Assessment 2: Ethical Implications of AI in Healthcare

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Assessment 2: Moral Dilemma Analysis
Report
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Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................3
Discussion..................................................................................................................................4
Moral Dilemma......................................................................................................................4
The risk associated with the AI solution................................................................................4
ACS code of conduct for Information Security Professionals...............................................5
Ethical decision-making framework......................................................................................6
Summary................................................................................................................................8
Research Synthesis Matrix.........................................................................................................9
Conclusion................................................................................................................................12
References................................................................................................................................13
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Introduction
Ethical decision making is a process under which an individual considers all moral and values
properly and then initiate some appropriate judgment. It is really essential to determine moral
dilemma analysis while indulging in any ethical aspect so that better judgment leads to take
place (Reynolds and Hemal, 2019). This assessment will be focused on ethical consideration
require IS professionalism so that they can design an artificial intelligence system. This
system will be helped to automate health insurer decision while signifying about the new
health insurance policy. A research synthesis matrix leads to developed so that all resources
lead to assess in an appropriate manner.
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Discussion
Moral Dilemma
In the insurance industry, insurer is currently focusing on artificial intelligence so that they
can indicate and provide clear information to the person about health care policy (Markus and
Mentzer, 2014). Artificial intelligence is a computer-generated act which reflect as human
acts. AI is helpful to indicate things properly with visual and learning effects by considering
the robotics aspect and elements. Thus, it is really essential for IT professionals to design
artificial intelligence solutions so that they lead to automate the health insurer decision about
newly developing health insurance policy. While developing the system, some major aspects
which need to consider by the IT professionals are:
 ACS code of practices
 Ethical aspect
 Stakeholders
 Process and procedure
All these are some important aspects on which IS professionals need to focus while
developing AI so that they can provide clear information about a health insurance policy.
These factors are needed to undertake while developing AI solutions so that all factors lead to
operating in the right direction (Bonde, et. al., 2016). While developing the solution, IS
professionals can encounter with the certain risk associated with stakeholders. A clear
assessment of such risk is required so that work lead to getting done in the right direction in
an appropriate manner.
The risk associated with the AI solution
IT professionals need to understand certain risk while developing a system for an insurance
company. These risk factors are important to undertake so that AI solution becomes effective
which provide clear information about the policy to users. Following are some of the risk
which need to undertake by IS professionals for better development of software (The risks of
Artificial Intelligence, 2019):
 Transparency: Mainly AI system only provides input and output of the data but not
indicates the other factors associated with it. Thus, IS professionals need to work
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more and more on a solution so that it can provide appropriate information to policy
user about the health insurance policy. It is really essential to understand this frame to
fulfill the honest code of ethics.
 Liability for actions: are professionals need to understand the reason for the system
properly so that they can take responsibility for every action. It needs to interpret
every single action about policy include every little terms and condition properly.
Liability for action includes professionalism code of ethics under which professionals
held responsible for their actions.
These are some sort of risk associated with artificial intelligence solution in the insurance
industry. Companies can use it to provide health insurance benefits to the users. It is a moral
duty of IS professional to work on this frame as they held responsible for the actions. They
need to focus on the ACS code of practices so that an efficient artificial intelligence solution
lead to developing. A clear evaluation is needed to undertake about ACS code of practices
while developing an AI solution for insurance companies.
ACS code of conduct for Information Security Professionals
The Australian computer system has been drafted some of the code of conduct which needs
to follow by the professionals properly (Boland and Mogk, 2018). These aspects are helpful
for the professional to understand the different frame about practices and maintain ethical and
valid practices. Below is a description of the ACS code of conduct which needs to initiate by
the IS professionals while developing an AI system:
 The primacy of public interest: One of the most important aspects on which IS
professionals need to work and focus is the primacy of public interest (Mill, 2016). IT
professionals need to understand and preserve the public interest include stakeholders
above own personal interest, business interest, etc. It is really essential for IT
professionals to understand this frame while developing an AI solution for an
insurance company. They need to mainly focus on consumers rather than business
profit. If they are going to harm this code of conduct then it results in inappropriate
consideration and may harm their future as well.
 Enhance the quality of life: Another factor on which IS professionals need to focus
on is an enhancement of quality of life. It is really essential for professionals of
information and security to develop such software which motivates a better life of
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stakeholders. AI solution can be helpful for the stakeholders to make insurance policy
more clear to people so that their life objective lead to accomplishing properly.
 Honesty: According to the theory of Rule Utilitarianism it is really essential for the
professional to maintain honesty with work and protect client's rights (Herschel and
Miori, 2017). IS professionals need to work in favor of stakeholders and manage
honesty among work so that stakeholder's rights lead to maximize and maintain. Thus,
it is really essential for IS professionals to maintain honesty with their work while
developing an AI solution for an insurance company.
 Professional development: IS professionals need to uphold their duty properly and
fulfill all required criteria. Professional development leads to take place while
working in favor of society and maintain honesty towards them. During the case of AI
solution for insurance company, it is really essential for professionals to work with
honesty to maximize professional development with work in favor of stakeholders.
 Professionalism: IS professionals are required to focus on professionalism properly
where business needs to gain the trust of society by developing a social contract.
Professionals need to work as per the standard of people and gain trust as well. IS
professionals need to develop appropriate artificial intelligence solution which
indicates input, outcome and other aspects of the policy clearly to develop a social
contract and trust?
Ethical decision-making framework
Ethical decision-making framework is helpful to develop appropriate ethics and values for the
people to get the appropriate decision. This decision-making framework is helpful for the IS
professionals and companies so that they lead to work in favor of society and stakeholders.
Below is an ethical decision-making framework which assist the company to foresight the
long term benefits for the society and upraising of standard in a long term manner:
Framework Public Vulnerabl
e
Shareholder
s
Staff Manager
s
Client
s
Industry
Benefits if
action is
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Moderat
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universalized
?
e
Harm if
action is
universalized
?
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Logical
contradiction
if
universalized
?
Yes No Yes No No Yes No
Used as a
means to end,
violating
their rights?
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Violating
rights, seen as
unjust (to
powerless),
action-taker
has more
power?
- - Yes - Yes - High
power
This ethical decision-making framework is helpful to assess different aspects on the basis of
risk and ACS code of practices. This framework will be indicated various benefits around the
universe for all the individual and stakeholders associated with the insurance company. It
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seems to provide benefit to the public, shareholders as well as vulnerable people as they get
understand about the policies more properly. Industry policymakers have power when they
found any company violating the rights. Hence, this framework is helpful for the stakeholders
so that they can get better services with the development of AI solution. All professionals
need to manage and maintain the ACS code of practices for the welfare of society. They need
to consider different theories as well to manage the code of ethics.
The three major theories which need to use by IS professional while developing any solution
for clients:
 Deontological theory
 Utilitarianism theory
 Social contract theory
All these are some helpful theories which enforce IS professional to protect the rights of
stakeholders and work in favor of them. This will result in them to getting a beneficial
outcome.
Summary
The moral dilemma analysis includes different aspects through which IS professionals lead to
manage their work in an appropriate manner. Various theories, framework development, ACS
code of practices anticipated as a part of moral dilemma analysis. It enables in ascertain
effective outcome so that IS professionals can develop suitable software. This also includes
some risk so that IS professional can ascertain them to protect the rights of stakeholders.
Insurance company and IS professionals need to understand these all for the protection of
their stakeholders.
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Research Synthesis Matrix
Sources Multiple Roles Relationship Environment
Reynolds, C.R. and
Hemal, A.K., 2019
Helpful in assessing
the role of IT in
medical science or in
another stream so
that AI can be
utilized properly with
the context of ethical
theory.
It is helpful to
indicate the role of
new technology in
the industry to define
effective services to
stakeholders.
Basically, involve
information in the
medical industry and
association of
technology in other
industries.
Markus, M.L. and
Mentzer, K., 2014
It is helpful to
indicate the
relationship between
ICT technologies
with future.
It mainly revolves
around the
Information and
Technology industry
so that effective
assessment of the
future of technology
lead to assess
properly.
Bonde, S., Briant, C.,
Firenze, P., Hanavan,
J., Huang, A., Li, M.,
Narayanan, N.C.,
Parthasarathy, D. and
Zhao, H., 2016
This article is helpful
to identify the role of
ethical decision
making in the
different industrial
sector.
It mainly investigates
the factor in science
and engineering
environment with
examples of some
other environments
as well.
The risks of Artificial
Intelligence, 2019
This article is helpful
to indicate the
relationship between
IS professionals with
the code of ethics. It
also indicates the risk
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align with IS
professionals work.
Boland, M.A. and
Mogk, D.W., 2018
This article reflects
the role of scientific
integrity with ethics.
It allows to
understand the roles
of professionals in IT
division for better
welfare of the
society.
It mainly
concentrates on the
IT environment and
practices so that
efficient judgment
leads to carry down
for the stakeholders.
Thus, such guidelines
are required to follow
in the business and
mainly develop in the
University of science
and computer for
effective knowledge.
Mill, J.S., 2016 This theory is helpful
to describe the role of
ethics in multiple
criteria and aspects.
This theory is helpful
to describe the
various roles of
ethics in an
appropriate manner.
This theory of article
is helpful to draft the
relationship between
ethics and working
practices of IS. IS
professionals need to
draft the working
relationship with the
ethical frame so that
they can prepare
effective and
appropriate
judgment?
This theoretical
background is helpful
to describe the role of
theory of ethics in the
real world
environment. It
revolves in the
Information and
security environment
in computer
practices. Thus, the
ethical environment
is needed to assess in
the context of IT
sector for efficient
awareness of use.
Herschel, R. and It is helpful to define In mainly constitute
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Miori, V.M., 2017 the relationship
between big data and
ethical frame in the
technological ground
so that all aspects
lead to incorporate in
a relevant manner.
in the environment of
technology in an IT
organization so that
business can
facilitate things in an
appropriate and
suitable manner.
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Conclusion
It gets summarise form the above report that IS professionals need to assess the risk and
benefits align with their work. It has been analyzed that while developing AI for insurance
company, transparency and liability of action measure as critical problems and issues. Along
with this, the ACS code of conduct has assessed as an essential part of Moral Dilemma
analysis through which efficient practices lead to assess in an appropriate manner. The ethical
framework has helped to assess the reliability of data properly in the context of stakeholders
for welfare and development. Research synthesis matrix has supported to assess the validity
of source articles.
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