ITC506 201960 Assessment 4: Applying Ethical Theory

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SCHOOL OF COMPUTING AND MATHS, Charles Sturt University
If Computer thinks for themselves, should they have human right?
ITC506 201960 Assessment 4: Applying Ethical Theory
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Word Count: 1606

If the computer thinks for themselves, should they have human rights?
1. Introduction
This report will discuss some of the important ethical theories such as utilitarianism,
deontology, virtue and contract theory. The Case study of this argument which states
that "computers think on itself, should they have human rights". Visualize arguments
has been made upon which this report will discuss the importance of these 4 ethical
theories with the case study discussed. this report will discuss the importance of
these theories under the segmentation of the case study upon which the argument
has been conducted.
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If the computer thinks for themselves, should they have human rights?
2. Analysis of Applying Ethical Theories
2.1. Utilitarianism Theory
Utilitarianism is the theory which explains the importance of a concept of need
satisfying upon which can help the majority of the individuals. The utilitarian theory is
the ethical theory which tests the genuinely of a product or not.it also tests whether it
is good and beneficial or not. According to Utilitarianism theory in the argument,
giving human rights to computers will help them to ensure the safety of the
new technological prospectus. Artificial intelligence would need safety and
giving rights to computers will encourage bodies who are responsible for
computers to make some more safe environment for Artificial intelligence
processes and data of Users. Such rights given to computers will make computers
and bodies more responsible and hence it will make them take actions accurately
and safely (Hall, 2015).
In the case study discussed where the Utilitarian theory is useful because it can help
to understand the significance of the topic of the case study. If we discuss the case
study according to the Utilitarian theory, it giving rights to computers whatever it does
rights should only be given to humans or who is responsible. The computer is not
responsible to anyone. It is the person or owner or the body responsible behind it.
Hence giving rights to computers would not affect or help a majority of the
individuals. It is the person sticking behind these computers is responsible for any
good or bad made by the computer.
According to Utilitarianism theory, anything is good to many should be implemented.
Something is good for a majority would not imply that it will not be bad to many
others too. It is important to note here that there are a majority of individuals who are
suffering from not getting their rights such as the right to education, right to life, etc. It
is important to look forward to these situations and issues before giving Computers
rights. It is not good if anything making maximum happy should be implemented.
Giving Computers their rights is no wrong, but there are major human rights issues
which people are facing in the majority of the world should be in mind (Styhre, 2016).
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If the computer thinks for themselves, should they have human rights?
2.2. Deontology Theory
A deontologist is a person who takes decisions or makes perceptions according to
the good or bad it creates. According to this theory of Deontology, anyone who is
morally right should be appreciated. Deontologists take decisions by the actions, not
by the result of actions. According to the deontology theory giving rights to
computers will encourage companies to work more on computers. It will create a
realization over computers which will shift from humans.
A deontologist will look on to the duties or the process, not the result. Giving
computers their rights will not harm the human community. It will create
communication between humans and computers. The communication and
connection between humans and computers are important. It will make tasks
more efficient and effective. According to deontology theory, if anything which
is not hampering the moral of the communication of tasks can be good. A
deontologist thinks that anything which will help the process of good morale
and ethics will imply motivation.
According to the Deontology theory, If the process is safe and morally correct it can
be implemented. Giving rights to computers will help them to learn new things.
According to this theory of deontology, Such rights given will encourage new IT
technologies with some more safe environment and will build more effective
relations. This particular theory will help bodies and computers to learn more and will
make more responsible for their actions taken in an appropriate and proper manner
(Tännsjö,2014).
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If the computer thinks for themselves, should they have human rights?
2.3. Virtue Theory
In the virtue theory, it explains that the argument that anything which is not harming
anyone can be acceptable. This theory of virtue is not dependent on how it has been
done. The Virtue theory depends on the actual implementations, not on moral ethics.
But if we discuss the argument in the visualization the implementation of the
demand for rights to computers can create conflicts among humans for their
rights which we have discussed in the utilitarianism theory. The virtue theory
supports the fact that the process of giving rights to computers will encourage
them to work more effectively and will enhance the safety of human's data
through Artificial intelligence. The center consideration of the virtue theory depicts
that the behavior of people towards computers has changed a lot and people are
taking computers for granted. With the help of virtual systems, virtue theory had
helped computers to fight for their rights (Herman, 2017).
The virtue theory is applicable only when the key objectives of humans and
computers will help them to ask for their rights. Virtue theory has encouraged
humans to convey the fact that computers will work according to the needs been
asked by humans. Such theories rely upon the process of motivation rather than the
result of the process. Such Process of connection between humans and computers
will reflect upon the needs been made to enhance the artificial intelligence
technologies in computers. Such implementations of virtue theory on the case study
had helped them to read or analyses the case study of computers and their
replications. This importance of Virtue theory will reflect the fact that all the
individuals working on computers should understand the process which is been
made for the development of IT technologies which can help computers to be used
better than before. These implementations of virtue theory encourage humans to feel
that they should not take the computer for granted (Gotsis, 2015).
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If the computer thinks for themselves, should they have human rights?
2.4. Contract Theory
The social contract theory is based on making new rules for people. This particular
theory believes that people living in society with agreement over moral ethics and
rules. Such a contract can be made between humans and computers to connect
them to each other. The combinations of human with Artificial intelligence is the key
objective of this theory. This theory had helped in establishing moral responsibility.
Social contract theory had encouraged the demand for rights to computers. Social
contracts depend on the implications of the behavior of humans towards computers.
This behavior towards computers has led humans to take computers for granted.
The social contract theory exhibits the behavior of humans over their contract with
computers. It helps create new community laws between computers and human
beings. Such ethical theories are helpful in managing the crucial artificial intelligence
and its implementations. All such implementations will look over the effective
implementation of morality. Such moral situations are crucial to be exhibited in the
part of contracts between humans and computers. The social contract theory
exhibits the fact that all such effective laws and implementations will reflect the key
prospectus in between humans and computers.
Contract theory signifies the agreement that these assessment implications
should come across morale significance of computers and how humans are
using computers. There are many laws or legal implications are assigned over
one another which are helpful in managing the key rational decisions made
regarding such social contractual rights and ethics. According to the contract
theory it can encourage humans asking the rules or laws which should be
imposed over the objectives made by the organization.
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If the computer thinks for themselves, should they have human rights?
3. Conclusion
This particular report concludes that these theories such as utilitarianism,
deontology, virtue and contract theory are effective in analyzing and discussing the
key objectives made in the case study. In the case study there has demand been
made for rights for computers as computers are able to think themselves. These
theories are helpful in managing the key importance of these four theories in
explaining the argument visualization. It is the person or owner or the body
responsible behind it. Hence giving rights to computers would not affect or help a
majority of the individuals. It is the person sticking behind these computers is
responsible to any good or bad made by the computer. This report concluded that
different theories has different intentions in explaining the motivation. The inclusive
of such human rights to computers will encourage new innovative Artificial
intelligence and its implementation.
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If the computer thinks for themselves, should they have human rights?
References
Hall, C. M., & Page, S. J. (2015). Following the impact factor: Utilitarianism or
academic compliance?. Tourism Management, 51, 309-312.
DOI: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.05.013
Tännsjö, T. (2014). Utilitarianism and informed consent. Journal of medical
ethics, 40(7), 445-445. DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2012-101206
Austin, N. (2017). Normative Virtue Theory in Theological Ethics. Religions, 8(10),
211. DOI: 10.3390/rel8100211
Gotsis, G., & Grimani, K. (2015). Virtue theory and organizational behavior: An
integrative framework. Journal of Management Development, 34(10), 1288-1309.
DOI: 10.1108/JMD-02-2015-0021
Herman, S. W. (2017). Embodying Confident Agency: Luther's “Three Estates” as a
Resource for Virtue Theory. Dialog, 56(4), 428-440. DOI: 10.1111/dial.12362
Styhre, A. (2016). Trust versus contracts in corporate governance: agency theory,
contractual theory and the fortification of shareholder welfare
governance. Management & Organizational History, 11(3), 276-297.
DOI: 10.1080/17449359.2016.1150859
Zhang, W. (2017). An Entrepreneurial/Contractual Theory of the Firm. Springer.
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-0221-2
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