Australian government initiative aimed at improving the health and well-being of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. The paper discusses the historical background and objectives of the policy, including its focus on reducing disparities in life expectancy and addressing social determinants of health. It presents a case study of Judy, an Aboriginal woman with Type II diabetes and a leg ulcer, to illustrate the challenges in healthcare access and the relevance of the Closing the Gap policy. The roles of Aboriginal Medical Services (AMS) and Aboriginal Liaison Officers (ALO) in providing culturally appropriate healthcare and support are also analyzed, highlighting their importance in bridging the gap between indigenous communities and healthcare providers. The study concludes that the Closing the Gap policy, along with the support of stakeholders, is crucial for improving healthcare outcomes for Aboriginal Australians.
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A registered nurse faces different clinical situations while working. Being a
professional senior registered nurse, I have witnessed several medical cases where race and
ethnicity played an important role. Judy, a 57 year old aboriginal widow suffering from Type
II diabetes and leg ulcer, lives alone in her house. She requires dressing for her leg ulcer and
as she has issue with mobility, the community nurse will attend her home. However, with
effective policies and strategies, it is possible to deal with all the issues in working settings.
Closing the gap (CTG) is one of the effective policies in this regard. Here, in this paper, the
benefits of CTG will be discussed along with its historical background. At the same time, a
case study will be considered to find its relation with the CTG strategy. Again, the paper will
also analyze the roles and responsibilities of Aboriginal Medical Service and Aboriginal
Liaison Officer in this context. Finally, the paper will conclude assembling all the main
points of the paper.
Closing the gap is a policy of Australian Government that targets to improve the
health status of all aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. On the December of
2007, The Council of Australian Government (COAG) committed to closing the gap strategy
which focuses to bring equality in the life expectancy rate of indigenous and non-indigenous
people of Australia (Australian Government Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet n.d).
COAG includes the leaders of state, federal, territory and local government and all of them
agreed to be accountable for reaching this goal. Earlier, closing the gap policy was mainly
formed in response to the call of the social justice report of the year 2005 (St Clair et al.
2018). The main initiative taken with this policy was to eliminate the gap in the healthcare
outcome of indigenous people and to improve their lives. The disparity in health among the
aboriginal Australians has been recognized for a long time (Johnston et al. 2019). Reason
behind such gap is complex as well as multi-faceted. Due to some social determinants of
health, the health outcome varies. The difference in environment, socio-economic factor,
professional senior registered nurse, I have witnessed several medical cases where race and
ethnicity played an important role. Judy, a 57 year old aboriginal widow suffering from Type
II diabetes and leg ulcer, lives alone in her house. She requires dressing for her leg ulcer and
as she has issue with mobility, the community nurse will attend her home. However, with
effective policies and strategies, it is possible to deal with all the issues in working settings.
Closing the gap (CTG) is one of the effective policies in this regard. Here, in this paper, the
benefits of CTG will be discussed along with its historical background. At the same time, a
case study will be considered to find its relation with the CTG strategy. Again, the paper will
also analyze the roles and responsibilities of Aboriginal Medical Service and Aboriginal
Liaison Officer in this context. Finally, the paper will conclude assembling all the main
points of the paper.
Closing the gap is a policy of Australian Government that targets to improve the
health status of all aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians. On the December of
2007, The Council of Australian Government (COAG) committed to closing the gap strategy
which focuses to bring equality in the life expectancy rate of indigenous and non-indigenous
people of Australia (Australian Government Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet n.d).
COAG includes the leaders of state, federal, territory and local government and all of them
agreed to be accountable for reaching this goal. Earlier, closing the gap policy was mainly
formed in response to the call of the social justice report of the year 2005 (St Clair et al.
2018). The main initiative taken with this policy was to eliminate the gap in the healthcare
outcome of indigenous people and to improve their lives. The disparity in health among the
aboriginal Australians has been recognized for a long time (Johnston et al. 2019). Reason
behind such gap is complex as well as multi-faceted. Due to some social determinants of
health, the health outcome varies. The difference in environment, socio-economic factor,
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socio-cultural status, accessibility and affordability to the healthcare and many other factors
are affecting the indigenous health. Previously, little progresses have been made to reduce the
inequality considering the social determinants. Indigenous people claims to receive poorer
health service and they are more likely to suffer from poor health status. All these facts
contributed to the development of closing the gap policy aiming to reduce the health
disadvantages among aboriginals. The impact of closing the gap policy on the lives of
indigenous people is quite significant. It not only confined to improve the health status of
indigenous but also works with other social determinants that affect the health status of those
people. The policy aims to enrol 95% aboriginal children in early childhood education by the
year 2025 (Durey et al. 2016). Also, it focuses to reduce the violence against the aboriginal
women and children. The policy will also ensure that 65% of the indigenous people will be
associated with training, education and employment by the year 2018 and 60% of 25-64 years
aged will be employed by the same time span (Freeman et al. 2016). Apart from all these, it
also targets in improving the living status such as, housing, judicial system, land and water
system, and others (Gould et al. 2015). In the health sector, the target of the policy is to close
the gap of life expectance and establish equality in health. The strategies of closing the gap
have made many improvements to the health of indigenous people since it was introduced.
However, in some studies it has been published that gap in the life expectancy increased
instead of getting closed. In this regard, more needs to be done for the success of the policy.
According to the case study, Judy is suffering from Type II diabetes along with the
leg ulcer as its consequence. This disease can create lot of long term issues for Judy due to
various social determinants of health. First of all, accessibility and availability is a social
determinant that affects the healthcare as well as outcome. Due to long distance, many people
cannot access or avail the facilities of healthcare provided by various health organizations. As
a consequence, they experience poorer health status than other people who are accessing all
are affecting the indigenous health. Previously, little progresses have been made to reduce the
inequality considering the social determinants. Indigenous people claims to receive poorer
health service and they are more likely to suffer from poor health status. All these facts
contributed to the development of closing the gap policy aiming to reduce the health
disadvantages among aboriginals. The impact of closing the gap policy on the lives of
indigenous people is quite significant. It not only confined to improve the health status of
indigenous but also works with other social determinants that affect the health status of those
people. The policy aims to enrol 95% aboriginal children in early childhood education by the
year 2025 (Durey et al. 2016). Also, it focuses to reduce the violence against the aboriginal
women and children. The policy will also ensure that 65% of the indigenous people will be
associated with training, education and employment by the year 2018 and 60% of 25-64 years
aged will be employed by the same time span (Freeman et al. 2016). Apart from all these, it
also targets in improving the living status such as, housing, judicial system, land and water
system, and others (Gould et al. 2015). In the health sector, the target of the policy is to close
the gap of life expectance and establish equality in health. The strategies of closing the gap
have made many improvements to the health of indigenous people since it was introduced.
However, in some studies it has been published that gap in the life expectancy increased
instead of getting closed. In this regard, more needs to be done for the success of the policy.
According to the case study, Judy is suffering from Type II diabetes along with the
leg ulcer as its consequence. This disease can create lot of long term issues for Judy due to
various social determinants of health. First of all, accessibility and availability is a social
determinant that affects the healthcare as well as outcome. Due to long distance, many people
cannot access or avail the facilities of healthcare provided by various health organizations. As
a consequence, they experience poorer health status than other people who are accessing all
the health facilities. In case of Judy, she lives in a place, where the closest health care centre
is 10 km apart. Also, she is facing issue regarding mobility due to her leg ulcer and thus, it is
not possible for her to visit health clinic regularly for her dressing purpose. Another social
determinant is inequality due to racial discrimination (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet
n.d). Judy is from aboriginal community and due to this reason, she might feel to receive
inappropriate care from the healthcare providers and thus she might be reluctant to visit any
health centre. It can be a major reason of her poorer health status as a long term effect of type
II diabetes. Also, another social determinant can be lack of education for self management.
Judy will require a follow up to maintain her diabetic issues and to manage her leg ulcer. The
CTG policies are focussed to address all these 3 social determinants (Askew et al. 2019). The
policies targets to provide healthcare facilities to the aboriginal people as per their need and it
also aims in providing proper education or training to the patients in this regard.
Closing the gap strategy is guided by the principles of self-determination as well as
empowerment. It has been considered as the best progress of last ten years where the
aboriginal community has led the design and implementation of any program from the
beginning. Closing the gap policy is highly determined to reduce health disadvantages and
inequality faced by the aboriginal people of Torres Strait Island. As per the policy of closing
the gap, all the aboriginal people, irrespective of their race will get the opportunity to access
and avail healthcare facilities equal to the non-indigenous people of the country. The policy
also focuses to educate all the aboriginal people and health literacy is also necessary in this
regard (Australian Government Department of Health n.d). The policies are relevant to
address the social determinants for the case of Judy as well.
The principle of self-determination contributes to the establishment of Aboriginal
Community Controlled Health Service (ACCHS). The fundamental concept of ACCHS is to
provide primary healthcare facility to the aboriginal people (McKenna et al. 2015). It also led
is 10 km apart. Also, she is facing issue regarding mobility due to her leg ulcer and thus, it is
not possible for her to visit health clinic regularly for her dressing purpose. Another social
determinant is inequality due to racial discrimination (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet
n.d). Judy is from aboriginal community and due to this reason, she might feel to receive
inappropriate care from the healthcare providers and thus she might be reluctant to visit any
health centre. It can be a major reason of her poorer health status as a long term effect of type
II diabetes. Also, another social determinant can be lack of education for self management.
Judy will require a follow up to maintain her diabetic issues and to manage her leg ulcer. The
CTG policies are focussed to address all these 3 social determinants (Askew et al. 2019). The
policies targets to provide healthcare facilities to the aboriginal people as per their need and it
also aims in providing proper education or training to the patients in this regard.
Closing the gap strategy is guided by the principles of self-determination as well as
empowerment. It has been considered as the best progress of last ten years where the
aboriginal community has led the design and implementation of any program from the
beginning. Closing the gap policy is highly determined to reduce health disadvantages and
inequality faced by the aboriginal people of Torres Strait Island. As per the policy of closing
the gap, all the aboriginal people, irrespective of their race will get the opportunity to access
and avail healthcare facilities equal to the non-indigenous people of the country. The policy
also focuses to educate all the aboriginal people and health literacy is also necessary in this
regard (Australian Government Department of Health n.d). The policies are relevant to
address the social determinants for the case of Judy as well.
The principle of self-determination contributes to the establishment of Aboriginal
Community Controlled Health Service (ACCHS). The fundamental concept of ACCHS is to
provide primary healthcare facility to the aboriginal people (McKenna et al. 2015). It also led
to the Aboriginal Medical Service which is referred as AMS. It is aimed to deliver
comprehensive, holistic healthcare which is culturally appropriate to all the people. Their key
role is to provide basic clinical care, special need programs, community related support, and
advocacy and thus they work in improving the overall health status of the aboriginal
community. On the other hand, Aboriginal Liaison Officers (ALO) works as the cultural link
between the indigenous and the non-indigenous people of Torres Strait Island
(Katzenellenbogen et al. 2015). Their prime responsibility is to support aboriginal people in
health sector. Improving the health outcome, their role is to establish a positive relationship
with the indigenous people. From the admission of the patients to a healthcare organization to
the discharge, the ALO supports the patients as well as their families (Grant and Draper
2018). They help the patients’ families with the documentation during the admission and also
assist them with the follow up instruction during discharge. If the patient requires any
advocacy for referrals to social workers, then also ALO help. If any assistance regarding
healthcare is required by the patients and their families during hospitalization, or even after
discharge, ALO is there to assist them (Heffernan and Maxwell 2019).
In this case, Judy is an aboriginal woman and she has issues with mobility which
makes her bound to receive care at home. ALO requested the local AMS to arrange
community nurse who can assist Judy in dressing. Here, AMS and ALO cannot visit the
patient’s home regularly and thus the support of a community nurse is highly necessary. ALO
created the connection between the community nurse and AMS (Skerrett et al. 2018). The
strategies of closing the gap also relevant here and Judy has right to receive equal care
irrespective of her issue with race, accessibility, and availability to healthcare services.
Community nurses can guide a patient and provide necessary care which is even beyond the
nursing scope of practice (Gadsden 2019).
comprehensive, holistic healthcare which is culturally appropriate to all the people. Their key
role is to provide basic clinical care, special need programs, community related support, and
advocacy and thus they work in improving the overall health status of the aboriginal
community. On the other hand, Aboriginal Liaison Officers (ALO) works as the cultural link
between the indigenous and the non-indigenous people of Torres Strait Island
(Katzenellenbogen et al. 2015). Their prime responsibility is to support aboriginal people in
health sector. Improving the health outcome, their role is to establish a positive relationship
with the indigenous people. From the admission of the patients to a healthcare organization to
the discharge, the ALO supports the patients as well as their families (Grant and Draper
2018). They help the patients’ families with the documentation during the admission and also
assist them with the follow up instruction during discharge. If the patient requires any
advocacy for referrals to social workers, then also ALO help. If any assistance regarding
healthcare is required by the patients and their families during hospitalization, or even after
discharge, ALO is there to assist them (Heffernan and Maxwell 2019).
In this case, Judy is an aboriginal woman and she has issues with mobility which
makes her bound to receive care at home. ALO requested the local AMS to arrange
community nurse who can assist Judy in dressing. Here, AMS and ALO cannot visit the
patient’s home regularly and thus the support of a community nurse is highly necessary. ALO
created the connection between the community nurse and AMS (Skerrett et al. 2018). The
strategies of closing the gap also relevant here and Judy has right to receive equal care
irrespective of her issue with race, accessibility, and availability to healthcare services.
Community nurses can guide a patient and provide necessary care which is even beyond the
nursing scope of practice (Gadsden 2019).
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Healthcare gap for the aboriginal people is a growing concern for the healthcare
industry and closing the gap policy is the best strategy to reduce the health disadvantage
received by the aboriginal people of Australia. It has several targets that are yet to achieve
and it is assumed that if the goals are achieved then the gap in healthcare will be successfully
closed. This paper presented a case study that represents the health issues faced by an
aboriginal woman. Then the paper clearly demonstrated the closing the gap policy along with
its history and impact on aboriginal health. The paper also illustrated how closing the gap
policy can address several social determinants in case of Judy. At the end, the paper also
discussed the role of AMS and ALO in this regard. Finally, it can be concluded that
healthcare outcome will be improved with the closing the gap policy along with the support
of the stakeholders associated with it.
industry and closing the gap policy is the best strategy to reduce the health disadvantage
received by the aboriginal people of Australia. It has several targets that are yet to achieve
and it is assumed that if the goals are achieved then the gap in healthcare will be successfully
closed. This paper presented a case study that represents the health issues faced by an
aboriginal woman. Then the paper clearly demonstrated the closing the gap policy along with
its history and impact on aboriginal health. The paper also illustrated how closing the gap
policy can address several social determinants in case of Judy. At the end, the paper also
discussed the role of AMS and ALO in this regard. Finally, it can be concluded that
healthcare outcome will be improved with the closing the gap policy along with the support
of the stakeholders associated with it.
References
Askew, D.A., Guy, J., Lyall, V., Egert, S., Rogers, L., Pokino, L.A., Manton-Williams, P. and
Schluter, P.J., 2019. A mixed methods exploratory study tackling smoking during pregnancy
in an urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary health care service. BMC public
health, 19(1), p.343. Available from:
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-6660-1
Australian Government Department of Health (no date) Role of Aboriginal Medical Services
[online]. Available from:
https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/illicit-pubs-needle-
indig-toc~illicit-pubs-needle-indig-2~illicit-pubs-needle-indig-2-2~illicit-pubs-needle-indig-
2-2-8 [Accessed 16 Aug 2019].
Australian Government Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (no date) Closing the Gap
[online]. Available from: https://closingthegap.pmc.gov.au/about-closing-gap [Accessed 16
Aug 2019].
Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet (no date) Closing the gap [online]. Available from:
https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/learn/health-system/closing-the-gap/ [Accessed 16 Aug
2019].
Durey, A., McEvoy, S., Swift-Otero, V., Taylor, K., Katzenellenbogen, J. and Bessarab, D.,
2016. Improving healthcare for Aboriginal Australians through effective engagement
between community and health services. BMC health services research, 16(1), p.224.
Available from: https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-016-
1497-0
Askew, D.A., Guy, J., Lyall, V., Egert, S., Rogers, L., Pokino, L.A., Manton-Williams, P. and
Schluter, P.J., 2019. A mixed methods exploratory study tackling smoking during pregnancy
in an urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander primary health care service. BMC public
health, 19(1), p.343. Available from:
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-019-6660-1
Australian Government Department of Health (no date) Role of Aboriginal Medical Services
[online]. Available from:
https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/illicit-pubs-needle-
indig-toc~illicit-pubs-needle-indig-2~illicit-pubs-needle-indig-2-2~illicit-pubs-needle-indig-
2-2-8 [Accessed 16 Aug 2019].
Australian Government Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet (no date) Closing the Gap
[online]. Available from: https://closingthegap.pmc.gov.au/about-closing-gap [Accessed 16
Aug 2019].
Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet (no date) Closing the gap [online]. Available from:
https://healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/learn/health-system/closing-the-gap/ [Accessed 16 Aug
2019].
Durey, A., McEvoy, S., Swift-Otero, V., Taylor, K., Katzenellenbogen, J. and Bessarab, D.,
2016. Improving healthcare for Aboriginal Australians through effective engagement
between community and health services. BMC health services research, 16(1), p.224.
Available from: https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-016-
1497-0
Freeman, T., Baum, F., Lawless, A., Javanparast, S., Jolley, G., Labonté, R., Bentley, M.,
Boffa, J. and Sanders, D., 2016. Revisiting the ability of Australian primary healthcare
services to respond to health inequity. Australian Journal of Primary Health, 22(4), pp.332-
338. Available from: https://dspace2.flinders.edu.au/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2328/35539/
Freeman_Revisiting_AM2015.pdf?sequence=1
Gadsden, T., Wilson, G., Totterdell, J., Willis, J., Gupta, A., Chong, A., Clarke, A., Winters,
M., Donahue, K., Posenelli, S. and Maher, L., 2019. Can a continuous quality improvement
program create culturally safe emergency departments for Aboriginal people in Australia? A
multiple baseline study. BMC health services research, 19(1), p.222. Available from:
https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-019-4049-6
Gould, G.S., Watt, K., Cadet-James, Y. and Clough, A.R., 2015. Using the risk behaviour
diagnosis scale to understand Australian Aboriginal smoking—a cross-sectional validation
survey in regional New South Wales. Preventive Medicine Reports, 2, pp.4-9. Available
from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211335514000138
Grant, R. and Draper, N., 2018. The importance of Indigenous Health Liaison Officers and
family meetings to improve cardiovascular outcomes in Indigenous Australians. Australian
and New Zealand journal of public health, 42(5), pp.499-500. Available from:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1753-6405.12824
Heffernan, T.A. and Maxwell, J., 2019. The media’s coverage of ‘Closing the Gap’in
Australian education. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, pp.1-14.
Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Troy_Heffernan2/publication/331842820_The_media
%27s_coverage_of_%27Closing_the_Gap%27_in_Australian_education/links/
Boffa, J. and Sanders, D., 2016. Revisiting the ability of Australian primary healthcare
services to respond to health inequity. Australian Journal of Primary Health, 22(4), pp.332-
338. Available from: https://dspace2.flinders.edu.au/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2328/35539/
Freeman_Revisiting_AM2015.pdf?sequence=1
Gadsden, T., Wilson, G., Totterdell, J., Willis, J., Gupta, A., Chong, A., Clarke, A., Winters,
M., Donahue, K., Posenelli, S. and Maher, L., 2019. Can a continuous quality improvement
program create culturally safe emergency departments for Aboriginal people in Australia? A
multiple baseline study. BMC health services research, 19(1), p.222. Available from:
https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-019-4049-6
Gould, G.S., Watt, K., Cadet-James, Y. and Clough, A.R., 2015. Using the risk behaviour
diagnosis scale to understand Australian Aboriginal smoking—a cross-sectional validation
survey in regional New South Wales. Preventive Medicine Reports, 2, pp.4-9. Available
from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2211335514000138
Grant, R. and Draper, N., 2018. The importance of Indigenous Health Liaison Officers and
family meetings to improve cardiovascular outcomes in Indigenous Australians. Australian
and New Zealand journal of public health, 42(5), pp.499-500. Available from:
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1753-6405.12824
Heffernan, T.A. and Maxwell, J., 2019. The media’s coverage of ‘Closing the Gap’in
Australian education. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, pp.1-14.
Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Troy_Heffernan2/publication/331842820_The_media
%27s_coverage_of_%27Closing_the_Gap%27_in_Australian_education/links/
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5c94236ea6fdccd4603112e2/The-medias-coverage-of-Closing-the-Gap-in-Australian-
education.pdf
Johnston, I., Williams, M., Butler, T. and Kinner, S.A., 2019. Justice targets in Closing the
Gap: let's get them right. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 43(3),
pp.201-203. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1753-
6405.12896
Katzenellenbogen, J.M., Miller, L.J., Somerford, P., McEvoy, S. and Bessarab, D., 2015.
Strategic information for hospital service planning: a linked data study to inform an urban
Aboriginal Health Liaison Officer program in Western Australia. Australian Health
Review, 39(4), pp.429-436. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/AH/ah14102
McKenna, B., Fernbacher, S., Furness, T. and Hannon, M., 2015. “Cultural brokerage” and
beyond: piloting the role of an urban Aboriginal Mental Health Liaison Officer. BMC Public
Health, 15(1), p.881. Available from:
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-015-2221-4
Skerrett, D.M., Gibson, M., Darwin, L., Lewis, S., Rallah, R. and De Leo, D., 2018. Closing
the gap in aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth suicide: A social–emotional wellbeing
service innovation project. Australian Psychologist, 53(1), pp.13-22. Available from:
https://aps.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ap.12277
St Clair, M., Murtagh, D., Kelly, J., Ford, L.M. and Wallace, R., 2018, August. Telehealth: A
Game Changer–Closing the Gap in Remote Indigenous Health in Three Remote Homeland
Communities in the Laynhapuy Homelands, East Arnhem, Northern Australia. In Connecting
the System to Enhance the Practitioner and Consumer Experience in Healthcare: Selected
Papers from the 26th Australian National Health Informatics Conference (HIC 2018) (Vol.
education.pdf
Johnston, I., Williams, M., Butler, T. and Kinner, S.A., 2019. Justice targets in Closing the
Gap: let's get them right. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 43(3),
pp.201-203. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1753-
6405.12896
Katzenellenbogen, J.M., Miller, L.J., Somerford, P., McEvoy, S. and Bessarab, D., 2015.
Strategic information for hospital service planning: a linked data study to inform an urban
Aboriginal Health Liaison Officer program in Western Australia. Australian Health
Review, 39(4), pp.429-436. Available from: http://www.publish.csiro.au/AH/ah14102
McKenna, B., Fernbacher, S., Furness, T. and Hannon, M., 2015. “Cultural brokerage” and
beyond: piloting the role of an urban Aboriginal Mental Health Liaison Officer. BMC Public
Health, 15(1), p.881. Available from:
https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-015-2221-4
Skerrett, D.M., Gibson, M., Darwin, L., Lewis, S., Rallah, R. and De Leo, D., 2018. Closing
the gap in aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth suicide: A social–emotional wellbeing
service innovation project. Australian Psychologist, 53(1), pp.13-22. Available from:
https://aps.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ap.12277
St Clair, M., Murtagh, D., Kelly, J., Ford, L.M. and Wallace, R., 2018, August. Telehealth: A
Game Changer–Closing the Gap in Remote Indigenous Health in Three Remote Homeland
Communities in the Laynhapuy Homelands, East Arnhem, Northern Australia. In Connecting
the System to Enhance the Practitioner and Consumer Experience in Healthcare: Selected
Papers from the 26th Australian National Health Informatics Conference (HIC 2018) (Vol.
252, p. 132). IOS Press. Available from:
https://researchers.cdu.edu.au/en/publications/telehealth-a-game-changer-closing-the-gap-in-
remote-indigenous-he
https://researchers.cdu.edu.au/en/publications/telehealth-a-game-changer-closing-the-gap-in-
remote-indigenous-he
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