Agro-Economic and Social Barriers to Technology Adoption in Pakistan

This project proposal investigates the agro-economic and social barriers faced by small landholding farmers in Pakistan that hinder the adoption of new technologies. It highlights the importance of agriculture in Pakistan's economy and the challenges farmers face due to outdated technology, financial constraints, and social factors. The study aims to identify these barriers, analyze their impact on agricultural practices, and recommend strategies for developing and adopting new technologies to increase productivity and supply. The research questions focus on the specific social and agro-economic barriers and how technology adoption can improve the agricultural sector. The project uses a conceptual framework to link technological innovation with agricultural growth, addressing the gap in existing literature regarding the reasons for low productivity and growth in Pakistan's agricultural sector. Desklib provides access to similar past papers and solved assignments for students.

Running head: WHAT ARE THE AGRO ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BARRIERS SMALL
LAND HOLDING FARMERS ARE FACING AND HOW TO ADOPT NEW
TECHNOLOGIES IN PAKISTAN?
What are the agro economic and social barriers small land holding farmers are
facing and how to adopt new technologies in Pakistan?
Name of the Student
Name of the University

2WHAT ARE THE AGRO ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BARRIERS SMALL LAND
HOLDING FARMERS ARE FACING AND HOW TO ADOPT NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN
PAKISTAN?
Table of Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................5
1.1 Background.......................................................................................................................5
1.2 Rationale................................................................................................................................6
1.3 Problem Statement............................................................................................................7
1.4 Aim, Objectives and Research questions..........................................................................9
1.5 Research Hypothesis.........................................................................................................9
1.6 Conceptual Framework...................................................................................................10
2. Methodology..............................................................................................................................11
2.1 Research philosophy............................................................................................................11
2.2 Research Approach..............................................................................................................11
2.3 Research design...................................................................................................................12
2.4 Data collection.....................................................................................................................12
2.5 Sampling size.......................................................................................................................13
2.6 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................................14
2.7 Ethical consideration...........................................................................................................14
Timeline.....................................................................................................................................14
References......................................................................................................................................17
Appendices....................................................................................................................................20

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Appendix 1: Survey Questionnaire............................................................................................20
Appendix 2: Interview Questions..............................................................................................22

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Introduction
1.1 Background
Technology has helped several industries in attaining their goals and objectives in the
market. The digital age has been responsible for achieving success in various fields including
agriculture and farming industry. The potential of agriculture industry has been always high in
the market. It has been contributing around 17% in the global economy (Fan et al. 2013).
However, there has been issues faced in the agriculture industry of Pakistan. The small farmers
have been facing challenges in agro-economic and social barriers. As research done by Liu
(2013), there have been Rs 220 billion seed market and 750 750 private companies in Pakistan
that have potential for bringing revolution in the farming sector of Pakistan. It has been observed
that the use of technical and administrative barriers are obstructing adoption of new technologies
in the agriculture. Another problem has been identified as the adoption of new variety of seeds
expected for yielding production in the field. The financial crisis and budget constraints have
been a burden in country like Pakistan (White et al. 2013). Pakistan has been facing a huge debt
with international development agencies including World Bank (Mottaleb, Krupnik and
Erenstein 2016). Therefore, small land holding farmers have been facing financial problems in
the market. They are not able to manage their daily earnings in the social life. There have been
several regulation of government and other barriers that have been causing lack in productivity in
the agriculture industry. The small land holding farmers have been facing problems that can be
categorised in two categories including agro-economical side and social barrier. As per the
research done by Ali and Erenstein (2017), it is identified that the financial pressure over the
small farmer have been due to low productivity in the fields.

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This paper has been designed in way to provide the detailed insight into the problem
statement and the gap in the existing literature. This has been identified that the relationship of
technological innovation and agricultural growth within the context of Pakistan in reference to
the small land holding farmers have not been discussed in great detail. There lacks an
understanding on the issue since it is not clear what are the probable reasons for the lack of
productivity and growth in the agricultural sector of Pakistan. This paper will be aiming to look
into the issue of the same by undertaking detailed analysis of the social an agro-economic
barriers. It has been observed that the issue of social barrier in case of Pakistan has been the only
missing link that has limited their growth and development.
1.2 Rationale
Small land holding farmers have been facing issues in Pakistan due to low productivity in the
agricultural industry. There have been significant changes in the dependency of productivity of
crop in small land holding farmers in Pakistan (Qasim, Hubacek and Termansen 2013). Pakistan
has been lagging behind on the basis of financial background. Pakistan has been comparatively
poorer country than rest of the countries in Asia. Therefore, there have been various financial
issues faced by the citizens of the country. Small land holding farmers have been facing more
problems in the market as the revenue in the market has been low (Wossen, Berger and Di Falco
2015). The cost of the raw materials for agriculture have been high in the market. Therefore,
farmers are not able to buy seeds and other raw products for agriculture. These social and
economic barriers have been causing problems or small land holding farmers in Pakistan.
This has been argued that the government has undertaken number of initiatives in the recent
years in order to increase the role of the private players for the overall development of the

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agricultural output of this sector in Pakistan. However what has been observed here is that the
issue is more deep rooted than it appears (Abbas et al. 2017). There are number of issues and
problems attached to the development of agricultural productivity and it is even severe in case of
the small and medium farmers. This research will be analysing the same issues within the context
of Pakistan and the methodology has been developed in order to complete the task on the
expected line.
1.3 Problem Statement
The major problem identified is related to role of agriculture in Pakistan. There have been
issues faced by the farmers in Pakistan. The social and economic factors have been hampering
the production of crops in Pakistan. Pakistan has been lacking behind in the technological
advances. The technology of Pakistan has been out dated in every industries (Wharton 2017).
Therefore, there is a requirement of advance technology in the country. Small land holding
farmers have been using traditional method in their fields. This has been creating issues as the
market price of crops have been low and farmers are not getting proper prices for their crops in
the market. The revenue system of government has been ruptured and regulations have been
causing low production of crops by farmers in the field (Naveed and Anwar 2013). Small land
holding farmers have been compromising their own standard of living. The social life of small
farmers have been degrading to compromise with production of crops in the market. The relation
between agriculture and technological innovation has been intricately linked. In the case of
Pakistan, 63% of the total population is directly dependent on the agricultural output (Aslam
2016). This is one of the largest producers of wheat, cotton, sugarcane, and mango. However,

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what has been hindering their growth are the barrier that has been restricting the process of
growth and development of the agricultural sector.
This was noticed that Pakistan has 79.81 million hectares of land and more than 50% of it is
cultivable (Papanek 2019). However, it has not been cultivated due to the herculean effort
necessary for the purpose of manual cultivation. Pakistan being one of the countries having a
higher potential of agricultural productivity has been lagging behind the other countries in the
context of Asia and the world is due to the lack of infrastructure needed to promote the process
of growth (Munir et al. 2017). However, it has been identified that this lack of development is
the result of a number of agro-economic and social barriers. This study will be focusing on the
same with special consideration of the small land holding farmers in a specific region of
Pakistan. Some other problems have also been detected in this particular case. They are mainly
the adoption of the new variety of the seeds that are expected to provide better yield in the fields
(Leavy and Hossain 2014). The financial condition and the excessive constraints on the budget
of the country have affected it adversely. Pakistan is facing a large debt with the World Bank and
other international development authorities thus creating a problem for the small scale farmers.
The farmers do not earn a standard livelihood even to meet their daily needs (Lavers 2012).
Added to the problems there are various government regulations and barriers that result in lack
of the required productivity in this sector. The problems that are being faced by the small scale
farmers can be categorized into two parts that include social barrier and agro-economical side.
According to the research conducted by Kassie et al. (2013), it has been identified that the
pressure of the financial condition that prevails on the farmers are because of the low
productivity encountered in the fields. The paper discusses on the above stated problem and also

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considers the gap in the literature (Barungi et al. 2013). The relation that exists between the
agricultural growth and the technological innovations with reference to the small scale farmers
have not been considered in the discussion in details.
1.4 Aim, Objectives and Research questions
The aim of research is to study agro-economic and social barriers of small land holding
farmers in Pakistan. The impact of technology in agricultural sector in enhancing the condition
of the farmers have been focused.
Following are objectives of the research:
 To identify various challenges in agro-economic and social barriers of small land holding
farmers
 To critically analyse challenges if lack of new technology in modifying agricultural
practices
 To recommend strategies for developing new technologies in agriculture industry to
increase productivity and supply
Following are the research questions:
 What are the social barriers that are hindering the farmer’s from adopting modern
technologies in farming?
 What are the agro-economic barriers leading to the lack of development of technologies
on agriculture within the context of Pakistan?
 How adopting new technologies might help in increasing production and supply in
agriculture sector?

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1.5 Research Hypothesis
 RH1. The inefficient managing of agricultural practices leads to lower productivity of
agriculture and lack of technology is the sole responsible factor for this.
 RH2. Lack of modern technology does not tend to impact the small farmers in increasing
productivity since they do not hold the purchasing power of new technology within in
case of Pakistan.
1.6 Conceptual Framework
The technology has been a help to many industries in the context of attaining their targets and
objectives in the specified market. The digitization in the recent times is the cause behind the
success achieved in the different fields that includes farming and agriculture industries. In the
market, the capability of the agricultural sector is high as it has contributed almost 17% to the
global economy. The agriculture sector in the country of Pakistan is dealing with various issues.
The small scale farmers are facing certain challenges with respect to agro-economic and the
social barriers. As per the research conducted by Elahi et al. (2018), there exist Rs.220 billion
markets related to seeds and there are 750 private firms in the country that keep the potential to
bring required revolution in the affected sector. In the agricultural industries the usage of
technical and administrative barriers are creating a hindrance to adopt the modern technologies
(Sandhu, Hussain and Matlay 2012). There is a lack in the understanding of the issue since the
probable reasons for the growth and the low productivity are unknown. This particular paper will
look into the detailed reasons behind the cause and the research will be based on analysis of the
agro-economic and the social barriers. In case of Pakistan the issue related to social barrier is the
missing link that is responsible for stagnating their growth and development (Proctor and
Lucchesi 2012).

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2. Methodology
2.1 Research philosophy
This research will be adopting one of the research philosophies in order to conduct
further research on the given topic. Among the three research philosophies present, including
positivism and interpretivism. This study will be adopting the positivism design since it provides
ample opportunity to consider the different aspects of the existing body of literature (Fletcher
2017). This research study will be based on a mixed method of analysis, namely, quantitative and
qualitative. The reason behind the choice of this philosophy is that it is essential in all research
studies that require in-depth analysis of the issue (Kumar 2019). The rationale for rejecting the
other two methods of research is that it is primarily used in study of management issues. On the
other hand, the positivism framework will be helpful in explaining the issue in a logical and
critical manner. The positivism research philosophy has been representing research works based
on social entity. The strategy selected for research has been based on data and information
collection and development of hypothesis. The research has picked positivism research
philosophy. A positivist researcher used to follow high structured methodology for analysing
research questions and hypothesis (Alvesson and Sköldberg 2017). The utilization of positivism
philosophy has been a quantifiable observations and deals with statistical analysis of collected
data.
2.2 Research Approach
Research approach has been providing detail plan and procedures consisting of some
wide assumptions along with proper data collection process. There have been two types of
research approach including deductive and inductive approach (Choy 2014). The deductive

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approach focuses on the hypothesis of the research. Inductive research focuses on the research
objectives. Research approach has been maintaining a keen method in developing plan and
design of the research. Inductive research approach has been using the research objectives
creating the plan of approach. However, deductive research approach has been focused on
developed hypothesis. This research has selected deductive research approach as it focuses on
hypothesis of the research (Dang and Pheng 2015).
2.3 Research design
This research will be undertaking the analytical model of research. Among the present
research designs, this paper will be analysing the issue by including the analytical model since
the exploratory and explanatory method will not suffice the body of research. The analytical
research design in specific to this context since it is essential to develop the knowledge base
deepening on the level of analysis of the theories, concepts, and approaches existing (Kumar
2019). There have been three categories of research design including descriptive, explanatory
and exploratory research design. The explanatory research design focuses on explaining contents
and elements of topic in research. The exploratory research design has been helping in exploring
additional knowledge and data rejected to the research topic. However, descriptive research
design provides a proper outline for the research by focusing on objectives of the research
(Dörnyei 2015). This research will use descriptive research design as it helps in reaching to
conclusion of the research study.
2.4 Data collection
Data collection is the most significant part of any analysis since it is this body of research
that forms the primary and secondary sources of knowledge (Mackey et al. 2015). The primary

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data would be collected from the surveys and interviews of the affected participants. It will be
also based on the quantitative data collection form the case studies of the chosen field of study.
The rationale behind the choice of mixed method is simple; it will be able to provide a holistic
understanding of the issues from the perspective of the farmers affected and the form the
previous case studies conducted. For the collection of secondary data, it will be derived from the
review of the peer-reviewed journal articles and books on the issues that can provide enough
light on the issues and challenges faced by the farmers in general. There are two types of data
collection method including primary and secondary method of data collection (Dumay and Cai
2015). Primary data collection method has been focused on collecting data from participants of
online survey. Online survey with participants used to be done in primary data collection
method. The secondary data collection method focuses on collecting data from online journals,
books, articles and government databases. This research has used mixed data collection method.
Both survey and interview will be conducted in order to collect data and information for the
research (Humphries 2017).
2.5 Sampling size
What is one of the crucial aspects of any research is the issues of sampling size. This
process of the choice of segregating one unit of the population for the purpose of research which
is most essential to derive any logical conclusion from it (Silverman 2016). This paper will be
based on the probability and non-probability sampling technique. This will also be based on
some random sampling (Walliman 2017). For the purpose of the surveys, detailed questionnaires
will be prepared in order to find out the social and agro-economic barriers to the adoption of
technology for the farmers. This survey will be conducted in a number of regions in order to find

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out the patterns of similarities and disparities between them. The interview will be taken for
chosen 50 farmers while the survey questions would be open to large focus groups
(Panneerselvam 2014). In this case study, some local case studies from the government offices
would be collected to derive the accurate data. For the purpose of the secondary data collection,
books and online journals would be duly selected.
2.6 Data Analysis
Data analysis focuses on analysing data and information collected from mixed method.
There have been two types of data analysis including qualitative and quantitative data analysis
method. Quantitative analysis has been focused on primary data collection method (Quinlan et
al. 2019). Qualitative data analysis method focuses on the secondary data collection method.
This research will use mixed data analysis method that contain both quantitative and qualitative
data analysis method (Silverman 2016).
2.7 Ethical consideration
This research will follow proper ethics and values under the academic research rules and
regulations. Data and information will be secured and protected. It will be informed to the survey
participants that their personal data and information will not be used in the research. It is not to
deny that irrespective of well-planned research design, all research would be having a number of
ethical issues (Silverman 2016). Firstly, any form of symbol or signs would be refrained from
using since the research is particularly for the academic purpose. This study will be conducted
keeping in mind the academic discipline and its nature. Secondly, no participants would be
forced to give consent to the interviews (Smith 2015). Thirdly, it will be ensured that any form of
prior permission required for any particular survey or interview would be taken prior to the

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conduction of the same. The survey questions would be open-ended since it is expected to refrain
from any form of biases in opinion (Rani, Yadav and Jain 2016). Hence it is essential to
remember that the ethical and quality consideration of the research is well understood prior to the
beginning of the research study.
Timeline
Task Name Duration Start Finish Predecessors
What are the agro economic
and social barriers small
land holding farmers are
facing and how to adopt new
technologies in Pakistan?
93 days Mon 6/4/19 Wed 10/10/19
Study Initiation 11 days Mon 6/4/19 Mon 6/19/19
Study Requirements
Analysis 2 days Mon 6/4/19 Tue 6/5/19
Research topic approval 1 day Wed 6/6/19 Wed 6/6/19 2
Research plan 2 days Thu 6/7/19 Fri 6/8/19 3,2
Research Framework
development 4 days Mon 6/11/19 Thu 6/14/19 4,2
Draft Research Proposal 2 days Fri 6/15/19 Mon 6/19/19 5,4
Research Planning 21 days Tue 6/19/19 Tue 7/17/19
Research team 2 days Tue 6/19/19 Wed 6/20/19 6
Research need analysis 1 day Thu 6/21/19 Thu 6/21/19 6,8
Research questions 4 days Fri 6/22/19 Wed 6/27/19 8,9
Research scope 4 days Thu 6/28/19 Tue 7/3/19 10
Research Timeline 4 days Wed 7/4/19 Mon 7/9/19 10,11
Research time 2 days Tue 7/10/19 Wed 7/11/19 10,11,12
Research initiation 4 days Thu 7/12/19 Tue 7/17/19 13
Research Development 26 days Wed 7/19/19 Wed 8/22/19
Research problems 4 days Wed 7/19/19 Mon 7/23/19 13,14
Access to Necessary Media 1 day Tue 7/24/19 Tue 7/24/19 13,16
Access to Online Library 1 day Tue 7/24/19 Tue 7/24/19 13,16
Selection of Literary
Sources 2 days Wed 7/25/19 Thu 7/26/19 13,17,19
Literature Review 4 days Fri 7/27/19 Wed 8/1/19 19
Collection of Necessary
Data 10 days Thu 8/2/19 Wed 8/15/19 19,20

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Collection of Secondary
Data 5 days Thu 8/16/19 Wed 8/22/19 21
Data Analysis 8 days Thu 8/23/19 Mon 9/3/19
Quantitative analysis 4 days Thu 8/23/19 Tue 8/28/19 21,22
Qualitative data analysis 4 days Wed 8/29/19 Mon 9/3/19 24
Research Evaluation 13 days Tue 9/4/19 Thu 9/20/19
Data evaluation 6 days Tue 9/4/19 Tue 9/11/19 21,22,23,24
Research reflection 2 days Wed 9/12/19 Thu 9/13/19 27
Documentation of
Learning Outcomes 2 days Wed 9/12/19 Thu 9/13/19 27
Issues Identification and
Future Planning 5 days Fri 9/14/19 Thu 9/20/19 29,28
Research Closure 14 days Fri 9/21/19 Wed 10/10/19
Complete All Activities in
Research 1 day Fri 9/21/19 Fri 9/21/19 30
Research documentation 10 days Mon 9/24/19 Fri 10/5/19 32
Research validation 2 days Mon 10/8/19 Tue 10/9/19 33
Team Sign Off 1 day Wed 10/10/19 Wed 10/10/19 34

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References
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biogas adoption technology by rural farmers: The case of Faisalabad district in
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Ali, A. and Erenstein, O., 2017. Assessing farmer use of climate change adaptation practices and
impacts on food security and poverty in Pakistan. Climate Risk Management, 16, pp.183-194.
Alvesson, M. and Sköldberg, K., 2017. Reflexive methodology: New vistas for qualitative
research. Sage.
Barungi, M., Edriss, A., Mugisha, J., Waithaka, M. and Tukahirwa, J., 2013. Factors influencing
the adoption of soil erosion control technologies by farmers along the slopes of Mt. Elgon in
eastern Uganda. Journal of Sustainable Development, 6(2), p.9.
Choy, L.T., 2014. The strengths and weaknesses of research methodology: Comparison and
complimentary between qualitative and quantitative approaches. IOSR Journal of Humanities
and Social Science, 19(4), pp.99-104.
Dang, G. and Pheng, L.S., 2015. Research methodology. In Infrastructure Investments in
Developing Economies (pp. 135-155). Springer, Singapore.
Dörnyei, Z., 2015. Applied Linguistics. Oxford University Press.
Dumay, J. and Cai, L., 2015. Using content analysis as a research methodology for investigating
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HOLDING FARMERS ARE FACING AND HOW TO ADOPT NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN
PAKISTAN?
Elahi, E., Abid, M., Zhang, L., ul Haq, S. and Sahito, J.G.M., 2018. Agricultural advisory and
financial services; farm level access, outreach and impact in a mixed cropping district of Punjab,
Pakistan. Land use policy, 71, pp.249-260.
Fan, S., Brzeska, J., Keyzer, M. and Halsema, A., 2013. From subsistence to profit:
Transforming smallholder farms (Vol. 26). Intl Food Policy Res Inst.
Humphries, B., 2017. Re-thinking social research: anti-discriminatory approaches in research
methodology. Routledge.
Kassie, B.T., Hengsdijk, H., Rötter, R., Kahiluoto, H., Asseng, S. and Van Ittersum, M., 2013.
Adapting to climate variability and change: experiences from cereal-based farming in the Central
Rift and Kobo Valleys, Ethiopia. Environmental management, 52(5), pp.1115-1131.
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investment in Ethiopia. Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(1), pp.105-132.
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food prices. IDS Working Papers, 2014(439), pp.1-44.
Liu, E.M., 2013. Time to change what to sow: Risk preferences and technology adoption
decisions of cotton farmers in China. Review of Economics and Statistics, 95(4), pp.1386-1403.
Mottaleb, K.A., Krupnik, T.J. and Erenstein, O., 2016. Factors associated with small-scale
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Naveed, M.A. and Anwar, M.A., 2013. Agricultural information needs of Pakistani
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PAKISTAN?
Proctor, F. and Lucchesi, V., 2012. Small-scale farming and youth in an era of rapid rural
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Appendices
Appendix 1: Survey Questionnaire
Questions related to attitude
1. I think crops are important part for my farm.
Strongly Strongly
Unimportant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 important
2. I feel happy to have indigenous crops in my farmland.
Strongly Strongly
disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 agree
4. My attitude toward using new technology in the farm is
Highly Highly
useless 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Useful
5. My aim is to increase production volume and economic return from other staple crops,
rather to growing indigenous crops with low return.
Strongly Strongly

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disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 agree
6. Public and non-governmental authorities think I should grow indigenous crops on my
farm.
Strongly Strongly
disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 agree
Questions related to perceived behavioural control
1. I have sufficient knowledge that indigenous crops thrive well in adverse climatic
condition.
Definitely Definitely
not 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 yes
2. Decision to grow indigenous crops in my farm entirely depends upon me.
Definitely Definitely
not 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 yes

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3. If I want to grow indigenous crops in my farm, I have sufficient resources and
knowledge.
Definitely Definitely
not 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 yes
1. What is your gender?
 Male
 Female
2. What is your age?
 Below 20 years
 21-30 years
 31-40 years
 41-50 years
 Above 50 years
3. How many years you are doing farming?
 Below 5 years
 6-10 years
 11-15 years
 16-20 years
 Above 21 years
4. What problems are you facing in farming?

22WHAT ARE THE AGRO ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BARRIERS SMALL LAND
HOLDING FARMERS ARE FACING AND HOW TO ADOPT NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN
PAKISTAN?
 Low market price
 Poor government regulation
 Low revenue in the market
 High competition
 Increased cost of seeds
5. How these problems in farming can be solved?
 Advanced technology
 Proper infrastructure
 Revised government regulations
 Training

23WHAT ARE THE AGRO ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL BARRIERS SMALL LAND
HOLDING FARMERS ARE FACING AND HOW TO ADOPT NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN
PAKISTAN?
Appendix 2: Interview Questions
1. What is the current state of your company related crop production?
2. What challenges are faced by your company in the market?
3. How this challenges can be overcome?