AI in Healthcare: Benefits, Challenges, and Ethical Considerations

This report explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare, particularly within the NHS, focusing on its capabilities, benefits, and challenges. It identifies three key capabilities of AI: personalization and profiling, prediction, and pattern recognition/anomaly detection. The report analyzes the benefits of AI, such as improved prediction of diseases, real-time data provision for better clinical decision-making, and streamlined tasks like appointment scheduling and claim management. It also addresses challenges, including the potential for inaccuracy due to misleading data, the necessity of human surveillance, and issues with pattern recognition and algorithm biases. Furthermore, the report evaluates ethical, social, and legal challenges, including concerns about safety and transparency, algorithm fairness and biases, data privacy, unemployment due to AI adoption, lack of trust in AI outcomes, and the threat of confidentiality violations. The overall aim is to provide a balanced perspective on the integration of AI in healthcare, highlighting both its potential and the critical issues that need to be addressed.

Principles of Health
Informatics

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1:..................................................................................................................................3
Identify three (3) capabilities of artificial intelligence. Then analyse the challenges and
benefits of its employment in healthcare delivery..................................................................3
TASK 2:..................................................................................................................................4
Evaluate three (3) ethical, social and legal challenges artificial intelligence presents for
patients and clinicians.............................................................................................................4
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................7
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION
The artificial intelligence plays one of the vital role in the healthcare system, it offers the
real time data analytics. In addition to this is assist in developing the more effective physician
and patient relationship. Moreover, by the adoption of the mentioned tool in the operational
functions support the healthcare professional offers more adaptive facilities to their patient. The
AI technologies offers the more precise information and realistic data, which further used in
adopting the more critical clinical decision making. It eliminates the patient wait times, enhanced
preventives steps, as well as also cost saving. In addition to this the mentioned report will
highlight the use of these AI in the operational functions of the NHS (Hebda, Hunter, & Czar,
2019).
NHS is the public funded healthcare system in England. It is one of the largest single
payer healthcare systems. Moreover, the main aim of the mentioned healthcare system is to offer
the effective services to their patient. In addition to this the mentioned report will highlight the
capabilities of artificial intelligence in the context of healthcare sector. Further the report will
also evaluate the challenges and benefits of implication of these tools in offering the healthcare
services. Furthermore, ethical, legal and social challenges occurred due to the implication of
artificial intelligence for patient and clinicians.
MAIN BODY
TASK 1:
Identify three (3) capabilities of artificial intelligence. Then analyse the challenges and benefits
of its employment in healthcare delivery
The use of AI technologies is increasing rapidly in the healthcare system. By the use of
such technology’s clinicians get the more reliable data that assist them to take the more effective
decisions in order to serve the better services to their patient. In regard to this the mentioned
health care system using the Effective AI technologies in their operational process that facilitate
them in order to identify essential insights for prioritizing critical cases, offers more reliability to
read the electronic health records. Therefore, there are various capabilities of artificial
intelligence that assist in better performance of their operational functions (Saliu, 2021).

 Personalization and Profiling- The AI technology uses the machine learning in order to
understand the persons as a unique individual. In addition to this, by the use of such
techniques the predication of individual like and dislikes are performed more effectively.
 Predications- The mentioned capability analyse the current data and offers the prediction
that could be happen in the future. It analyse the pattern, uses historical data etc.
Therefore, through the use of such practice offers the more effective solutions.
 Pattern recognition and anomaly detection- The respected system assist in identifying
the same pattern, and briefly analyse what is right and what is wrong in such pattern.
Therefore, by the use of such practice the mentioned healthcare system consistently
analyses their daily practises and deploy the effective practises in in regard to the
identified issues (Dean, Roberts, and Stavisky, 2018).
challenges and benefits of AI in healthcare delivery
Benefits
AI used in prediction By the use of AI technology clinician’s of NHS xplore their patient data
and forecast these data according to the certain disease and disorders. Moreover various studies
has proved that AI technologies detected traditional diseases more effectively, which includes
rare hereditary As well as Nero degenerative disease. In addition to this AI deployable external
factors in regard to offers more realistic data and predict effective practices in order to resolve
the identify disease. In regard to this the AI technology interpret social determinants as well as
includes lifestyle choices open individual health another to develop more effective estimate
outcome. Therefore, the management of NHS used such productive technology in their
operational functions in which they forecast all the datas and lifestyle choices of the year
patience. Furthermore, these data critically analysed and and effective healthcare service are
developed according to their patient requirement.
Provide real time data One of the major tasks of diagnosing and addressing medical issues
is regard to acquired accurate information offer patient in a timely manner. Hence the
mentioned organization uses AI technologies which develop personalizing and profiling
according to the individual patient health regarding issues. Therefore by the use of such
technology the doctors of NHS leverage immediate and precise data in order to deploy more
critical clinical decision making. It also assist them to offer rapid and realistic result which
eliminates patient wait times as well as improved preventive steps in the complete health

process. Therefore through the use of real time data an effective report are developed which
Considers all the relatable informations of the patient. Hence it assist them in order to offer
safety and effective health care services. Moreover through the use of air technologies the
data protection and privacy are also enhanced by the mentioned organization as they use the
firewall security in there softwares that assist them in order to control and protect the privacy
of their patients.
Streamlinestasks by the use of AI technology they mentioned organization manage
appointment scheduling, tracking patient histories as well as translating clinical details more
effectively. Buy such function the mentioned healthcare system streamline more tedious and
meticulous tasks in a more productive Manner. In addition to this it also assist them to identify
and address mistaken claims that produced due to ineffective practices of insurance companies or
other individuals. Not just the mentioned technology streamline the claim process but also
strategically eliminate the vestige of staff time (Winkler, and Utzinger, 2014).
Challenges
Possibilities of inaccuracy The AI technology majorly based on collection of patient data
and use this data in order to deploy more effective practices. In addition to this, If the patient
visited 2 different doctors, is doctor includes different information according to their concern.
Hence the amount of data collected could be varies by every clinician. Hence the bunch of
these data could be misleading and can develop imperfect recall. Hence it can create more
complexities and variables in the healthcare practices. In addition to this Various data are
collected according to the demographic factors and involvement factor. Hence any
misleading in collection of data can create the issues in patient treatment
Human surveillance one of the major concern of the AI technology is that it could not be
deploy without human surveillance. As all the functions are depends on machine learning and
other algorithms that majorly form by the past data practices. Therefore they could be a
possibility in changing of these data according to the unique details of new patient. Therefore it
is mandatory that health practitioners may observe all these data more effectively in are to reduce
or prevent medical complications. Moreover the above mentioned technologies require input and
review to facilitate or leveraged effectively (Pink, 2015).
Pattern recognition one of the major challenge that faced and AI technology is regard to deploy
effective pattern in regard to the patient data. There is no guarantee that the data covers unseen

data content. Therefore there is chances of algorithm fairness and biases. It could be possible that
the algorithm developed by the past data could be failed in the future practices as the data patents
are rapidly changing in the healthcare sectors, due to changes in diseases and other demographic
factors. Moreover after the pandemic various diseases as change their pattern due to which the
symptoms becomes more crucial. Hence, there is a chances of misinterpretation of data which
could lead into and analyzation of vague result.
TASK 2:
Evaluate three (3) ethical, social and legal challenges artificial intelligence presents for patients
and clinicians
Though, Artificial intelligence is considered as one of the most innovative technological
elements but it still it lacks in various areas which results in being a challenge for patients and
clinicians. For instance, these challenges faced in Artificial intelligence are further classified
under three categories which are as follows:
Ethical challenges
These challenges associated with Artificial intelligence includes factors or issues that
result in violation of ethics or morals. In order to be precise there are several ethical challenges
associated with Artificial intelligence which are as follows;
 Safety and Transparency: This particular factor or aspect is one of the major concerns
in using AI in health care system. For instance, it includes misinterpretation of existing
case and providing inappropriate recommendations or solutions to the user. In addition to
that, this challenge or issue could lead to misguidance and misconduct of information
provided to user which could further lead to negative consequences. This negative
challenge associated with AI results in being a barrier towards consideration of use of the
same. For example; A user is searching for information related to treatment of cancer or
any other disease according to their own requirement, but due to limited access to case
studies and information, AI technological element could provide false and unsafe
information (Rajabi, and et.al., 2013).
 Algorithm Fairness and biases: An AI technology has access to information and data
according to their build-up mechanism used by the user. In order to be precise, the
algorithms used in development of that particular AI technology will result in outcomes
related to the same. The rising issue related to the determined has been resulting in

practice of biasness and discrimination with users. Furthermore, this negative practice has
led to violation of ethics of anti-discrimination values among people in society.
 Data Privacy: This particular challenge is basically referred to inability of technology
companies to maintain confidentiality with the personal or confidential information of
users. For instance, NHS has been alleged with claims over sharing confidential
information of users to Google Deep-mind. This practice took place with the information
acquired in the testing of their clinical app i.e., Streams which encompassed data or
information over 1.6 million patients. Moreover, this practice associated with use of AI is
considered under ethical challenges as violates the value of maintaining confidentiality
with personal information of users.
Social challenges
These issues or challenges are referred to those factors that results in impacting upon
people living in society in some or the other manner. In addition to that, these issues or
challenges are generally faced by aggregate of people living in a society which are as follows;
 Unemployment: With the increasing use of AI technology in workplace, it has been
impacting upon employment opportunities for people in society. In order to be precise,
businesses in today’s environment are tend towards the use of AI technology in their
workplace in order to create additional values in their workplace. Though, AI technology
facilitates in increasing efficiency and productivity but still it has been resulting
negatively for human workforce with lack of Job opportunities in workplace. For
example; AI technology is used in healthcare in various different areas including
diagnostics, treatment protocol management, drug development, etc. which has led to
reduce requirement of human workforce in that particular area (Taylor, 2008).
 Lack of Trust: The technology of AI is definitely criticised by immense number of
people in society according to their personal or common reasons behind the same. For
instance, these people believe that outcomes of AI technology could not trusted
efficiently as it lacks in various areas. Moreover, it has algorithms and mechanisms
according to the individual or representative engaged in development of the same. In
addition to that, this negative has been influencing various other users to avoid the use of
AI technology for some or the other purpose in their personal as well as professional life.

Therefore, this particular factor or aspect has been resulted in being one of the major
social issues associated with AI technology in healthcare.
 Threat of violation of confidentiality: People in society are often very concerned about
confidentiality of their personal information. With the rise and occurrence of various
controversial incidents, people have lack of trust towards consideration of AI
technologies in carrying out personal as well as professional activities and practices. In
addition to that, people in society believe that, this personal information could be used by
any anonymous individual which could harm the that particular person. Furthermore, this
challenge associated with AI has led to degradation of confidence and morale of users in
using AI.
Legal challenges
These issues or challenges are basically referred to those factors which result in violation
of any legal implication. For instance, there are several challenges associated with AI which are
as follows:
 Safety and Effectiveness: The primary and foremost legal concern regarding AI is that is
it safe or not. For instance, it is the major responsibilities of representatives engaged in
development of that AI technology to monitor and control the same with regular intervals
in order to cope up with legal implications. In case of inability of AI to maintain safety or
violation of ethics, there could be legal actions upon the representative or any healthcare
business organisation using the same.
 Liability: The representative engaged in development and regulation of that particular AI
is responsible for any sort of action or practice performed with that technology. Though,
any other person involved in the same will also be charged for the same but still it results
in creating a liability for the developer or innovator of that technology. Moreover,
Clinicians or doctors must use AI technological elements with appropriate care in
workplace in order to prevent any negative impact of legal challenges over them.
Therefore, this aspect will facilitate them in coping up with legal implications upon the
use of AI technologies in healthcare (Taylor, 2008).
Cybersecurity: Cybersecurity is the practice of using digital and other technologies with
suitable procedures in order to prevent any sort of cyber attack faced by general public in
society. For instance, Cybersecurity is among major concern associated with AI technologies, as

people requires sufficient amount of cybersecurity in order to be confident in using AI
technology for their personal as well as professional purpose or requirement.In order to prevent
these legal challenges, businesses using AI must provide customers with cybersecurity in order
to boost up their confidence in using the same (Treseder, and Williams, 1998).
CONCLUSION
From the analysis of above report it is clearly stated that the artificial intelligence assists the
healthcare sector in order to deploy more effective health care services to the patients. In addition
to these various benefits and challenges of artificial intelligence were deployed in the context of
healthcare service delivery. Moreover, various legal ethical and social challenges were also
highlighted in the mentioned healthcare sector. In addition to this the above-mentioned
techniques can deployed more effectively by improvisation of tools and techniques as well as
under the surveillance of practitioners. Moreover, it is clearly stated that the use of air
technology is the work of healthcare sector, as they assist the clinicians to better resolve the
issues of their patient as well as aluminates the wastage of time of the patient due to time saving
practices.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Hebda, T., Hunter, K. & Czar, P., 2019. Handbook of Informatics for Nurses and Healthcare
Professionals. 6th ed. New York: Pearson.
Saliu, A. (ed). (2021) Custom eBook, Health Informatics. Anglia Ruskin University London:
Pearson
Dean, R., Roberts, M. and Stavisky, J., 2018. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Shelter
Medicine: Principles of Health and Welfare in a Multi-animal Environment. 1st Edition
ed. Quedgeley, Gloucester, England: British Small Animal Veterinary Association.
Winkler, M.S. and Utzinger, J., 2014. The search for underlying principles of health impact
assessment: progress and prospects: Comment on ‘Investigating underlying principles to
guide health impact assessment’. International journal of health policy and management,
3(2), pp.107–109. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2014.69.
Pink, J., 2015. SP0216 The Principles of Health Economics. Annals of the rheumatic diseases,
74(Suppl 2), pp.52–52. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.6794.
Rajabi, F., Esmailzadeh, H., Rostamigooran, N. and Majdzadeh, R., 2013. What must be the
Pillars of Iran’s Health System in 2025? Values and Principles of Health System
Reform Plan. Iranian journal of public health, 42(2), pp.197–205.
Taylor, P., 2008. From Patient Data to Medical Knowledge: The Principles and Practice of
Health Informatics. 1. Aufl. ed. From patient data to medical knowledge: the principles
and practice of health informatics, Chichester: BMJ Books.pp.xiii–xiii.
Treseder, P. and Williams, P., 1998. The common principles of health informatics
standardisation that require exchange of information between the standardisation bodies
of different countries. International journal of medical informatics (Shannon, Ireland),
48(1-3), pp.39–42.