Analyzing Communication Challenges in AI-Driven Robotic Systems

This report delves into the realm of artificial intelligence within robotic technology, focusing on the challenges that arise from the development of language by robots for inter-communication. The research aims to analyze the issues stemming from this autonomous language development, exploring various strategies to mitigate these challenges. The literature review covers fundamental AI concepts and their application in robotics, highlighting the benefits and limitations of robots, and examining the use of AIML language in creating chatterbots. The research methodology employs a longitudinal approach to understand the complexities of AI in robotic communication. The study further discusses the impact of robots and chatterbots on the economic, legal, and business landscape, particularly in the context of South Africa, while also acknowledging the potential risks of robots developing their own language and the implications for human employment.

Running head: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Artificial Intelligence
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s Note

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Abstract
This research deals with artificial intelligence in the robotic technology. The research problem is
the use challenges faced due to development of language by robots to communicate with
themselves. The aim of the research is to analyze the issues faced due to the development of
language by robots for communicating among them. The use of various strategies is described in
the research. The literature review focuses on the basic concept of artificial intelligence and its
uses on the robotic technology. The benefits and limitations of the robots have been explained in
the research. The use of the AIML language in the creation of the chatterbots has been provided.
The research methodology has focused on the longitudinal approach.

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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................5
1.0 Background.......................................................................................................................5
1.1Rationale.................................................................................................................................5
1.2 Problem Statement.................................................................................................................7
1.3 Research Aim, Objectives and questions...............................................................................8
1.4 Significance of research.........................................................................................................8
1.5 Summary................................................................................................................................9
Chapter 2: Literature Review.........................................................................................................10
2.0 Concept of Artificial Intelligence...................................................................................10
2.1 Chatterbots and pattern recognition.....................................................................................10
2.2 Pattern Recognition for Chatter bots modelling..................................................................11
2.3 AIML language: Syntax and Semantic................................................................................13
2.4 Advantages of robots...........................................................................................................17
2.5 Issues faced due to communication among robots by creating their own language............18
2.6 Summary..............................................................................................................................20
Chapter 3: Methodology................................................................................................................21
3.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................21
3.1 Research philosophy............................................................................................................21
3.2 Research Approach..............................................................................................................22

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3.3 Research design...................................................................................................................23
3.4 Data Collection Technique..................................................................................................23
3.5 Ethical consideration...........................................................................................................24
3.6 Research Limitations...........................................................................................................24
3.7 Gant chart.............................................................................................................................25
References......................................................................................................................................26

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.0 Background
The current globalized society has been facing tremendous change in the information
technology and the internet. In this context, human interaction has been transformed by an
implementation of artificial intelligence. The cognitive interfaces help in providing new
platforms for interaction between machine and humans. These contain graphical user interfaces
(GUIs) navigation system including hypertext and option selection buttons and menus
(Michalski, Carbonell and Mitchell 2013). The Ubiquitous Computing focuses on effective
human interaction with technological components including artificial intelligence. Chatterbot
conversation includes an exchange of texts and languages including dealing with ambiguous
situations context-based messages. However, chatterbots are used in various fields including
entertaining others by making coherent conversation (Nilsson 2014). A machine learns from the
algorithm feeder input for working. However, these algorithms cannot hold and understand of
data concept. Therefore, a large amount of data and information cannot be input in the algorithm.
This has created self-fulfilling strategies for communication among the robots.
The literature review will present the concept of AIML and its different functionality. The
use of pattern recognition techniques helps in creating the language for communicating with each
other. This paper will focus on the development of the language for robots in order to perform
chatting with other bots. This research will use a proper methodology for proceeding in the
research. The use of Artificial Intelligence in this process will be researched in this study. The
concept of the artificial intelligence in the South Africa will be discussed. The impact of the

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robots and other chatterbots on the economic, legal and business perspective in the country will
be discussed.
1.1Rationale
Modern information technology has been focusing on the artificial intelligence in the 21st
century. However, the change in the methodology of the technology in the worked has allowed
transforming various algorithms in the IT sector (Cohen and Feigenbaum 2014). The exponential
growth of IT in the market has been focusing on the concept of the Artificial Intelligence.
Robotics and other chatterbots have been created to decrease the human work. There has been a
peaceful transition in the democratic of South Africa in 1994. The lack of education in the
primary and secondary level have a major cause for obtaining the low score in the education
sector. According to OECD 2008 review of national policies in South Africa (Navigli and
Ponzetto 2012). However, 15% to 18% of school students are qualifying the school exams per
year. Therefore, the literacy rate of the country has been continuously increasing (Hovy, Navigli
and Ponzetto 2013). However, this rate is slower than other countries in the world. The use of the
technology in the studies have been less in the country. Therefore, students are not able to
maintain the technical knowledge of the school. This has been created the problem in the literacy
rate of the country.
However, robotics has been provided in the country for the students, Robotic technology
is being studied in the schools and colleges of the country. According to a survey, there has been
a massive change in an enhancement of technical knowledge from 4% to 7% (Brodie,
Mylopoulos and Schmidt 2012). As commented by Yang and Xu (2013), This total rose to
around 1.5 million in 2014 and is projected to increase to about 1.9 million in 2017.5 Japan has
the largest number with 306,700, followed by North America (237,400), China (182,300), South

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Korea (175,600), and Germany (175,200) (Geraci 2012). Overall, robotics is expected to rise
from a $15 billion sector now to $67 billion by 2025. According to RBC Global Asset
Management study, the cost of automation and robots have been falling down frequently. This
has led to the increase in the development of robots all over the word (Brady, Gerhardt and
Davidson 2012). Therefore, there is a risk of the robots start communication with each other by
creating own language. However, increase in use of robots in the replace have increased the
unemployment of human being in companies. Robots are replacing the human work in an
efficient way.
Figure 1: Number of robots around the world
(Source: Faces Online, 2018)
This research has focused on identifying the issues faced due to self-communication by
the robots by creating their own language. The factors that are affecting the work pressure if the
workplace in an organization is also mentioned. The language required for preparing algorithm
has been discussed in the report.
1.2 Problem Statement

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The primary problem discussed in the study will be the own communication of robots by
developing language. Reports have identified various challenges are faced due to this problem.
Therefore, this study will help in identifying challenges due to this approach of robots and other
chatterbots. These have created the problem in maintenance of robots in the laboratory due to
own communication of robots.
1.3 Research Aim, Objectives and questions
The aim of the research is to analyze language for communication between robots and
other bots.
The objectives of a research study are provided below:
 To analyze the basic concepts of robotics and artificial intelligence
 To understand the language created by robots for mutual communication
 To identify the challenges imposed due to communication of robots with each other in
their own language
 To recommend strategies for mitigating these challenges in the robots
Following are the research questions for the research:
 What are the basic concepts of robotics and artificial intelligence?
 How are the robots communicating with each other by creating own language?
 What are the challenges faced due to communication among robots by creating their
own language?
 What can be done to mitigate these challenges related to communication among
robots by creating own language?

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1.4 Significance of research
This research study will focus on the concepts of artificial intelligence and its benefits
and challenges in the industry. The concept of communicating of robots with each other by
creating own language will be discussed in the research. The study aims at understanding various
concepts of communication among each other by developing own language. Therefore, this
framework might create challenges for the researchers in the field. These challenges will be
identified in this study. The problem of own communication of robots will be depicted in the
study.
1.5 Summary
This chapter has discussed the basic scenario of the artificial intelligence in the market in
the context of South Africa. The aim of the research has been initiated in this chapter. The
objectives and research questions have been provided in the chapter that helps in proceeding with
the study.

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Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.0 Concept of Artificial Intelligence
As commented by Yampolskiy (2013), artificial intelligence focuses on the work processes
of machines requiring intelligence performed by humans. Therefore, artificial intelligence refers
to investigating intelligent problem-solving behaviour by developing computer systems.
However. This technology has been mostly in use by the researchers in the lab. The use of
technology has been an important aspect in the development of new devices and artefacts. The
Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAIR) is a group initiative of Statistics, Computer
Science and School of mathematics unit for industrial growth in the market (Kanal and Kumar
2012). The current focus of the institute is to promote a concept of artificial intelligence and
knowledge of computer engineering among individuals in the society. CAIR is mainly working
on the development of artificial intelligence in the market. The computational models of human
thought processes have helped in communicating with the artefacts. However, Nolfi, Bongard,
Husbands and Floreano (2013) commented that artificial intelligence is an implementation of
human thoughts on the computer. The use of artificial intelligence has helped in maintaining a
keen relationship with machines and human beings.
2.1 Chatterbots and pattern recognition
As commented by Ginsberg (2012), various tests have been done to acknowledge
between human and machine. Modern technology has created various clones similar to the
human beings. These b0ts can perform all works similar to the human beings including daily
routine work. These bots are efficient to perform daily duties including washing, cooking, caring
and other duties of the human being. Therefore, Turing test has been performed on these

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machines for distinguishing between them. Therefore, this test is recognized as a chatterbot
itself. Frankish and Ramsey (2014) defined chatter bot as a program that helps in stimulating
typed conversation for aiming at least fooling human beings temporarily during the conversation
with another person. Chatterbots can be classified in the form of techniques that are used in the
development of various devices. For example, during the 90's, the second-generation chatterbots
were built and the Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques were applied, such as Artificial Neural
Networks in conjunction with NLP techniques (Ingrand and Ghallab 2014). JULIA chatterbot is
an example of a second-generation chatterbot developed by Michael Mauldin in 1994
(Deisenroth, Neumann and Peters 2013). However, the development of the third-generation uses
the Pattern Recognition Techniques. The motivation for using the AIML language has been
dining in the pattern recognition system (Kober and Peters 2012). The features of the AIML
language implemented in developing chatter bot include ease of implementation of AIML
language based on markup language for making easy use of dialogues written in the code.
Various computational systems help developers in developing chatterbots for web deployment
user access. However, a high level of recycling process has been done in the chatterbots projects
for developing open source software license.
2.2 Pattern Recognition for Chatter bots modelling
Various theories and models are used for the development of chatterbots include Pattern
recognition, that aims at modelling computing system which is based on human dialogues. The
use of AIML languages helps in providing different chatter bits that can adopt pattern
recognition technique. Zang et al. (2015) commented that ALICE was the first chatterbot that
was developed by using AIML language. It has three operations including performing word
processing actions for fitting input by a user, the pattern is matched between input provided by

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user and input provided by a designer (Szegedy et al. 2017). Therefore, the pattern recognition
system has been installed in the chatterbots that help in recognizing different patterns in the daily
life. It helps in providing various work in the daily life including road crossing and walking.
The patterns are matched with the database of the robot and accordingly, it works. Big
data and artificial intelligence have been maintaining a bi-directional relationship with each
other. As commented by Tirgul and Naik (2016), Artificial intelligence requires machine
learning, which requires a large amount of data. A protocol will be developed for communicating
among the robots. Each robot will send the request to another robot for initiating communication.
In the presence of another homogeneous robot, it accepts the request and starts communicating
with each other. The robots will send their personal information for connecting with other robots
(Bostrom and Yudkowsky 2014). The other robots will acknowledge it by sending a message to
the sender robot. Therefore, this will create a connection between them to initiate
communication. In this process, the header part of the message is stored in the robot that helps in
acknowledging back about the received message. However, some message is not delivered to the
receiver robot that creates the problem in communicating with the robot (Bongard 2013).
The IR radiation will be used in order to maintain the communication among robots.
Robots will transmit same infrared rays in case of either correct or incorrect messages received.
Therefore, it becomes difficult of differentiating the signals transmitted from robot (Pfeifer,
Lungarella and Iida 2012). The first phase will be IR transmission. IR transmitter will be
attached in each of the robots that might help in transmitting IR rays for initiating
communication. The use of the AIML language has helped in developing chatter bits and robots.
The IR receiver will receive the infrared rays coming from another robot. After receiving
infrared rays, it will match with the data and information resent in the database (Pedrycz 2012).