This essay examines the significant health disparities experienced by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia, highlighting cardiovascular diseases as a priority area. It explores the prevalence of these diseases within the ATSI population, emphasizing higher mortality rates and risk factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and poor diet. The essay delves into the social determinants of health, including income, social status, literacy, employment, and physical environment, and their impact on ATSI health outcomes. It also discusses the role of Medicare and other health promotion programs in addressing health inequalities and encouraging risk factor reduction. The essay concludes by emphasizing the importance of primary healthcare in mitigating disparities and improving access to healthcare services for these marginalized communities.