Advanced Financial Accounting Report: Framework and Reporting

This report provides a detailed analysis of financial accounting, focusing on the conceptual framework for financial reporting and the application of integrated and sustainability reporting. It examines the history and concerns surrounding the IASB's conceptual framework, including issues raised by the AASB and academics. The report analyzes Caltex Australia's 2018 annual report, highlighting the application of the conceptual framework, including the recognition principles, measurement bases, and qualitative characteristics. Furthermore, the report compares and contrasts the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC), explores the limitations of conventional accounting, and discusses the application of theories to explain the content of sustainability and integrated reports. It includes an examination of elements within the Nedbank Limited 2017 report and aspects of the Banks of Queensland's (BOQ) 2018 sustainability report, concluding with a comparison of the two reports.

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Advanced Financial Accounting by Student Name
Student Number
Class & Course Code
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University
The City & State
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Executive Summary
Business entities are guided by conceptual frameworks when preparing their financial reports and
statements. Likewise, the changing trends in financial reporting have seen the stakeholders
changing their focus on the items to be included in financial reports. Companies are now
focussing on creating value by forming a positive relationship with their stakeholders. The
increasing need to include non-financial performance in the financial statements have led to the
creation of sustainability reporting as well as integrated reporting. This report exams the two
important components of accounting, that is, the conceptual framework and integrated and
sustainability reporting. Key elements of the two pillars of accounting have been exhausted. The
findings show that although the Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) fully support
the IASB's conceptual framework, several issues need to be addressed as listed in the paper.
Likewise, the application of integrated and sustainability reporting at the expense of conventional
financial reporting is slowly gaining momentum.

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Introduction
The report examines the application of the conceptual framework for financial reporting as well
as integral/ sustainability reporting by the Australian and South African firms. The paper is
divided into two parts. Part A examines the development, issues surrounding, and application of
the conceptual framework. This part is further divided into several sections. The introductory
section examines the history of IASB’s conceptual framework. The second and third sections
discuss the concerns raised by the AASB and academicians in relations to the application of the
conceptual framework for, respectively. The last section examines elements of the conceptual
framework and how Caltex Australia applied the conceptual framework in its 2018 annual report.
Part B examines the issues surrounding integrated reporting and sustainability reporting. This
part is further divided into five sections. Section one compares and contrasts the Global
Reporting Initiative (GRI) sustainability reporting, and the International Integrated Reporting
Council (IIRC) integrated reporting. Section two examines the limitation of conventional
accounting to support sustainability or integrated reporting. Section three discusses the
application of theories to explain the contents of sustainability and integrated reports. Section
four examines the elements of an integrated report contained in the Nedbank Limited 2017 report.
Section five discusses the aspects of Banks of Queensland's (BOQ) 2018 sustainability report.
The last part compares the reports by Nedbank and BOQ.
PART A
a) The history of the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting
The conceptual framework for financial reporting addresses the conceptual and theoretical issues
that influence financial reporting. The framework seeks to provide a consistent and coherent

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foundation for developing accounting principles and standards. The development of a conceptual
framework for financial reporting began at different dates in the US, the UK, and globally. The
globally recognised conceptual frameworks for financial reporting were developed by the
International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) (IASB, 2018).
The FASB was established in 1973 in the U.S. to replace the Accounting Principles Board
(APB). FASB began the process of developing its conceptual framework in 1973. The board
released its eight frameworks between 1978 and 2010. The conceptual framework for conceptual
reporting no. 8 was approved and released in 2010 to replace the SFAC nos. 1 and 2
(International Accounting Standards Board, 2018).
The UK's Accounting Standards Board initiated the process of developing its conceptual
framework for financial reporting in 1991. However, the collection of views and recommendation
began in the 1940s. The final concept was released in 2010. Likewise, IASB approved the IFRS'
conceptual frameworks in 2010. The concept has undergone several revisions since then. In 2013,
the revisions of the concept began. Comment period ran between 2013 and 2015 before the board
incorporated the amendments of IFRS 3 in the concept in 2018 (IASB, 2018).
b) The Australian accounting profession’s concerns regarding the Conceptual Framework
The AASB and other accounting professions raised several concerns with the IASB's conceptual
frameworks. The board believes that the IASB's conceptual framework exposure draft cannot be
considered to be up to date, complete and clear to form the basis of developing accounting
standards. The board noted that some sections of the exposure draft laid the foundation for
developing concepts in the future instead of addressing the current accounting issues (Delloite,
2018).

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The board believed that the conceptual framework could not be relied upon to effectively address
the ever-changing needs of financial reporting at its current start. For example, the conceptual
framework failed to provide a clear distinction in the definitions of profit and loss statement and
the other comprehensive income (OCI). The board proposed that it was essential to give a clarity
between the two accounting statements. A clear definition of the two statements would help
preparers of financial reports to different items that need to appear in either of them (IASB,
2018).
c) The academics’ concerns about the quality of the Conceptual Framework
Australia has adopted the IASB's conceptual framework. Amid numerous benefits, the
framework has received criticism from the Australian accounting professions. First, the process
of developing a conceptual framework has been linked to the process of developing the
constitutions, which is subject to political interference. In other words, the conceptual framework
is a product of a political process where contributors sought to advance their self-interests.
Second, the conceptual framework loses its objectivity when addressing measurement issues
which attract a high level of disagreement. Based on this point, the framework has been criticised
for its failure to address difficult accounting/ financial issues (IASB, 2018).
Third, the conceptual framework focuses more on the financial (economic) performance of
business entities. For instance, the conceptual framework ignores the environmental and social
performance of an entity if the reports. Ignoring the non-financial corporate performance make
the conceptual framework less objective (IASB, 2018).
d) The application of the conceptual framework by Caltex Australia (ASX: CTX).
This section is discussed based on Caltex Australia’s 2018 annual report.

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(i) Statements that have been prepared as per the Conceptual Framework and their major
components
The IASB's conceptual framework for financial reporting recognises three financial reports/
statements, namely the balance sheet, the income, and the cash flow statements. Chapter four of
the conceptual framework outline the elements of financial statements. The balance sheet
comprises of three elements namely assets, liabilities, and equity. The income statement includes
of incomes and expenses. The cash flow statement consists of the changes in the elements of both
the balance sheet and the income statements. Other statements in the annual report are the
comprehensive income (Caltex Australia, 2019, p. 45).
All the reports and their elements have been disclosed in the Caltex Australia's 2018 financial
statements.
Financial
Statements
Elements Amount ($m)
Balance Sheet Assets 6,726,623
Liabilities 3,338,559
Equity 3,389,064
Income Statement Income 21,744
Expenses 20,928
Cash Flow Operating activities cash flow 596,504
Investment activities cash flow (425,573)
Financing activities Cash flow (222,933)
Comprehensive
statement
Income and expenses 605772
Statement of
changes in Equity
3,389,064
(ii) Which recognition principles and measurement bases have been applied for revenue,
assets and liabilities

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Chapter four, clauses 37 and 38, addresses the recognition of financial statements elements. In
general, the value of each item should be measured based on reliability using current information.
Clause 54 defines measurement as assigning monetary values to financial statements elements.
Lastly, clause 55 recognises four measurement methods, namely historical cost, current cost (fair
value), net realisable value, and present value. The framework does not recommend a single
measurement method to be used. Individual accounting interpretations and standards are
available to guide users on the best measurement method based on specific situations (Delloite,
2018).
According to the 2018 annual report, Caltex Australia uses the following measurements to
recognise respective elements of its financial statements.
a) Revenue/ income was measured at the fair value.
b) Expenses were recognised at their historical values unless they arise from qualifying
assets.
c) The cost of goods sold was measured at the replacement cost basis.
d) Earnings per share were calculated based on the historical cost.
e) Account receivables were measured at their fair value.
f) Inventories were measured at the lower between the net realisable value and cost,
g) The property, Plant, and Equipment (PPE) were measured at their historical cost, fewer
impairment losses, and the accumulated depreciation (Caltex Australia, 2019).
h) Account payable are initially measured at their fair value and subsequently at the
amortised cost.
i) Provisions were measured at their fair value.

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j) Interest-bearing liabilities were initially measured at their fair value and subsequently at
their amortised cost.
k) The share capital was measured at its fair value.
(iii) What qualitative characteristics of information exhibit in Caltex’s financial reports
According to the IASB's conceptual framework, relevance and faithful representation are key
qualitative characteristics of financial information. An entity's stakeholder entrusts auditors to
establish whether financial information disclosures relevant, true, and faithful representation of
an entity (Caltex Australia, 2019, p. 39).
Caltex Australia's financial reports were audited by KMPG. According to the audited report, the
information gave the true and fair view of Caltex Australia's financial position. Moreover, the
company had complied with the requirements of the Corporations Regulations 2001 and
Australian Accounting Standards. Lastly, the company had complied with International Financial
Reporting Standards (IFRS), which stipulates that financial information should relevant and
demonstrate the faithful representation of financial position (Caltex Australia, 2019, p. 40);
(Epstein, 2018, p. 163).
PART B
a) Comparison of Sustainability Reporting Guidelines and International Integrated Reporting
Framework
Companies and their executives are investing more time and resources to promote sustainable
practices. Both the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) and the International Integrated Reporting
Council (IIRC) seek to encourage globally accepted sustainable financial reporting. GRI has been

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pushing organisations to adopt sustainable reporting. The organisation aims to develop a
sustainability reporting where business entities include the economic, social, governance, and
environmental performance in their annual reports. GRI believes that adoption of sustainability
reporting standards will push business entities to contribute more to an effective and efficient
global economy (Deegan, 2012, p. 771).
Likewise, the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC) push for an integrated format for
a globally accepted framework for accounting. The integrated format incorporates financial,
social, governance, and environmental information. Therefore, GRI pushes for sustainability
financial reporting, while IIRC supports an integrated format of financial reporting (Camilleri,
2018).
IIRC and GRI work together regularly because of their shared missions and objectives. Through
the strategic partnership, the two organisations seek to promote the inclusion of non-financial
corporate performance indicators in financial reporting. They aim to enhance comparability, the
consistency as a way of fostering sustainable corporate practices. IIRC has a broader objective
because it incorporates sustainability reporting in its integrated format for reporting (Deloitte,
2018).
b) Rigour of the conventional accounting, based upon the Conceptual Framework for
contents of sustainability as well as integrated reports
Conventional (traditional) accounting method focuses on the financial aspect of corporate
performance. Traditionally stakeholders were more interested in the financial performance.
Considering the current environmental, social, and governance issues, stakeholders seek financial
reports that are inclusive of the financial and non-financial aspects of performance. The

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conventional accounting method cannot support sustainability and integrated accounting
reporting approaches (Brockett, 2012, p. 81]).
Likewise, the conceptual framework for financial reporting is guided by the qualitative
characteristics of relevance and faithful representation. Today companies are acknowledging the
impact their parties bring to the society and the environment. Subsequently, the corporates invest
significant resources and time to protect society and the environment by promoting sustainable
practices. In most cases, such decisions have a significant influence on corporate governance and
image. However, the impact of non-financial investments cannot be captured in the financial
reports because of the limitation of conventional accounting method. Therefore, it's time to adopt
sustainability and integrated financial reporting methods (Villiers, 2017, p. 112).
c) Applicability (usefulness or limitations) of the theories to explain contents of
sustainability as well as integrated reports
Two theories can be used to describe the applicability of the materials of sustainability and
integrated reporting. The stewardship theory is based on organisational behaviour that drives
intrinsic values and doing best to the society. The theory stipulates that higher value is created
through cooperation and not defection. The stewards (managers) maximise shareholders' wealth
by satisfying the needs of other stakeholder groups. Previously, financial reports lacked social
and environmental elements. Organisations focussed more on maximising wealth and avoiding
expenses which failed to present an accurate and fair position of entities. Therefore, the adoption
of sustainability and integrated reporting will improve an accurate and fair presentation of
business entities (Loftus, 2015, p. 500).

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The institutional theory clarifies how organisations address social and environmental issues.
According to the theory, firms should positively impact stakeholders. Key stakeholders under the
stakeholder theory are the government, NGOs, the industry, and society. Therefore, firms should
voluntary engage in CSR initiatives which should be presented in the financial reports (Deegan,
2012, p. 213).
d) Integrated Report
i) Components (criteria) of an integrated report
The table below presents the key components of an integrated report
Components Explanation
1 External environment
and organizational
overview
Describes the primary activities of the firm as well as the
environment which the firm operates.
2 Governance Governance describes a company’s governance structure. The
structure shows the company’s ability to supports value creation in
the short, medium and long run.
3 Stakeholder
relationships
The element identifies the stakeholders of a firm and the nature of
their relationship with the company
4 Capital Discusses the necessary resources required to implement CSR
initiatives and create value.
5 Business model Describes the firm’s business model, which includes elements
such as input, activities, outputs, and outcomes.
6 Performance Explains the achievements of the company in line with its strategic
objectives.
7 Internal controls,
risks and
opportunities
This component of an integrated report describes the opportunities
and risks associated with value creation. It also discusses the
internal control mechanisms to counter such risks.
ii) Elements of the integrated report in the Nedbank Group Limited
The IIRC framework prepared Nedbank's 2017 integrated report. The report focused on provides
the stakeholders with a clear picture of the company's creation of sustainable value. The
integrated report comprises of critical components such as capitals, financial elements,

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intellectual, human factor, social and relationships, business processes and structure, business
activities and their impact on natural resources, strategic focus areas, and stakeholders. For
instance, Nedbank's stakeholders are listed as the staff, shareholders, society, clients, and
regulators (Nedbank Group Limited, 2018, p. 43).
e) Bank of Queensland (BOQ) Limited 2018 sustainability report
Bank of Queensland Limited's 2018 sustainability report is based on five factors, namely
customers, community, governance, environment and people and culture. The company's
governance approach is to create value by using effective corporate governance and risk
management methods that promote the integrity of the operations. The environmental approach
focus on creating value by identifying the method of reducing the environmental impact of
operations. The community approach focus on creating value by contributing to the community's
wellbeing through donation programs and volunteering initiatives. The people and culture
approach seeks to create value by promoting social equality and justice (Bank of Queensland,
2019, p. 21).
BOQ engage in social justice and equality in several ways. One, the bank promotes employee
engagement by checking on them frequently. Two, BOQ has developed a diversified workforce
which provides benefits to the shareholders, customers, and society. Three, the banks have
created flexible work arrangements for its employees. BOQ sought to develop a productive and
satisfied workforce based on a positive work-life balance approach. The report also outlines the
respective relationships between BOQ and its stakeholders. Some of the listed stakeholders are
customers, shareholders, employees, regulators, government, Non-Government Organizations,
Suppliers, and community (Bank of Queensland, 2019, p. 66).