Exploring the Impact of AI on Healthcare Policy and Practice in the UK

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CONTEMPORARY THEME IN HEALTHCARE POLICY AND PRACTICE
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report demonstrates the core aspect of the adoption of artificial intelligence and
new technology in social and health care sector at the local and national level. The main
focus of this report is to critically analyses the issue in order to the adoption of new
technology or artificial intelligence in the care sector. Artificial intelligence can be used
to diagnostic, prevention, screening, early detection and treatment procedure. In this
report, various authors have argued about the role of artificial intelligence in the care
sector. This report has discussed talk about what are the issues that the organization is
facing in order to implement artificial intelligence in healthcare sectors. The report has
discussed Kurt Lewin change management model. Fear, lack of skill and cultural factors
are some of the barriers that have been associated with implantation of artificial
intelligence in the care sector.
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Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................. 2
INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................4
BODY............................................................................................................................... 5
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................... 12
REFERENCES...............................................................................................................13
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INTRODUCTION
Integrated social and health care services in the spotlight of local planning and
government policy and it can be considered as important social and health care issue in
the contemporary world. Social care and health care services are fragmented and often
based on the need of the organization culture and boundaries rather than the need of
service user. The UK government has planned to provide new technologies and artificial
intelligence in every sector of health and social care. However, there are various
evidence, various recommendations and the drivers and obstacles in order to the
adoption of new technology and artificial intelligence in health care sectors.
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BODY
The main aim of artificial intelligence and new technology in health care is to parodist
human cognitive functions. Artificial intelligence increases the working efficiency and
rapid progression of analytics techniques (Dilsizian and Siegel, 2014). Now a day
artificial intelligence has been using in various fields of health and social care sectors.
Most popular artificial intelligence techniques include natural language processing,
classical support vector machine, neural networks, machine learning methods and
modern deep learning (Dilsizian and Siegel, 2014). A most common area that uses
artificial intelligence techniques is cardiology, neurology and cancer. Artificial
intelligence techniques have been using for early detection, prediction, treatment,
diagnosis as well as progressive evaluation. The implementation of artificial intelligence
in health care include customized treatment plan, predicting disease, diagnostic
capabilities and enhanced electronic health records (Zhang et al., 2014). It has been
seen that robotic surgery is one of the most effective and time-saving surgery and has a
high potential value. However, it can be very expensive but can decrease hospital time
and increase the patient's overall treatment. It can lead to delivering cost-effective and
high-quality care. However, there are always cons and pros to everything and hence
artificial intelligence is no different (Zhang et al., 2014).
Now a day, it has been seen that there are still barriers in order to an adaptation of
artificial intelligence in health care sectors. There are various challenges in order to
implement artificial intelligence and hence it needs to be addressed. According to Kreps
and Neuhauser in 2013 state that artificial intelligence can promote emotional and
physical health, supporting personal involvement, enthusiasm in health promotion
efforts, improving program efficiency, reducing demands of health care staff and
minimizing the costs (Kreps and Neuhauser, 2013). Artificial intelligence technique
promotes information processing and can lead to the adaptation of new ideas. It can
improve motivation, sharing, trust, the behaviour of the person and information access
(Kreps and Neuhauser, 2013). Riek in 2016, state that artificial intelligence can also
help to treat the patient with cognitive impairment, dementia and autism and can help to
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provide companionship for that individual who has feeling loneliness and depression
(Riek, 2016). In London, it has been seen that new technology and artificial intelligence
can lead to provide various benefits to the patient, health care professional as well as
organization (Dilsizian and Siegel, 2014). Artificial intelligence can enhance working
efficiency, improve services, time-saving and more cases can be treated. Yu et al in
2018 state that artificial intelligence has been progressively changing medical practice
(Yu et al., 2018). With the latest progression of computing infrastructure, machine
learning and digitized data acquisition, artificial intelligence techniques are expanding
areas that were previously done by only human skills or resource. Yu et al have
classified various challenges that have been associated with the implementation of new
technology and artificial intelligence (Yu et al., 2018).
Mayo’s Human Relations theory state that health care workers are not fretful with
money but can be motivated by fulfilling their social needs (Slavin and Schoech, 2017).
Good and useful communication between workers and manger can lead to delivering
the quality of services. Mayo explained that workers should be work in a team and
should have greater involvement in the working lives of employees. Artificial intelligence
and new technologies have already arrived in health care sectors (Slavin and Schoech,
2017). The pace of development has to lead to outstanding progress by health care
professionals in local as well as national areas. It provides various benefits to a service
user, an equally present risk to service user safety, data security and health equity. By
using artificial intelligence techniques benefits can be maximized and risk that
associated with it can be reduced (Brynjolfsson and Mcafee, 2017). Policy makers and
politician avoid thinking that artificial intelligence can solve the problem in health care
across the UK are facing. The foremost important in accessing and services in health
care is patient safety and hence artificial intelligence is being developed in a regulated
way so that patient safety could not be compromised (Brynjolfsson and Mcafee, 2017).
It has been seen that introduction of artificial intelligence and new technologies in health
care sectors can decrease job opportunities because most of the work can be done on
computer or laptop and within second the data or information can be shared from one
place to other (Miller and Brown, 2018).
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It has been noticed that in various hospitals, the number of staff has been reduced due
to artificial intelligence and hence most of the work has been done on the system. It
leads to create various issues in order to the adoption of new technology and artificial
intelligence in health care sectors (Miller and Brown, 2018). Other than this, various
policies and legislation can influence the adoption of new technology and artificial
intelligence in the health sectors. The government has made various laws and policies
in order to implement new technologies and hence various organizations were in
dilemma to whether to adopt new technologies and artificial intelligence (Miller and
Brown, 2018).
The health care organization can feel change process in order to adopt new technology
and artificial intelligence. It has been seen that the introduction of artificial intelligence
can lead to various changes in the care sectors and can enhance the performance of
the organization (Dilsizian and Siegel, 2014). The contemporary world is changing so
fast and hence organization need to up-to-date with the newer technologies and policies
in order to enhance working efficiency. Kurt Lewin has proposed a famous change
model in the organization in the year 1940 (Hussain et al., 2018). His model can also be
called as unfreeze, change and refreeze.
Unfreeze
Unfreeze is the first step of change model in which an organization is preparing to
accept that the change is very essential for growth and development (Cummings,
Bridgman and Brown, 2016). However, the first part is usually stressful and often
difficult. In this part, behaviour, attitude, belief and values have been challenged that
can be used to defined currently.
Change
In the above stage where the uncertainty has been created, now people start to resolve
their uncertainty and now look forward to new ways in order to do things (Cummings,
Bridgman and Brown, 2016). It takes lots of time in order to embrace in a new direction
and to participate actively in the change process. Hence the adaptation or
implementation of artificial intelligence, people generally take time in order to
understand the advantage and benefits of the change process. The changes can be
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made successful only when people truly understand the importance and benefits
associated with it (Cummings, Bridgman and Brown, 2016).
Refreeze
Refreezing is the last step of the change process. In this individual are taking the shape
of change and direct them in the way of working. It has been seen that changing
process is constant in various health care sectors but refreezing is still an important step
(Cummings, Bridgman and Brown, 2016). Without refreezing, staffs get caught in a
transition phase where they are not sure how the changes could be implemented in
their working place.
Artificial intelligence has been playing a great role in public health (Göranzon and
Josefson, 2012). It proactively helps service user in a number of ways. For example,
artificial intelligence can help people with cancer as it helps to track their records and
medication by sending them a reminder. They provide advice and information regarding
the treatment and medical condition and provide specific diet restrictions (Acampora et
al., 2013). It can also useful in monitoring the data of the patient and allow a health care
professional to engage with a service user and pharmacies to remind service user of
prescription pickups and refills and also recommended various preventive measure for
the patient as well as their families (Cummings, Bridgman and Brown, 2016). Artificial
intelligence has improved the diagnostic procedure.
For example, artificial intelligence aided medical image diagnosis has been used to
improve x-rays and CT scan procedure. Artificial intelligence has been planning to
improve the services and facilities in primary health care sectors (Luxton, 2015). This
tool has been applied to improve the efficiency of a program that ranges from screening,
immunization, referral services and supply chain. However, to implement artificial
intelligence and new technologies in health care sectors, there are several
environmental challenges associated with it that need to be considered the use of
artificial intelligence required a strong understanding of resource needed, social
contexts, the infrastructure needed, communication networks and platform in order to
deliver services in health care sectors (Cummings, Bridgman and Brown, 2016).
Healthcare BOTs is a mobile messaging application that can be used to send
information to the patient that are related to his appointment, medication, advice and
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provide counselling. Healthcare bots have provided various advancements that include
mimic and learning conversations (Hashimoto et al., 2018). It can help to detect the
emotion of the patient. Healthcare bots perform complex image identification task in
order to analyses handwritten notes, photos and barcodes (Hashimoto et al., 2018). It
incorporates sentiment analysis, natural language processing and concept miming.
However, the health and social care sector has been facing lots of issues and barriers in
order to the adoption of new technologies and artificial intelligence such as
Cultural issues: it has been seen that most of the time, various cultural factors come
forward that can influence to implement new technology and artificial intelligence
(Davenport and Ronanki, 2018). Some patient might be not ready for the robotic
procedure can hence it could affect the overall system.
Fear: fear is another completely understandable and natural human response
(Davenport and Ronanki, 2018). Most of the patients were in fear that whether a
machine could perform their work effectively and safety or not. Due to advancement n
technologies and artificial intelligence, people were in fear of losing their job and can be
regarded as no expert in their field (Hamet and Tremblay, 2017).
Shortage of talent: this is one of the pressing and real problems for most of the health
care organization that can lead to adaptation of artificial intelligence in their workplace
(Hamet and Tremblay, 2017). Due to lack of training and development program and lack
of skills, the organization needs to adopt new technologies and artificial intelligence.
The health care organization need to make clear and straight forward strategies before
any money and time are spent on rolling out resource and expensive intensive (Bhatt,
Dey and Ashour, 2017). Artificial intelligence explained several ranges of techniques
that allow the system to perform the task that typically thought to required problem-
solving and human reasoning skills (Bhatt, Dey and Ashour, 2017).
One of the biggest potential benefits of artificial intelligence is to help an individual to
stay fit and healthy so they do not need any concern with a doctor or not as often.
Various technologies application can help people to encourage and motivate the
behavior of individual and help to manage a healthy lifestyle by providing various
guidance and advice that are related to health and wellbeing (Bhatt, Dey and Ashour,
2017). Artificial intelligence increases the ability for an employee to understand better
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the day to day pattern and the requirement of service user and with this understanding;
they are able to provide support, guidance and feedback for staying healthy (Bhatt, Dey
and Ashour, 2017). Artificial intelligence is a helping to detect various diseases such as
cardiovascular disease, neural trauma and cancer with more accurately in the early
stage (Bhatt, Dey and Ashour, 2017). It can improve the decision-making process of the
health care professional artificial intelligence can help the health care professional to
take a more comprehensive approach in order to manage the disease, provide the
better-coordinated plan and help the service user to better comply and manage with the
long term treatment procedure (Bhatt, Dey and Ashour, 2017). It has been seen that
robots have been used for more than 30 years in medicine (Yang et al., 2015). The
range could be varying for a single diagnostic procedure to a highly complex surgical
procedure that can be performed through a surgeon or by themselves. A robot has been
using in the hospital for various repetitive tasks such as in physical therapy,
rehabilitation and to support people with long term illness (Yang et al., 2015). Now a
day, people are living longer than the previous generations and hence the approach of
the end of life care, people are usually dying in slower and different way form condition
like osteoporosis, heart failure and dementia. Artificial intelligence allows people to go
through training for naturalistic simulations that simple system driven algorithms could
not do so (Yang et al., 2015).
Various studies reveal that artificial intelligence has been depending on digital data and
hence inconsistencies in the quality and availability of data can restrict to get potential
benefits of new technologies (Liew, 2018). Also, computing power is being required in
order to analysis of complex and large data sets. London has a potential increase
demand for health care services and introduces new technologies in care sectors so
that the demands and needs of the service user can be fulfilled (Bhatt, Dey and Ashour,
2017). Various researches have focused on the task where artificial intelligence is able
to work effectively in order to demonstrate its performance that is related to a human
doctor (Bhatt, Dey and Ashour, 2017). Artificial intelligence support health care
professional, not replacing them. Machine or technologies lack human qualities such as
compassion and empathy and hence service user must perceive that a consultation has
been led by the doctor only. Various studies have shown that the service user does not
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immediately trust artificial intelligence (Van Wynsberghe, 2016). It can be used to
handle the tasks which are essential; however, it is limited in their scope it can be said
that single artificial intelligence can be used to support a large population and hence it is
ideally suited in a situation where human skill is a rare resource (Van Wynsberghe,
2016). Artificial intelligence can be able to extract important information form the
footprint of the individual and hence it can save time as well as money and improve the
working efficiency (Van Wynsberghe, 2016). Various new technologies and artificial
intelligence can accelerate the performance of the organization as it can be a time-
saving procedure, reduce fatigue and stress that could be caused due to lengthier
surgical procedure and waiting time of patient can be improved. London has been seen
to be the top most cities that are using artificial intelligence in order to provide quality
care and services to the service user (Van Wynsberghe, 2016).
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CONCLUSION
This report demonstrates the adoption of new technology and artificial intelligence in
various health and social care organization. There are various factors or an issue that
has been associated while adopting artificial intelligence in the health care sector.
Various authors have argued a different issue that has been associated with the
implementation of new technology or artificial intelligence in the care sector. Kurt Lewin
has proposed a famous model known as change model which explained change
management in the organization. In a recent studied, it has been shown that artificial
intelligence has been using for 30 years in the health care sector (Van Wynsberghe,
2016). However, there are several barriers that can influence the adoption of artificial
intelligence in the organization.
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