HPS121: Investigating Age and Psychological Entitlement Types

This report explores the connection between age and different subtypes of psychological entitlement, including active, passive, and revengeful entitlement. It discusses the influence of narcissism as a moderating factor in the relationship between age and entitlement. The study employs a questionnaire method for data collection and utilizes hierarchical regression analyses to determine the impact of age on various types of entitlement. The findings suggest that active entitlement is positively related to younger ages, while passive entitlement is more prevalent in middle to older ages, especially among individuals with higher levels of narcissism. Revengeful entitlement's relationship with age remains less clear. The research contributes to understanding the complex interplay between age, narcissism, and the manifestation of different entitlement subtypes, highlighting the importance of considering both personality and social-psychological factors in the study of entitlement. Desklib offers similar solved assignments and resources for students.

Investigating the link between age and subtypes of psychological entitlement.
Abstract
There are three dimensional models aspects of entitlement. Adaptive model and dysfunctional.
Adaptive one, describes passive and active entitlements. dysfunctional one describes revengeful
entitlement. Candel & Turliuc, (2017). Pre-emptive forms of entitlement which is related to the
well-being of someone is active entitlement. It relates to age too. Passive entitlement however is
negatively related to counterproductive measure and relatively middle or old ages. Active
entitlement is rooted individual goals. As stated in works regarding communal justice, active
entitlement is based one exertions. Regarding passive, it is grounded on the image of the
communal perspective and empathy unrelated to subjective well-being and negatively related to
unhindered agency. It is assumed the outcome negative relation of entitlement is related to age.
Revengeful entitlement is likely to be negatively or positively connected to age. In general, these
two factors (entitlement and age) influence each other but their level of influence are still guided
by some independence factors like narcissism. The study will employ questionnaire as a method
of study in collection of various data regarding age and entitlement and letter use Hierarchical
regression analyses when getting findings, Singh, K. (2007).
Introduction
Entitlement is at the heart of many discuss in society. Distribution of wealth, Acquisition of
authority, attainment of grade and allocation of resources generally revolve on entitlement. This
is the reason why studies on entitlement has been on the rise. Many scholars have tried to
understand the factor that influence this sense of special treatment. Entitlement therefore have
developed different perspective in the field of academia. It is studied in sociology, philosophy,
political science and even psychology, Kearney, M. C. (2009). Generally saying, entitlement can
be described as the sense for one to deserve a special treatment. In the psychological field most
literatures have focus on two main approaches. First approach focus on pathological aspect of
entitlement, with links to narcissism. The other aspect focus on social psychological factors with
focus to interpersonal relation. Personality perspective of psychology describes entitlement as an
unjustified unique and special treatment because of one’s personality and contributions, Martin
& Ford. (2018). This perspective employ approaches like clinical, pathological and non-

pathological approach. This perspective portrays characters like vengefulness, aggression and
expectations of success in its discussion. Social psychological perspective points out entitlement
to be a product of social justice and fairness. This is a behavior which could be non-desirable but
beneficial at some point. These behaviors are due to social position and situation not personal
actions. Despite the many studies in regards to entitlements, connection has never been
developed between the different types of entitlements. This study seeks to determine how age
affect different types of entitlement. The study will sort to discuss the limitations left in other
literatures regarding link between age and entitlement. Age affect different and many factors in
the life cycle of someone. A study is therefore important in this area to Prove how age affect
entitlement. Narcissism level though as a moderated the link between entitlement and age.
Hypothesis
Active, passive and revengeful subtypes of entitlements are affected systematically by
advancement in age.
Other factors Influencing Age and Entitlement.
Before we conducted analyses, we grouped participants into divisions, regarding to their level of
narcissism as below, equal ages to the median age for moderate and higher level of narcissism.
Narcissism level controlled the relationship between age passive entitlement. Passive entitlement
had positive moderate relation to age only among people with a higher level of narcissism and
unrelated to age in divisions with lower rate of narcissism, Cruikshank, M. (2013). It had
moderate influence with division having average narcissism level. The general interaction amid
narcissism and entitlement enabled us to derive variance between ages. High levels of active
entitlement was positively linked with early ages of the group of the study with division which
had higher narcissism ability or level. This, the link between entitlement attributes and age is
presented only among highly narcissistic groups.
Though the entitlement still moderates the interaction between age and narcissism. In examining
purpose of entitlement as mediating issue to age and narcissism. Only active entitlement was
concurrently linked to narcissism and age. We lacked more explanation for inspecting possible
intermediating issues for passive entitlement with ages. The subsidiary impact of narcissism to
ages with active entitlement was weak. Mediational evaluation revealed a negative impact for

this relationship since the regression coefficient for narcissism as an indicator of age was higher
after including active entitlement in the analytical model in assessment to the direct relationship
between narcissism and age. Age from the study increased directly and reduced indirectly with
active entitlement.
Types of Entitlement and How they are affected by age
Due to complexity of entitlement, which is documented by researchers. We resolved to
considered three types of entitlement. These were revenge, passive and active entitlement. This
model agrees to for combination of diverse features of entitlement which are personality and
social psychology as per present conceptualizations in science of literature. An entitlement is
mainly significant in skilled settings where we presume entitlement to be having negative
impact. From Zemojtel-Piotrowskaet work, active entitlement is demarcated to be an affinity to
aggressively chase personal goals and defend their interest. It is articulated in beliefs that, “I
need the finest” and “I repeatedly mandate to be treated appropriately”. It associates with locus
of control and upper self-esteem and it is positively connected to agency. On the other hand,
passive entitlement is centered to the ideas that other people and organizations have
responsibilities towards other people and that they are in charge to satisfy people’s needs. It is
worth noting that passive entitlement is positively associated to inferior self-esteem, communion
and exterior locus of control. Revengeful entitlement is distinct as safeguarding of individual
importance for examples when it is disrupted and an insistence on payback in the case of
continual affronts. Beliefs such as, “I recall damage enforced on myself for a general period”
and, “I have troubles forgiving persistent abuses”. Revenge entitlement is unrelated to both loci
of control and self-esteem but, and positively related to total agency. Revenge and active
entitlement are positively connected to entitlement psychology, and they seem to incorporate
dysfunctional (revenge) and adaptive (active) features of entitlement. Regarding passive
entitlement, it is diverse from both revenge and active entitlement in that they both cover
communal characteristic of entitlement that seems to be alike to the sense of individual welfare.
This arrangement of entitlement is largely studied within Central-European context culture.
Campbell et al (2004) describes materialistic culture to be influencing entitlement and
dissatisfaction. Campbell et al discussions influences Zemojtel-Piotrowskaet study and research
because materialism is directly related to an individual’s wellbeing. From our study we shall link

the material entitlement and how it affects the aggressive entitlement and passive entitlement.
We portray active entitlement to be directly related to an individual well-being. An individual
tend to demand rewards because they know the reward will directly affect their well-being.
Example whether students in our sample study could demand more time for break since they
knew that could affect their and their resultant behavioral tendencies if they were not accorded
such wishes. Our discussions point out that Active entitlement comes with aggression and
demand because the subjects believe that it is their right to get such privileges. In most cases
active entitlement comes with commitment to personal goals. Active entitlement comes with
demand for recognition and that calls for reward. Students who had active entitlement seek
recognition from their fellow colleagues and when they failed to get it, they could turn violent
and aggressive in their action though this should not be mistaken for vengeful entitlement. From
the result below, our study described different resultants of Active aggression.
Active entitlement vis a vie age r = .24, p<.05
Passive entitlement vis a vie age: r = -.17, p<.05
Revengefulness entitlement vis a vie age r= .30, p>.05
Most ages from 18 years to 42 years showed active entitlement. Most of these students were
young and greatly employed lots of their commitments to get life satisfaction. Example for them
they deserved academic success because all they prioritized was academics and worked hard by
spending most of their time. Active entitlement in most cases had positive result in regard to the
study. The age difference of 18 to 45 had positive result with active entitlement. At this early age
of life, most of these students had not encountered factors that could demoralized them from
their goals and vision. They therefore commit much efforts to these goals and visions. These
commitments could therefore lead to materialistic gain. Linking to the Campbell discussions,
materialistic gain was directly related to the welfare of an individual. If one successfully
achieved materialistic gain, then they were perceived to have life certifications. Active
entitlement could therefore create commitments to life success. This commitment could be
described in the little individual efforts employed like, keeping time to class, maintain attendance
in class, doing assignments in time and even preparing for the examination properly. Without
active entitlements, these commitments to better welfare could not be portrayed. The resultant

effect of this entitlement vis a vie age was a positive influence. This entitlement was positively
correlated to the age of individuals in the study.
Passive entitlement majorly occurred from social commitments and responsibilities. Most ages
from the study which was involved with social and communal issues affecting their lives were 30
to 50 years. From the description of Żemojtel-Piotrowska, passive entitlement is the vision of
issues from the communist perspective rather the subject perspective of well-being. In this
perspective of study people considered what affected their life in general. Such factors were like
the effect of the organizations existing in the communities. Example of how citizens could be
affected by the advertising strategies or the disposal mechanism employed by organizations and
companies. Most of the individuals in this group had attachment to other people example family
and relatives. They were not only concerned with their own life but with the life of those who
were attached to them too. They therefore considered issues which affected them both in general.
Most of the individuals in this set of study tend to show counter reactive behaviors to issues
which they considered not good for them generally. Revengeful entitlement is anticipated to be
undesirably correlated by age and actions. However, it is not clear how revengeful entitlement is
in relation to age and narcissism. Revengeful entitlement occurs as a result of lack of
psychological certification in the issues on considered to be his or her deserving.
Methodology
We employed questionnaire through collection of our data. A comprehensive and detailed
questionnaire was established by the study and the respondents were asked to fill it indicating
what level of narcissism they had and how their ages affected the types of entitlements. To duel
get proper facts and evenly distributed data, we employed random sampling to group the students
into their individual group of study. We divided the group into three, each group consisting of
115 individuals and each group consisted of 39 Australians. We used three bivariate correlational
analyses which matched the three groups we had created to come up with results on how
entitlements sub types affected age.
Discussion of findings
This study is to examine interrelations between age and entitlements, and to relate these findings
to preceding studies on entitlement and narcissism. Entitlement was abstracted as a dispositional

adjustable, entailing three dimensions – passive, active and revengeful entitle mental was
suggested before by some scholars, counter-productive logistic conducts are described by factors
connected to individual variables and affectivity. In present study, we observed age and
entitlement as a central dispositional features related to some human tendencies.
We assumed that active entitlements would be definitely related to age, as it is positively
connected to features identified by some scholars, as an inside locus of regulator and positive
affectivity, which have emotional impact. Study confirmed this assumption, but only among
group with some levels of narcissism, Rethemeyer, R. K. (2006). We also assumed that passive
entitlements were linked to moderate ages for the study. This feature of entitlement is communal
in perspective. That assumption was established. Though passive entitlements did not let us to
forecast age vis a vie narcissism levels. That feature of entitlement was positively associated
with inactiveness and external locus of regulator which is distinct to positive affectivity. The
detected positive connection with age was weak. Besides, passive entitlements were also
positively related to age within individuals with higher narcissism levels and with much
relatively lower ages of the study sample. Revengeful entitlement was negatively related to age.
Somewhat supporting our forecasts. Those features of revengeful entitlements linked to
commitment in harmful actions toward other individuals because of a resulted effect to the
individuals. The relationship between age and revenge entitlements was somehow independent
from narcissism levels or other manipulating factors. Analyses discovered that the positive
connection between age and active entitlement was mediated by narcissism. Former studies have
inspected the importance of narcissism and entitlement in connection to organizational behaviors
and work perspective, but they have concentrated on negative characteristics of psychological
entitlement without incorporation of the attribute of age. The current study permitted for a more
inclusive examination of the significance of entitlement to ages. These relationships were
observed among the sample population with great narcissism levels. The outcome was amazing,
chiefly because forecast between relationship regarding age difference together with entitlement
was drawn in the sample population. Highly passively entitled people for example could possibly
be positive in their occupation at middle ages. Because they got much concern and connection
with others, such as in the case where they expect healthy features of entitlement, they could be
involved in supportive actions toward their organization and less engaged in exorbitant ones.

Entitlement could be gainful for an organization’s worker, with magnificent individual view,
directing his/her anticipations to others individuals in constructive communal form.
Results
We strived to assess if there was a connection to age and sub-types of psychological entitlement
in Australia, three bivariate correlational analyses were concluded.
A significant positive and strong relationship between age and active entitlement was
established, r = .27, p =.04…, representing …20% shared variance between the two variables.
A non-significant positive and moderate relationship between age and passive entitlements was
found, r = -15, p=.03, representing 40 …% shared variances between the two variables.
A significant negative and weak relationship between age and revengefulness entitlements was
found, r = .30…, p= .07 representing …40% shared variance between the two variables.

Conclusion
We offered and tested entitlement and its link to ages. We collected the data using questionnaire.
It was possible that real findings were accustomed by different issues. This study enhances
earlier research by contributing to all-inclusive scrutiny of the entitlement phenomenon. As such,
some unexpected, affirmative analyses of this variable for age were identified. Additionally, the
current research designates the importance of the link between ages and entitlement, and chains
the assumption that psychological entitlement brings an exclusive, incremental contribution that
age influences entitlement. In following studies, longitudinal statistics should be gathered to
further inspect the effect of psychological entitlement on age and gender species. Furthermore,
the current study does not propose for the clarification of means in which apparatuses of
psychological entitlements could be accountable for the positive relations between both passive
and active entitlements to ages. Since active and passive entitlement are related to separate
inspirations. The common probable mediating factor for active entitlement comprise of advanced
individual self-esteem value together with action and positive identification with ages.

References
Candel, o. s., & Turliuc, n. (2017). An Overview of the research of Psychological Entitlement.
Cruikshank, M. (2013). Learning to be old: Gender, culture, and aging. Rowman & Littlefield.
Publishers. Definitions and Conceptual Characteristics. Romanian Journal of Biophysics, 63(4).
Kearney, M. C. (2009). Coalescing: The development of girls' studies. NWSA journal, 1-28.
Martin, R. A., & Ford, T. (2018). The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. Academic
press.
Singh, K. (2007). Quantitative social research methods. Sage.
Rethemeyer, R. K. (2006). Policymaking in the age of internet: Is the internet tending to make
policy networks more or less inclusive. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,
17(2), 259-284.