Administer and Monitor Medicines and IV Therapy: Knowledge Questions

This document provides comprehensive answers to knowledge questions related to the administration and monitoring of medicines and intravenous therapy. It covers legal and ethical considerations, including the role of the Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) and relevant legislation like the Drugs, Poisons and Controlled Substances Act. The document explores various aspects of medication administration, including different drug schedules (e.g., Schedule 2, 3, 4, and 8), and provides detailed information on handling different forms of medications such as capsules, drops, inhalants, liquids, lotions, ointments, patches, powders, tablets, wafers, and suppositories, including storage and calculation formulas. Furthermore, it explains key pharmacological concepts like pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacotherapeutics, along with adverse reactions, contraindications, and precautions related to medication administration. The document also touches upon toxicology and the identification of anaphylactic reactions.

Administer and monitor
medicines and intravenous
therapy

Table of Contents
KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONS.........................................................................................................1
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REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................19

KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONS
1.
Ans: The responsive body that have framed the laws associated with health is Nursing and
Midwifery Board of Australia(NMBA). As per this, the most significant role of a nurse is to
protect the patients. Also, high level of care is required while dealing with intravenous medicines
(Vonder Haar, and et. al., 2016). Australian nursing Federation 2005 and under National
Registration and Accreditation Scheme are the legal parameters to the administration of
medications of enrolled nurses.
2.
Ans: There are some laws for medicines and poisons which are controlled under the drugs,
poisons and controlled substance act 1981 and 2017, they are as follows:
 Only authorised people are allowed to manufacture, sell and supply these drugs.
 People can buy them form the permitted health provisional places.
3.
Ans: The main aim of the drugs, poisons and controlled act substance 1981 is to ensure no harm
to the public with the medicines and drugs they consumer or are manufactured.
4
Ans: Health practitioner are required to maintain the rights, privacy and dignity of patients. They
should render equal care to all irrespective of any category. (Satoskar, Rege, and Bhandarkar,
2015). The four standard codes set by NMBA for enrolled nurses are, functioning under the
boundaries of policies and procedures, acceptability for own actions, practising under safety and
quality guidelines and practising nursing with dignity, respect and confidence.
5
Ans: Standard 3 aims on the suppressing the harm to the patients that are receiving care in
taking preventive infections. As per this, an effective plan is required to be prepared before
executing any health service in the infections control.
1

6
Ans: In order to check signs of the infusion phlebitis, VIP tool is used. It helps in early
identification of the signs of diseases and thus helps in curing them.
7
Ans: a) Schedule 2: Nabilone: It is an artificial cannabinoid with healing whereas Secobarbital is
a derivative drug which comprise properties of anxiolytic, sedative. It is an interaction of drug. It
is specially given to patient who have bee administered for cancer, the person who has been
given wide range of medication at one time.
 b) Schedule 3: Aveed is a reaction which occur at time of giving therapy like injection of
testosterone. Belbuca is a long term pain treatment. For instance, if in case the person
going through therapy of injecting testosterones suffers through sever pain than in such
success Belbucca is given to patient as it acts as pain control substance.
 c)Schedule 4:Alidrin is name of medication which is seen in Isometheptene, Paracetamol
etc. Ambien is the drug treatment given to patient suffering from sleeping disorders. Fir
instance, if in case the person is suffering from insomnia in which the individual is unable
to sleep at night than in such case the medication of this person will be Alidrin Ambien.
 d) Schedule 8: Pethidine is type of synthetic compound which act as pain killing drug.
Morphine is a medication which helps in controlling different brain functions. For
instance, it is a drug treatment which is given to patient suffering from sever pain. For
instance, if in case individual is going through analgesia after gynaecological surgery
than in this case the morphine or pethidine is given to service users for relieving.
8
Ans:
Forms Examples Handling Calculation
(specify the
formula
where
appropriate)
Administratio
n
Storage
Capsules Gelatin Can be Tapped bulk Very common Store in cool,
2

capsules handled easily
with the
manual filling
density of
substance x
capsule
volume
drug, effective
administration
is needed
dry place.
Drops Amoxicillin
eye drops
Use directed
drops
C16H19N3O5S Apply 1-2
drops.
At or below 20
C store this
eye drop
Inhalants Fluticasone Can be
handles easily
C25H31F3O5S Can giove
people with
age >4 years
Store it away
from sunlight.
Liquid Dexamethason
e as liquid drug
Protection is
required while
treating with
it. Use gloves:
suggested
(Chong, and
et. al., 2014).
C22H29FO5 Quantity: 5 to
10ml per day
Keep it away
from sunlight
and heat.
Lotions and
creams
Tretinoin
cream
Handle with
care.
C20H28O2 Can be applied
to both
children and
adults.
Store it at a
room
temperature
Ointments Ketoconazole
ointment
Handle with
care.
C26H28Cl2N4O
4
tropical
administration
only.
At room
temperature
Patches Nitroglycerin
patches
Was hands
appropriately
after use.
C3H5N3O9 Prescription of
physician is
required.
Store it at
room
temperature
Keep away
from direct
3

sunlight.
Powders Cholestyramin
e powder
Keep it away
from wet area.
C21H30ClN Different
administration
as compare to
other drugs.
Store in room
temperature,
dry place.
Tablets Tab
Acetaminophe
n
Should not
kept open for
prolonged.
C8H9NO2 Dosages are
given in mg or
ml.
Store in cool,
dry place.
Wafers Ondaz Zydis
wafers
Great care is
needed in use.
C18H19N3O ondansetrum
is active
ingredient in
it.
At or below -
20 C store the
wafer
Suppositories Dulcolax Care is
required in
disposal
C22H19NO4. After 17 hours
of plasma
elimination,
BHMP can be
estimated.
Store in cool,
dry place.
Capusles are dug which is used for specific medication and are in solid forms. It can be manual
handled but it is important for health practitioners to store it in cool and dry place. The
calculation formula for Capsules is filled weight = Tapped bulk density of substance x capsule
volume.
Drops are specifically eye drops such as Amoxicillin. The use of drops is as per medication
prescribed by health professional. The storing of drops in appropriate temperature is very
important and prescribed temperature for these drops is below 20 and the calculation formula
used by health practitioners for eye drops is C16H19N3O5S.
Inhalants are generally used for people suffering respiratory diseases such as asthma. Storing of
inhalers should be away from sunlight and handling of inhalers is very easy as these are tube like
devices and calculation formula to it is C25H31F3O5S.
4

Liquids drug treatment are very sensitive and therefore it is important for health practitioner to
keep it away from sunlight and heat. The average intake quantity of liquid medication is 5 to
10ml per day and the calculation formula to liquid medication is C25H31F3O5S.
Lotions and creams are ointment which are generally used for dressing and calculation formula
to it is C20H28O2.. IT can be kept at room temperature an dis used for children as well as adults.
Ointments are used for tropical administration that is for body and is not for intake. Calculation formula to
ointments used by health practitioner is C26H28Cl2N4O4 and it can be kept at room temperature that is cool
and dry place.
Patches are the most sensitive part of medical treatment therefore it is important for the practitioner to wash
hands after using patches. Calculation formula to patches is important as it helps in directing proper use which
is C3H5N3O9.
Powder is another tropical drug treatment and is administration is different from other
medication. Further, it is important to keep this away from wet area and to use it with proper
calculation formula which is C21H30ClN.
Tablets are solid medication which should be kept at cool and dry place away from sunlight. Moreover, it is
important to ensure that tablet are not kept open for long time as it turns into poisons substance. The medication
of tablets is in mg and ml as per health and human ability to resist. Calculation formula to tablets is C8H9NO2]
Wafers is treatment which is sued for relieving the headache or extreme pain. It is important to keep wafers
below minus 20 degree C and calculation formula to this is C18H19N3O.
Suppositories is solid dosage and it is important for the users to handle it carefully and keep it in cool and dry
place. The use of this substance should be with calculation formula which is C22H19NO4.
5

9
Ans: Pharmacodynamics: It is that branch of pharmacology which is associated with the effect of
drugs and their mechanism of action. It is related to drug and its effects on human body For
instance person suffering from insomnia will be advice Zolpidem. Person suffering from extreme
pain will be given Belbuca. Thus, this management of diseases as per human body is
Pharmacodynamics
 Pharmacokinetics; It is the study of the time that is taken in different drug activities such
as excretion, metabolism, absorption, etc. (Verrico and et. al., 2014) For instance,
methadone affects a individual getting over addiction of heroin. It is human body
tolerance to medical specific medical treatment.
 Pharmacotherapeutics: It is the study of therapeutic use and adverse effects of drugs. For
instance, administering of vasopressors to regulate and maintain blood pressure and
cardiac output after open heart surgery of service user.
10
Ans: Toxicology involves the adverse side effects that caused to human body after consumption
of chemical substances.
11
Ans: Adverse reactions takes place when the immune of a person reacts to a substance, they are
not much harmful. In comparison with this, anaphylactic reactions are life-threatening.
Symptoms of Anaphylaxis
 Flushing of Skin
 Swallowing difficulty
 Fluctuation in heart rate
 Asthma attacks
 Severe weakness
 Abdominal pain
 Vomitting
6

12
Ans: It is a specific situation in which a drug is restricted to use because they may be harmful to
the person. For example: avoiding aspirin to children as there are chances of having Reye
Syndrome due to this.
13
Ans: Precautions are the steps that are taken in advance to avoid the arousal of a health issue.
Example: Using gloves and masks to protect form infections. On the other hand, side effects are
the impacts left over by the use of drugs or medicine. For example: Fatigue after the radiation
therapy (Pick and et. al., 2015).
14
Ans: Pain at IV site and arm: It occurs due to blood clot in vein at the time of blood transfusion.
 Acute immune haemolytic reaction with signs and symptoms such as loin pain, nausea,
vomiting: It happens when the red blood cells gets destroyed due to individual immune
system during blood transfusion.
 haematuria and headache: Hematology and oncology This occurs because of
incompatibility of large volume of red blood cells and plasma after 24 hours of blood
transfusion.
 Hives: This is very common allergic reaction which can arise before and during blood
transfusion due to plasma proteins such as IgA
 Flushing, chills or fever: Rheumatic fever this is most common infection which occurs at
the time blood transfusion due to bacterial contamination of blood products
 Anxiety: Stress, Mental illness, medicinal side-effects. It is due to bacterial infection
which occurs due to donor skin, blood collection etc.
 Wheezing, progressing to cyanosis: Cynosis, Dyspnea. It occurs due to heath at blood
infusion site.
7

 Anaphylactic reaction including tachycardia, cardiac arrest or shock that may lead to
death: Anaphylaxis This happens due to Bacterial contamination in blood products, hyper
sensitivity and weak immune system.
15
Ans:
 Right Medication: For this appropriate tests are required along with proper label on
medicines.
 Right dose: Dosages should be suggested as per the age, severity of diseases, side effects,
allergies, etc.
 Right prescription: After the asked medication, the documentation of it is administrated.
 Right route: There are different routes in which a
 medicine is entered in body, as per this right path should be chosen.
 Right time: All the treatments should be started ion a right time.
 Right person: It should ensure that right person is hired for the specified illness.
 Right expiration date: It should be checked in the label of medicines.
 Right to refuse: As per this, patients have right to refuse if they are not willing to undergo
any operation (Putta, and et. al., 2017)
16
Ans: In the Buccal route administration, the drug is placed between the gums and the cheeks.
 Collect and check all the tablets, films and sprays required at time of Buccal route.
 During the administration nurse will ensure that drug is hold in mouth against the mucous
membrane of the cheek till it dissolves.
 Nurse will check over medicines as it should not be swallowed, chewed or placed under
tongue.
17
Ans: Metered- Dose inhaler:
 Wash hands with soap and water.
 Remove cap and hold the inhale appropriately in upright direction.
 Shake the inhaler before using.
 Breathe the inhaler slowly.
8