Koolin Balit: Improving Aboriginal Health Outcomes in Victoria

This report provides an analysis of the Koolin Balit, a Victorian Government strategic direction aimed at improving Aboriginal health outcomes between 2012 and 2022. It highlights the disparities in life expectancies and health outcomes between Aboriginal people and the general population in Victoria. The report focuses on the key priority area of healthy transition to adulthood, identifying high-risk behaviors and self-harm among adolescents as critical concerns. It also examines the relevant social determinants of Aboriginal health, including social gradient, educational attainment, and environmental factors, emphasizing the impact of poverty, low literacy, and limited access to support services. The report concludes by underscoring the importance of the Koolin Balit plan in addressing these issues and promoting the overall well-being of the Aboriginal community, aiming to improve school retention rates, reduce substance abuse, and decrease involvement in the criminal justice system. Desklib provides access to similar reports and solved assignments for students.

Running head: KOOLIN BALIT
Koolin Balit
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author note

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Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Description.......................................................................................................................................2
Priority area and at-risk groups........................................................................................................3
Three relevant social determinants..................................................................................................4
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................5
References........................................................................................................................................7

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Introduction
Aboriginal living in Victoria experiences wide gap in life expectancies as there is huge
differences in the health outcomes between them and the general population. Therefore, the
purpose of the Koolin Balit, Victorian Government strategic directions for Aboriginal health
2012–2022 is to work in collaboration with Aboriginal communities, service providers and
government in achieving the commitment to improve their health in next 10 years. The plan
outlines a vision to improve quality and length of Aboriginal in Victoria measurably and
significantly. A healthy transition to adulthood is the key priority area; high-risk taking
behaviour and self-harm attitude among adolescents are the two high-risk groups and three
social determinants of Aboriginal health are social gradient, educational attainment and
environmental determinant as they have poor access to support services that will be critically
analysed in the following report.
Description
The overarching aim of the health review plan is to give direction, predictability and
stability to the commitment of the government in addressing Aboriginal health. This involves
strategic development and community planning that can assist health system to build
relationships and develop improved practices in fulfilling the health needs of Aboriginal
Victorians. The Victorian Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organization created the
plan that is targeting the Aboriginal people living in Victoria to improve their health outcomes
(Health.vic.gov.au 2018). They are aimed at closing the life expectancies gaps for the Aboriginal
Victorians, reducing the differences in the morbidity, infant mortality rates and low birth weights
between Aboriginal people and general population (Health.vic.gov.au 2018). Moreover, it also
aims to improve the access to healthcare services and health outcomes for the Aboriginal
population. The key priority areas that are outlined in the plan are reduction in perinatal
mortality rates, healthy childhood, and healthy transition of children to their adulthood, caring
for the older people, addressing of risk factors and managing to provide better care to Aboriginal
people with effective services. High-risk behaviour and mental health issues among adolescents
are the at-risk groups that are acknowledged in the plan (Health.vic.gov.au 2018). The
determinants of Aboriginal health are education, social gradient and access to health services

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(environmental gradient) outlined in the plan and evaluation of programs, initiatives and services
along with routine monitoring will determine the effectiveness of the plan.
Priority area and at-risk groups
A healthy transition to childhood (key priority 3) is one of the crucial stages in life as it
lays the foundation for positive health for the rest of their lives. Most importantly, during this
transition stage, Victorian Aboriginal people of the age 15–24 years are at high risk for ill
behaviors like smoking, alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, discrimination and bullying at
schools, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and self-harm. Therefore, Koolin Balit prioritizes
this stage of life while focusing on the issues associated with young people so that positive and
healthy behavior can be established in them (Health.vic.gov.au 2018). The health review is
planning to reduce high-risk taking behaviors and rate of STDs, reduce presentations of self-
harm and injury to emergency departments and improve their access to mental health services.
They will achieve these aims by supporting initiatives that promote healthy lifestyle and
behavior, strengthen young Aboriginal’s connection to their culture, community, and improve
early identification and access to clinical and mental health services for them (Health.vic.gov.au
2018). The department is already working in partnership with Aboriginal communities and other
stakeholders in fulfilling these aims so that positive social norms and healthy lifestyle can be
promoted and a healthy transition to adulthood can be achieved for the young Aboriginal people.
Based on this priority area, two at-risk groups are young Aboriginals, who are addicted to high-
risk taking behaviors and those who are subjected to self-harm and injury. Excessive smoking
and alcohol consumption is increasing the burden of disease among young Aboriginals,
institutional racism; discrimination that they are experiencing is impeding their educational
engagement and overall wellbeing (Health.vic.gov.au 2018). Moreover, lack of cultural identity,
breakdown in family and kin also have significant impact on the spiritual and emotional
wellbeing of the young Aboriginals that is making them subjected to high-risk taking behaviors
and mental health issues. Therefore, it is important to prioritize them and build strong connection
and cultural identity so that it supports their physical, emotional and social wellbeing.

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Three relevant social determinants
This section focuses on the social gradient, educational attainment and environmental
determinant that is linked to the priority area of healthy transition to adulthood. The
socioeconomic constructs like employment, poverty, income and housing affect a range of
physical and mental health outcomes. Poverty, poor housing and low levels of employment and
income are incontrovertibly linked with poor health. Young Aboriginals belonging to poorer
income families have reduced access to healthcare services and clinical facilities (Sherwood
2013). The low level of literacy and poor education is also linked to poor health status that
affects their ability to use the available health information. This makes the young people get
engaged to high risk taking behaviours like smoking, drinking and illicit drug use as they are not
aware of their effects on physical and mental health.
The low socio-economic status and its dimensions like material deprivation in terms of
shelter, food, safe drinking water and sanitation, unemployment, low income and social
exclusion diminishes opportunities that undermines the hope of young Aboriginals, limits their
choices and greatly threatens health. Poor social gradients have been associated with high risk of
physical and mental health issues (anxiety, stress, lack of self-esteem and depression) and
premature death. This burden of low socio-economic status falls heavily on the young people
that result in ill-health and poor outcomes (Mitrou et al. 2014).
Relative poverty results in Aboriginal families’ inability to afford the goods, activities
and services that are needed for full participation of their children in the society. In addition,
Aboriginal adolescents are drastically over represented in the welfare system as they experience
physical neglect. This is due to poor housing, poverty and low level of income that is making
young Aboriginal people get addicted to substance abuse and ill health behaviours being a key
factor in adolescent apprehension (Tesfaghiorghis and Altman 2018).
According to Australia Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) in 2015, about 42%
Aboriginal children were categorized as developmentally vulnerable during their first year
schooling year in key areas or domains of early childhood development (Australian Institute of
Health and Welfare 2018). They have poor access to proper housing living in very remote areas
by 1.5 times as compared to general population (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

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2018). There are low numeracy and literacy targets among young Aboriginals as they have poor
level of educational attainment. During transition to adulthood, individual developmental
pathways are determined by level of education attainment and low-socioeconomic status can
disrupt their development which in turn interrupt their education and restrict them from attaining
options in career and further life. The early and time-off transitions due to these social
determinants disrupt their potential to attain proper physical and mental development compelling
them to enter into such situations like high-risk taking behaviours, addictions, self-harm and
injury.
The above social determinants greatly influence the transition of young Aboriginal to
their adulthood. The use of illicit drugs, alcohol and smoking is also contributing to high rates of
injury, self-harm, juvenile crime and involvement with crime justice system, social disruption
and greatest burden of injury and disease among young Aboriginals. This addiction is making
them experience reduced quality of life, disability and mental health issues affecting their overall
wellbeing (Reading 2018). As they are marginalized and socially excluded from the mainstream
society, they experience poor access to mental health services and support like primary and
community health, preventative and specialized care. This depicts that transition to adulthood is
a key priority area and social determinants of health like socio-economic status, education and
access to mental health services are linked to young Aboriginal Victorians and their health
outcomes (Yeung Thompson and Leadbeater 2013). As the Victorian Aboriginal population is
growing as compared to the rest population, it is important that they need to be protected so that
they start a new life, a healthy childhood and transition as aimed by Koolin Balit health review.
Conclusion
From the above discussion, it is evident that healthy transition to adulthood is a key
priority for young Aboriginal people. The social determinants of health such as poverty, low
educational attainment and poor access to mental health services greatly hamper their overall
wellbeing and life transition. Considering this, Victorian Government has developed strategic
directions for improving Aboriginal health through Koolin Balit, 2012-2022. The plan is aimed
at achieving better health outcomes at every stage of life that encompasses cultural, emotional
and social wellbeing of the whole community. Therefore, this plan will improve the key areas of

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school retention rates, smoking and alcohol problems and their over presentation in the criminal
system.

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References
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare., 2018. Australia's welfare 2017: in brief, Indigenous
Australians - Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. [online] Available
at: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-welfare/australias-welfare-2017-in-brief/contents/
indigenous-australians [Accessed 1 Aug. 2018].
Health.vic.gov.au., 2018. [online] Available
at: https://www2.health.vic.gov.au/Api/downloadmedia/%7B002CF79E-E84B-427A-BE25-
6B068E7019C2%7D [Accessed 1 Aug. 2018].
Mitrou, F., Cooke, M., Lawrence, D., Povah, D., Mobilia, E., Guimond, E. and Zubrick, S.R.,
2014. Gaps in Indigenous disadvantage not closing: a census cohort study of social determinants
of health in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand from 1981–2006. BMC Public Health, 14(1),
p.201.
Reading, C., 2018. Structural determinants of Aboriginal peoples’ health. Determinants of
Indigenous Peoples' Health: Beyond the Social, p.1.
Sherwood, J., 2013. Colonisation–It’s bad for your health: The context of Aboriginal
health. Contemporary Nurse, 46(1), pp.28-40.
Tesfaghiorghis, H. and Altman, J., 2018. Aboriginal socio-economic status: are there any evident
changes?.
Yeung Thompson, R.S. and Leadbeater, B.J., 2013. Peer victimization and internalizing
symptoms from adolescence into young adulthood: Building strength through emotional
support. Journal of research on adolescence, 23(2), pp.290-303.