Principles of AC Production and Transmission for Electrical Circuits

This report provides a comprehensive overview of the principles of AC production and transmission, emphasizing safety protocols and practical applications within electrical circuits. It begins by outlining the Environment, Health, and Safety (EHS) guidelines, referencing industry-specific impacts, monitoring methods, and management strategies. The report then delves into the environmental and occupational hazards associated with power generation and transmission, including air pollution, noise levels, electrocution risks, and fire hazards. It also covers community health and safety concerns, such as noise and air pollution, and electromagnetic interference. Furthermore, the report discusses the principles of safe electricity use, Ohm’s law, and the dangers of electrocution and fires, as well as safety measures like switching off power lines and using appropriate engineering techniques. It explains RMS and peak values of AC electricity, including their significance in power calculations. Finally, it explores procedures to minimize risk when working with electricity, the similarities and differences between AC and DC electrical circuits, and the effects of electricity on human physiology, including the dangers of electric shock and burns. The report includes references to relevant literature and standards, making it a valuable resource for students in electrical engineering.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
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Principles of AC production and transmission for safe use in suitable applications
The principles of electricity production and transmission are stipulated under the Environment,
Health and Safety Guidelines document. These are referenced, with examples, in the Good
International Industry Practice. The Environment, Safety and Health strategies for power
generation, transmission, distribution and supply including relevant information between an
electric power plant and the consumer, (Muller et al 2012).
The guidelines are categorized thematically into industry specific impacts, monitoring methods
and management. Industry specific impacts of electric power production and transmission
include environmental, the professional safety and health, community safety and health and
hazardous vulnerabilities.
According to (Redl, R., & Balogh, L. 1992), the following are the environmental interference
during the setting up power plants and transmission systems include:
i. Minimal air pollution in the surrounding of all thermal power plant in terms of release of
poisonous gasses such as hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide, dust and electromagnetic
radiation.
ii. Measurements of levels of noise production both occupational and ambient noise at
maximum operation of all thermal and geo-thermal power plants.
iii. Work-related health and safety practices in all the power plants are similar to those in
any other large industries which include confined spaces, chemical hazards, dust,
electrocution, fire and explosion, noise and ionizing radiation.

iv. Fire inspection and readiness for combating fire outbreaks in the power plants such as
installation of water hose pipes, gas extinguishers and fire alarms.
v. Discharge and effluent waste responsibilities, both solid and liquid wastes.
According to (Fawcett & Fore 2008), Occupational health and safety vulnerabilities are largely
discussed in the EHS guidelines. These vulnerabilities include acquaintances to workers in the
construction sites, electric generation plants and transmission systems. The dangers include:
i. Great heights operations and falls which involve the high grid transmission lines or
indoor installation of machinery equipment. This hazard is potentiated by working in
confined spaces without support and anchoring mechanisms.
ii. Exposure to contaminants, corrosive substances and poisons that are used as raw
material, produced as wastes and products of combustion such as ammonia, chlorine gas
and hydrogen sulphide.
iii. Electromagnetic fields and radiation generated by generators, magnetic centrifuges for
solid fuels and high voltage transmission lines.
iv. Live power lines and electrocution when in conduct with energized lines and equipment
during installation, repair or maintenance.
v. Occupational exposure to fire, explosion and heat from combustion units, pipes and other
hot equipment. The heat is a potential hazard for development of burns.
Community health and safety guidelines as documented in the EHS guidelines include:

i. Noise and air pollution during maximum operations of the power plants and its effects on
the surrounding community in interfering normal life activities such as schools and
learning, work and sleep.
ii. Electrocution due to conduct with live energized electrical equipment and power lines by
the public.
iii. Electromagnetic interference and non-ionizing radiations emitted from the power plant or
transmission system.
iv. Aircraft navigation interference in cases where transmission power towers are situated
near airstrips, airports or known flight ways. They can interfere through physical impact
and collisions or radar interference.
v. Social concerns from the members of the community such as noise, traffic safety due to
increase in traffic volume, socio-economic constraints such as bias in recruitment
activities and degradation of moral values caused by expatriates working at the power.
Power produced by the power plants is distributed to consumers for use. The appliances can be
grouped into major appliances and small appliances. The home appliances use electronic circuits
to convert the AC power to regular direct current. The power generated must therefore be
reliable and above all, safe. In most developed countries, the power delivered is 240volts in
50/60 hertz.
The principles of safety use are based on Ohm’s law of electricity. This is applicable from the
physiology from a statement that “its current that kills not voltage.” Considering ohm’s law for
voltage, current and resistance, the relationship I=V/R is generated. Where I is current is voltage
and R is the body’s resistance. Therefore, the higher the amount of voltage, the higher current

generated from the body’s resistance that can be hazardous. Depending on the body’s resistance,
the amount of voltage from Ohm’s law is V=IR.
The main dangers to safety while using electrical appliances are:
 Electrocution, this happens when the user comes in contact with live energized wires in
the electronic equipment.
 Fires that can be generated when the electric current sparks or induces burning due to the
heat generated from flow of electrons.
Therefore, the principles applied are:
 Switching off of electric power lines before commencing works of maintenance, upgrade
or repair.
 Use of signs, locks, barriers and education or public outreach forums to prevent the
public from coming into contact with potential hazardous equipment such as
transformers.
 Application of suitable engineering techniques such as high grid power lines, insulation
of transmission cables suing special alloys and proper spacing to avoid electromagnetic
fields being created and electrocution risks.
 The standard voltage chosen for safety 240 volts. This value is way below the threshold
of 600 volts that can cause body damage.
 The home appliances are fused with appropriate sized fuse that blow in case there is a
connection to the earth or there is large current flowing to the appliance.

 The AC power in the mains electricity is converted to low threshold voltages by the
electronic equipment. Most home appliances operate under 12 volts’ direct current that is
under the required threshold to reduce body damage.
 The electronic components such as electric wires are labeled and insulated to avoid direct
contact with the high energized live components to reduce risks of shock.
 The electronic equipment is earthed from their casing to reduce the risks of shock when a
loose live energized wire comes into contact with the metal case and the user makes
contact to the case in times of operations.
RMS and peak values of AC electricity
Electric is generated into primarily two forms, alternating current(AC) and direct current(DC).
Alternating current is produced in waveforms. The waves are expressed in amplitude. The
distance from the zero mark to the highest point of the wave is referred to the peak voltage. The
distance from the highest positive value to the lowest value of the wave is called the peak to peak
voltage of the alternating current.

The root-mean-spare of a current is defined as the amount of voltage required to pass through a
resistor of known resistance over a specific period of time to generate a known quantity of heat.
In AC power, the RMS can be described as the square root of means of squares of instantaneous
values. Root Mean Square is the actual value of an alternating quantity which tells us an energy
transfer capability of an AC source. In DC power, the voltage stipulated, is the RMS. for
example, the domestic single phase AC supply is 240 volts at 50hertz where the value 240 volts
is the RMS of the alternating current. With this knowledge therefore, the ammeter records the
RMS current of the AC power while the voltmeter records the RMS of the alternating voltage.

Procedures and practices used to minimize risk when working with electricity
This is according to (Kouwenhoven 2014). Procedure and practices are as follows.
Electricity is a form of energy. Along with its benefits powering technology and being a driving
force behind innovation, electricity is among the highest causes of morbidity and mortality
worldwide and therefore the need to observe safety when working with electricity. The following
are procedures and practices used to minimize risks:
Use of danger signs and hazard signs to avoid conduct with electric equipment such as high
voltage lines, live wires and transformers.
Grounding good conductors of electricity such as metallic structures using electricity or installed
near power lines to minimize the risk of shock.
Only allowing trained and certified electrical engineers and personnel to install, maintain and
repair electrical equipment.
Use of protecting gears during working with electricity, that is use of non-conducting material
such as plastics and rubber when working on electrical components.
Use of internationally certified electronic equipment such as properly insulated cables, labeled
and earthed home appliances.
Installation of residual current devices to reduce the risk of receiving a fatal electric shock.
Administrative controls comprising of safe work practices to control the risk, for example
establishing exclusion zones, use of permits and warning signs.

Ensure power circuits are protected by the appropriate rated fuse or circuit breaker
to prevent overloading.
Similarities and differences of AC and DC electrical circuits
Alternating current Direct current
Has a frequency of 50 or 60 hertz Has no frequency
Power factor lies between o and 1 Power factor is always 1
Flow of electrons is bidirectional Flow of electrons is unidirectional
Their load is resistive, inductive and
capacitive
The load is usually resistive
The direction of current reverses periodically
in wave form
The direction of current remains the same.
Generated by alternators Stored and produced by batteries or solar
energy
Its passive parameter is impedance Passive parameter is resistance.
Can be transmitted over long distances and
converted to direct current
More substations are required for
transmission and can be converted to
alternating current
Similarities.
i. AC and DC both kinds of electron flow are harnessed to produce current
ii. Both AC and DC re measured using volts.

iii. Both AC and DC are used to provide power, volts multiplied by current, measured in
watts.
iv. Both AC and DC have electrical resistance, measured in Ohms.
Dangers of working with electricity and its effects on human physiology
Faults which could cause fires
In a local environment with flammable or explosive atmosphere, ignitions and sparks caused by
electricity can create fires that destroy human, animal and plant life and cause destruction of
property.
Contact with live parts causing shock and burns.
Electric current affects the human body when it flows through. This is made possible by the
presence of electrolytes in the human body. Depending on the current strength and the amount of
voltage dissipated. The maximum accepted amount of current is 5 mill amperes. As the strength
of current increases, from lowest to highest, the affected individual experiences tingling
sensation with low current and arrhythmias, muscular contractions and death with very strong
currents. Unfluctuating currents too small to induce muscle contractions and freezing on the live
wire circuit can be strong enough to interfere with the heart’s pacemaker neurons, causing the
heart to flutter death occurs to the hearts inability to pump blood to meet the needs of the body.

As electric current flows through the body tissues, there is some form of resistance that
generates heat. Depending on the RMS of the current and voltage, the amount of heat generated
by the resistant can be vast to cause burns of the tissues.
References

Hambley, A. R., 2017. Electrical Engineering: Principles & Applications. Pearson.
Muller, R. S., Kamins, T. I., Chan, M., & Ko, P. K. ,2012. Device electronics for integrated
circuits.
Fawcett, T. J., & Fore, N. S. ,2008. U.S. Patent No. 6,243,652. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office.
Redl, R., & Balogh, L. ,1992. RMS, DC, peak, and harmonic currents in high-frequency power-
factor correctors with capacitive energy storage. In Applied Power Electronics Conference and
Exposition, 1992. APEC'92. Conference Proceedings 1992., Seventh Annual (pp. 533-540).
IEEE.
Kouwenhoven, W. B. ,2014. THE EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY ON THE HUMAN BODY.
Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 115, 425-446.