Financial Analysis: CVP, Pricing, and Funding for AHTC (Finance)

This report provides a comprehensive financial analysis of Angamah Happy Tours Company (AHTC). It examines the application of Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) analysis in financial management, evaluating its importance in cost and pricing decisions within the travel and tourism sector. The report assesses various pricing methods, including cost-plus, mark-up, demand-based, and competition-based pricing, to determine optimal pricing strategies for AHTC's holiday trips. Furthermore, it analyzes factors influencing profit, such as changes in meal costs, tax rates, and fuel prices. The report also explores management accounting information, including forecasting and budgeting, and evaluates investment appraisal techniques such as NPV and payback period. Ratio analysis is conducted to interpret financial statements and assess profitability, liquidity, efficiency, and investment. Finally, the report identifies potential internal and external sources of funding for AHTC's development, including the expansion of a new hotel.

Finance and
Funding

TABLE OF CONTENTS
introduction .....................................................................................................................................4
Task 1...............................................................................................................................................4
A. Examining the concept of CVP analysis along with evaluating its importance in the fiscal
management of a travel and tourism organization such as AHTC [P1.1]...................................4
B. Providing an evaluation of different pricing methods that can be used by AHTC to
determine the price to charge each tourist for one trip [P1.2].....................................................5
C. Analyzing the factors that will influence the profit AHTC will earn on the holiday trip
[P1.3]............................................................................................................................................6
D1 ................................................................................................................................................7
Task 2...............................................................................................................................................9
A. Explaining the wide range of management accounting information or data that are
considered in AHTC [P2.1].........................................................................................................9
B. Assessing the use of investment appraisal techniques as decision-making tools [P 2.2]......10
Task 3.............................................................................................................................................12
A. Interpreting the financial statements using appropriate ratios for profitability, liquidity,
efficiency, and investment [P3.1]..............................................................................................12
Task 4.............................................................................................................................................15
A. Analyzing the sources of funding that includes both internal and external that could help
the company for development of the new hotel [P4.1]..............................................................15
Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................17

INDEX OF TABLES
Table 1: Calculation of NPV for Proposal A..................................................................................9
Table 2: Calculation of NPV for Proposal B..................................................................................9
Table 3: Calculation of Payback period.........................................................................................10
Table 4: Ratio analysis ..................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
In the contemporary business environment, financial management is one of the most
crucial aspects of business management. In this context, it can be sated that every business entity
has to develop appropriate strategies in order to assess wide range of funds for attainment of
distinct business requirement such as expansion of business and new product development
(Lasher, 2010). In the process of financial management, the assessment of current profitability
and market position of company is playing vital role in selection of best source of finance as per
the ability of business to repay the loan value.
In the context of present assessment, this report tries to assess the importance of cost
value and profit analysis in various business decisions of Angamah Happy Tours Company. In
addition to that this report also evaluates different investment appraisal tactics through which the
management expands its hospitality and hotel business. It also determines different sources of
funds to meet business requirement. This report also carries out a ratio analysis to determine its
importance in business decision making process.
TASK 1
A. Examining the concept of CVP analysis along with evaluating its importance in the fiscal
management of a travel and tourism organization such as AHTC [P1.1]
Cost-Volume-Profit [CVP] analysis is being termed as analytical tool for studying the
relationship between volume, cost, prices, and profits. In the context of travel and tourism
business, this approach has been found very effective in evaluation of cost and pricing of
different services within hospitality business (Kaplan and Atkinson, 2015). It is very much an
extension, or even a part of marginal costing. It assists management in profit planning process as
per the distinct need of firm. With the help of CVP analysis, the management of Cost-Volume-
Profit is able to carry out foral profit planning and control in which management uses different
budgets and other forecasts. Therefore, it can be stated that the CVP analysis provides only an
overview of the profit planning process along with this approach examines the purpose and
reasonableness of such budgets and forecasts.
Importance of Cost-Volume-Profit [CVP] analysis in financial management of a travel and
tourism business such as AHTC
 In the context of travel and tourism business, CVP analysis assists management by
providing an insight into the effects and inter-relationship of factors associated with
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financial management such as costing of hospitality services, profit margin and etc.
Which influence the profits of the firm (Anderson and et.al, 2015). The relationship
between cost, volume and profit provides a basis to travel and tourism firm to determine
the profit structure that helps organization for handling of various aspects of financial
management as per the distinct needs of Angamah Happy Tours Company. Therefore, it
can be stated that the CVP relationship becomes essential for budgeting and profit
planning.
 In the context of financial management, profit planning plays important role through
which management is able to good profit within good price. As a starting point in profit
planning, CVP analysis has been found very effective to assess the maximum sales
volume to avoid losses which is equal to cost of travel and tourism related services
(Chandra, 2011). Furthermore, this system assists tour operator to determine the sales
volume in the financial planning through which different objectives of the firm will be
achieved associated with profitability. As an ultimate objective it helps in evaluation of
various most profitable mixture that is related with costs and quantity that provides
assistance in determination of sales target as per the corporate goals.
 The travel and tourism industry is greatly influenced by different seasonal element. In
this context, AHTC has to consider the dynamic management so as application of CVP
analysis helps manager in order to predict and evaluate the implications of its short run
decisions associated with the fixed costs, marginal costs, sales volume and selling price
for its profit plans on a continuous basis (Moyer and et.al, 2011).
B. Providing an evaluation of different pricing methods that can be used by AHTC to determine
the price to charge each tourist for one trip [P1.2].
In the context of travel and tourism sector, AHTC can use different kinds of pricing
tactics in order to determine reliable price to charge each tourist on the trip. In this regard, some
most important pricing tactics are evaluated below:
 Cost plus pricing: It is termed as most widely used tool which is used by each business
entity to determine final price of products and services. It involves the addition of a
certain proportion to cost to determine an appropriate price (Petty and Gruber, 2011).
This approach has been found simpler approach in which AHTC determines the costs and
add a definite percentage to get at the selling price.
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 Mark-up pricing: It is a variation of cost pricing in which mark-up values are evaluated
by considering a proportion of the selling price. In this process of percentage of the cost
price is not considered in determination selling price. It plays important role in the
pricing of high end goods and services.
 Demand-based Pricing: According to this approach, the price of a product or service is
determined as per its market demand. When the demand of particular product is going up
than business entity sets high prices in order to gain more profit from different products
and services (Driouchi and Bennett, 2012). On the other hand, when the demand of
certain product is less than the low prices are used by companies in order to attract the
customers. This tool plays important role in pricing of tour packages of AHTC due to
great impact of seasonality factor. The success of demand-based pricing is mainly
associated with the ability of marketing department of company.
 Competition-based Pricing: This approach is considered as an important tool through
which an organization sets the prices of different products and service as per the pricing
of competitors. In this context, the organization may charge higher, lower, or equal prices
by considering the prices of its competitors to handle market competition (Lusardi, 2012).
The aviation business is termed as the best illustration competition-based evaluation in
which airline companies charge the same or fewer prices for same routes as charged by
their competitors.
C. Analysing the factors that will influence the profit AHTC will earn on the holiday trip [P1.3].
As per the given case, The Angamah Happy Tours Company (AHTC) is planning a
summer holiday trip to a Caribbean Holiday Resort lasting one month. In this context, there have
been several factors are evaluated that influence the profit earning capacity of business entity
from particular holiday cost trip. In this context, some most important factors are explained
below:
 Change in cost of meal: The cost of food products plays vital role in determination of
costing of different food products which are offered by Angamah Happy Tours Company
during breakfast, lunch and dinner (Merigó and Casanovas, 2011). In this context, it has
been analysed that it prices of food ingredients are raised than the tour operator faces
increase in cost that would reduce the profit business. Therefore, prices of food product
are creating great impact on the overall costing of holiday package. As per the given case,
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company charges £125 per tourist for meals. Henceforth, increase in cost of food
ingredients would increase price of food meals.
 Change in tax rate: Several taxes are imposed by public authority on various elements of
travel and tourism business such as service tax on accommodation, air transportation etc.,
property tax, green tax etc. All these taxes have direct impact on the cost and pricing of
different services which are offered by Angamah Happy Tours Company. If the public
authority influences tax rates than business entity would face increment in costing and
reduction in profit margin (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2013). This is because there is very
tough competition identified in travel and tourism business so as increase in price of
hospitality services could reduce the demand of travel or holiday packages of Angamah
Happy Tours Company.
 Variation in fuel prices: The cost of air-ticket posses maximum share in the overall
costing of holiday package of (AHTC) related to holiday trip to a Caribbean Holiday
Resort lasting one month. A small increment in fuel price leads negative impact on profit
of business entity (Schroeder, Clark and Cathey, 2011). This is because the management
of (AHTC) cannot increase the price of tour package in comparison of fuel price.
Therefore, business entity develops appropriate strategies for managing the performance
and profitability as per the current market trends. This thing influences the current cost of
air-ticket and accommodation which is £50,000.
D1
Total number of
passenger 90
Price per member of
holiday trip 750
Meals cost charge by
company from
tourist 125
Total price 875
Total revenue of
company from 90
tourist 78750
Total cost of
company 50000
Profit of company 28750
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As per the above analysis, Angamah Happy Tours Company should organize a tip of 90
people. This is because company will generate good profit that could be £128750 which is more
than £10,000 as per the projected profit of company. By organizing a one month holiday trip to a
Caribbean Holiday Resort, organization would generate good return. Therefore, it can be
concluded a holiday plan from 90 people is beneficial of organization.
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TASK 2
A. Explaining the wide range of management accounting information or data that are considered
in AHTC [P2.1].
The AHTC offers wide range of holiday packages as per the distinct needs of consumers.
In this context, the management of AHTC collects wide range of management accounting
information from distinct sources and accounting statements that play important role in strategic
planning process such as expansion of business in markets, new product development,
establishment of new ventures, mergers etc (Bierman Jr and Smidt, 2012). These entire elements
are playing important role for attainment of wide range of business objective. Different types of
management accounting information which are used by AHTC are evaluated below:
 Forecasting: It is a most important approach which is used by each business for carrying
out strategic planning in order to assess the competitive edge over other firms. In the
planning for future operations, AHTC can carry out of forecasting. The primary objective
of the forecasting process is to predict or assess the result of future business operations
through trend analysis by evaluating the past revenue, sales as well as growth data (Adler,
2013). On the basis this information, AHTC is able to develop future plans associated
with business expansion and development of new products and services.
 Budgeting: In the context of travel and tourism business, the budget process helps
management of Angamah Happy Tours Company in allocation capital future operations
as per the forecast. On the basis of this information, business entity allocates the funds for
new product development and merger along with acquisition of new firms.
 Variance Analysis as well as Cost Accounting: The term variance analysis is termed as
procedure for carrying systematic comparison of the actual accomplished expenses with
reference to budgeted expenses. By assessing variation between actual and budgeted
expense of various services provided in holiday packages (Zager and Zager, 2006). Tour
operator firm is able to implement appropriate strategies for reducing cost and improving
service quality.
 Ratio Analysis: Ratio analysis is considered as most important source of accounting
information. It provides wide range of information associated with liquidity, profitability
and efficiency of firm (Lasher, 2010). With reference to different ratio, AHTC is able to
predict profitability trends and current liquidity position of firm that lead significant
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impact on various strategic decision such as assessment of new source of funds and
handling of market competition etc.
 Accounting for Decision Making: Management accounting is termed as a process of in
which business entity uses wide range of accounting data through top management of
business is able to take appropriate business decisions with reference to current trends,
facts, etc. (Kaplan and Atkinson, 2015). All strategic decision such as improvement in
service quality, costing, business expansion, etc. are mainly based on different kinds
accounting data that have been gained through different accounting process.
B. Assessing the use of investment appraisal techniques as decision-making tools [P 2.2]
In the process business expansion, an organization uses wide range of investment
appraisal tactics to assess efficiency and profitability of investment project. Angamah Happy
Tours Company can consider below mentioned approaches to examine different investment
proposal to increase variety of services:
 Net present value: This approach provides assistance to organization in order to measure
the present value of future cash inflow as per the particular discounted rate (Anderson
and et.al, 2015). This process is very help full in travel tourism business in assessment of
present value future cash inflow.
Table 1: Calculation of NPV for Proposal A
Year
Cash Inflow in
Proposal A (£) D.F @ 12% Present Value(£)
1 20000 0.892 17840
2 20000 0.797 15940
3 20000 0.711 14220
4 20000 0.635 12700
5 20000 0.567 11340
6 20000 0.506 10120
Total Present Value
82160
Less: Initial
Investment
100000
Net Present Value
-17840
10

Table 2: Calculation of NPV for Proposal B
Year
Cash Inflow
occurred from
Proposal B (£) D.F (12%)
Present
Value(£)
1 22000 0.892 19624
2 22000 0.797 17534
3 22000 0.711 15642
4 22000 0.635 13970
5 22000 0.567 12474
6 22000 0.506 11132
Total
Present
Value 90376
Less:
Initial
Investment 120000
Net
Present
Value
-29624
 Payback period: The payback period is termed as most important part of business
decision. Especially, in the case of Angamah Happy Tours Company, this approach has
been found very effective for assessment of appropriate information about the time
duration in which an organization will be able to recover all initial finance in particular
project (Chandra, 2011).
Formula:
Payback Period = A + (B/C)
A= Total duration with a negative CCI
B= Absolute value of cumulative cash flow at the end of the period A
C= Cash flow during the period after A
Table 3: Calculation of Payback period
Year
Cash Inflow (A)
(£)
Cumulative cash
(CCI) inflow
Cash Inflow
Proposal B (£)
Cumulative
cash inflow
(CCI)
-100000 -100000 -120000 -120000
Year 1 20,000 -80,000 22000 -98000
Year 2 20,000 -60,000 22000 -76000
Year 3 20,000 -40,000 22000 -54000
Year 4 20,000 -20,000 22000 -32000
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Year 5 20,000 0 22000 -10000
Year 6 20,000 20,000 22000 12000
Initial Investment 100000 120000
Payback period 5 years 5.45 years
Project A= 5+0/20000=5 years
Project B= 5+ (10000/22000) =5.45 years
As per the above assessment, it has been evaluated that the net present value of both
proposal A and B is negative. But, the assessment of payback period is determined that Proposal
A is beneficial for business entity. This is because the net present value of Proposal A is better
that Proposal B due to better net present value and lower payback period. So, travel and tourism
firm should select Proposal A.
TASK 3
A. Interpreting the financial statements using appropriate ratios for profitability, liquidity,
efficiency, and investment [P3.1]
Financial statements of the business has found very effective to determine the financial
position and functional performance of a firm that assists business entity in order to assess
present business position. The evaluation of financial ratios of TUI Travel is carried out below:
Table 4: Ratio analysis
Type of Ratio Financial Ratio
TUI Travel
Analytical Ratios
(2014)
TUI Travel ratios
(2013)
Profitability
Ratio
Gross Profit Ratio
= Gross Profit(GP)
* 100/ Sales
= 1691 * 100/ 14619
= 11.57 % 11.00%
Profitability
Ratio
Net Profit Ratio =
Net Profit (NP)*
100/ Sales
= 187 *100/ 14619
= 1.28 % 0.40%
Liquidity Ratio
Current Ratio =
Current
Assets(CA)/
Current
Liabilities(CL)
= 2928 / 5488
= 0.53 times 0.55 times
Liquidity Ratio
Quick Ratio =
Quick assets/
Current Liabilities
= (2928-56) / 5488
= 0.52times
0.43 times
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