A Critical Analysis: The Influence of AI and Robotics in Society

This essay critically investigates the impacts of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics on society, addressing both positive and negative influences. It begins by tracing the historical development of AI, from Alan Turing's early explorations to the present day, highlighting the increasing integration of AI in various sectors like transportation, manufacturing, and healthcare. The essay explores different AI techniques such as natural language generation, speech recognition, machine learning, and robotics process automation. It also considers the potential downsides, including job displacement, ethical concerns, and the risk of over-reliance on technology, suggesting a balanced perspective on the transformative role of AI and robotics in contemporary society. Desklib offers a platform to explore this essay and access a wealth of study resources for students.

INFLUENCE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS IN THE SOCIETY 1
THE IMPACTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS IN THE SOCIETY
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INFLUENCE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS IN THE SOCIETY 2
THE IMPACTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS IN THE SOCIETY.
Abstract
In the past few decades, the emergence of new technologies have led to developments of artificial
intelligence and robots which are machine systems designed to behave and act like human beings. The
researches done by other scholars prove that artificial intelligence techniques and tools are part of our
societies like work society, homes, schools and other different environments around us and the rapidness
in technological growth the adaptation of AL and robotics in the society is growing at a rocket rate
(Geraci 2012).
Artificial intelligence is used to simplify the difficult tasks that human beings fail to do, or may it with
much difficulty. However, as the technology continually improves, there are arising questions relating to
the impacts that it is imposing in the society. Some scholars have it that, artificial intelligence and
robotics have a positive influence in the society and yet others argue that the development of artificial
intelligence and robotics are negatively affecting the society (Lin Abney and Bekey 2011). This creates a
motivation for further investigation. The study is therefore intended to critically investigate the impacts of
development and integration of artificial intelligence and robotics in the society.
Keywords
Artificial intelligence, robots, machine learning, algorithms
Introduction
There has been a tremendous change in the world resulting from the invention of new
technologies and innovation of the existing ones, which has led to the adaptation of artificial intelligence.
Artificial intelligence started gaining its popularity way back in the first half of the 20th century when the
scientist were familiarizing the world with the works of Artificial intelligence. By 1950s, there had risen a
series of scientists and mathematicians articulating the idea of machine learning in their minds and

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included Allan Turing, a British Plymouth (Goodrich and Schultz 2007, p.270). He analyzed and
evaluated the possibility of thinking and concluded that humans use obtainable data and reasoning in
solving problems and challenges. Due to this, the question of machines’ ability to think protruded and this
forms the analogy of the 1950 framework of Artificial Intelligence. Since then, there has been a
remarkable change in the world of artificial intelligence and robotics. Basing on the current trend of
technology, we substantially have it that the invention of new technology has changed the aspect of life
right from the daily living to the way businesses operate. According to the recent research reports, the
adaptation of artificial intelligence and robotics in societies is valued at trillion dollars in the upcoming
decades. This gives an insight of the expected saving that results from the adaptation of the new modern
technological trend (Bartneck et al. 2007, p.225).
Comparing the level of efficiency in the execution of tasks by the AL machines and the output of
humans, there is still a great difference. On some circumstances, machines have proved to be exceptional
and this is because, with humans, they undergo diminishing marginal productivity with time because the
daily work that was done by man have instead been assigned to computer systems, software and
algorithms. Questions have since been arising of how the future ways of doing work will look like in
relation to the past or the former ways of doing work. In the current generation and the generation to
come as technology emerges, works that were formally performed by people in societies have been
assigned to, computers since the existence of artificial intelligence. Since technology is on arise, an
impact will of course be in our societies, this may include the labor market and tasks done domestically.
In addition, the way people relate with each other, performance of tasks, seeking solutions, time allocated
for work, the ways of remuneration among others will be affected. The existence of machines,
computers, software in our societies which means homes, schools, hospitals, workplaces, and every other
environment will be a different place with this systems amongst us in societies (Lin et al. 2011, p.940).
Research questions
 How much effect have artificial intelligence systems caused in our societies?

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 Do availability of artificial intelligence systems still make work ethics a concern in our
societies?
 How much laziness have artificial intelligence systems caused n our societies?
Review of relevant literature.
Overview of Artificial intelligence (Al)
Artificial intelligence refers to the ability of a machine, software, algorithms or computer systems
to simulate to consistent, traditional ways of humans when a human capacity to contemplate and judge is
given to it. Therefore, artificial intelligence may mean investigating intelligent behavior to solve problems
or a need and to create intelligent systems. These systems help people to deal with problems and even
solve difficult problems that may arise. The growing applications of artificial intelligence in workplaces
and environments is causing the substitution of people with in many areas in our societies. For example,
artificial intelligence systems are used in transportation industries, manufacturing industries, energy
development industries among others (Beetz et al. 2007, p.40).
The inventory research of John McCarthy in 1955 led to the birth of artificial intelligence, with
assumptions, he found out that it learning and all other domains that relates to intelligence can be
described and simulated to a machine or computer system. Therefore, the work that would require
intelligence when a human performed it, would be described to a machine to perform instead. His
investigations showed how to test intelligence and to make these machines learn (Mubin et al. 2013, p.13)
In the early stages of Al, there were no resources to translate or interpret the computer ideas into
action and this led to the rise of many successes like in heuristic search, the artificial neural networks of
Frank Rosenblatt. Though there was a great progress by the 1980’s, very small percentage was practicing
artificial intelligence and there was a gap between the theories done and actually practiced intelligence.
With advances in technology by mid-1990, engineers were able to make robots, data was in big amounts

INFLUENCE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS IN THE SOCIETY 5
and computer systems, and storage capacity to process the data enabled it to learn from statistical methods
(Broekens et al. 2009, p.100).
According to economist Andrew Mcfee, the world ids facing a period of time where people will
be replaced by machines in various work activities that they perform. In various fields, technology and
automated machines are substituting humans and this raises a concern because the earnings of our
societies. Hod Lipson, an engineer at Cornell University said that “people, understood technology as a
method of destroying jobs but it is instead creating new and better work”. It is now evident that
technology is destroying works in our societies and it is indeed creating new and better works but it is
also narrowing the range of works in societies (MIT Technology review).
With technology acceleration, or societies may be ultimately penetrated by automatic machines to
the level where the wages can’t provide a consumers with confidence and adequate discretionary income
in the nearby future, and as a result, a down ward economic spiral will affect our societies. At a certain
point, computer systems and machines will perform the tasks that are being performed by the humans in
our societies and the people will not find new tasks and works (Tapus et al. 2007, p.40).
Organizations have found out that machines like robots, and artificial intelligence can substitute
humans and when adopted, productivity accuracy and efficiency n operations increases, they can survive
during recession periods for budgetary reasons because operations can still be maintained.
Artificial intelligence in the society and reasons to why it is used.
Since the beginning of mid-1990s, the advancement in technology have brought about artificial
intelligence and robots in our societies. This is a branch of computer science aims at creating intelligent
machines and this is an essential part of the technology industry today. The core part of artificial
intelligence research is knowledge engineering where machines can act and react like human beings if
they have been fed with the information about how things are done in the world. In simple terms, artificial
intelligence is the implementation of human senses into machines. With ever growing rate in terms of

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tasks, scripted knowledge and population, the demand for automation and centralization of tasks also
increases. Artificial intelligence has been of a good use in our societies like in controlling traffic,
detecting fraud, automating manufacturing of products in manufacturing companies, automating support
in industries for example, transportation and it has also helped to impose laws without corruption (Weng
et al. 2009, p.276)
According to Floridi (2008) artificial intelligence to make a computer act intelligently and
encompasses subfields like robotics, machine learning, expert systems, general intelligence and natural
language processing with examples of Facebook’s image recognition software and Apple’s Siri, google’s
self-driving cars. He challenges the misconception about artificial intelligence that machines will take our
jobs but it is rather doing new and interesting things that have never existed because machine intelligence
and machine learning are data driven and it needs an expert to apply answers to it. Machine learning is the
arm of artificial intelligence that performs the statistics and its main focus is the programing algorithms to
learn from data present, complete the tasks land make predictions with high accuracy of statistics.
Types of artificial intelligence and robotics techniques and tools
The increase in new technologies that have enabled engineers to create computer systems that are
able act and behave like a human being is an evidence to mean that artificial intelligence and robots are
part of our societies and they affect our daily lives. These artificial intelligence and robotics include;
Natural language generation which produces text from computer data and is used in summarizing
business insights, generating reports among others.
Speech recognition which transcribes and transforms human speech into formats used in a
computer application. This is used in mobile applications like phones on what Sapp, Facebook (Russell et
al. 2015, p.103).
Virtual agents which is a system that networks with humans and it is used in customer services
and support.

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Machine learning platforms which provides algorithms and developments to design, train deploy
models to applications, processes and other machines and it used in enterprise applications.
Decision management which inserts logic and rules into systems and it is used in assisting or
performing an automated decision-making.
Deep learning platforms which is a type of machine learning that consists of neural networks with
multiple layers and it is used recognizing pattern.
Biometrics which also enables more neural interactions between machines and humans like
image recognition, and other body languages and is used in market research.
Robots process automation which is uses scripts and other methods in automating human action
to support the processes in business and it is used to execute tasks that are expensive for humans to
execute.
Artificial intelligence however, has got negative impacts it puts in our societies, they lead to loss
of jobs since the tasks that were formally done by humans is now done by computer systems, this comes
also with laziness in societies because all tasks will be done by the computer. This computer systems also
produce radiations and over using them causes an effect to the human brain and other parts of the body.
Artificial intelligence may also be used to create dangerous weapons that may cause mass causalities and
may as well develop a destructive method to achieve its goals because we may fail to align our goals to
that of humans because it can do what it is commanded to do but may not do the way a human can do it.
Artificial intelligence also comes with forgery, theft and other wrong acts in the societies since robots are
taught to think like a human being (Augusto et al. 2010, p.25).
Methodology
Various approaches are always applied to gather data in a research project, this research method
are chosen in relation to the research question that the research project seeks to answer. These are

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normally qualitative and quantitative methodologies, which has questionnaires surveys and interviews.
However any research method that a researcher may choose to use in a research project has got both
advantages and disadvantages of using it in a research project and so the researcher must consider they
type of data being collected before choosing which methodology to use. This methodologies include;
Questionnaire method
This refers to when a researcher designs or writes down questions that are seeking answers from
the respondents (participants) to get an understanding of “why things are the way they are” so as to draw
up a conclusion in that research project. This is the most common method that the researchers prefer to
use because it is simple to use and data can be collected from a large group of respondents (participants).
With questionnaires, the respondents (participants) don’t need much help from the researcher, which
means that data can even be collected in the researcher’s absence.
Questionnaire method is preferable to other methodologies because large number of respondents
are covered in a short period of time, it is not time-consuming and a less-error conclusion is made from
the research since “the bigger the number of respondents (participants), the lesser the errors in a research
project”. However, questionnaires method limits the information got from the respondents, it does not
provide detailed information and don’t provide honest responses which results into unreliable data
(Dautenhahn, K., 2007, p.680)
Interview method
This involves discussions between two or more people taking part in the research project, it may
consist one interviewer and one respondent or one interviewer and many respondents. It is another most
common research methods that the researchers use for collecting data in a research project. It uses an
interview guide that contains an open end questions which allows the researcher to go in depth to get
additional and a detailed information from the respondents (participants).

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This method is of an advantage because additional, in-depth and a detailed information is
gathered and this enables the researcher to come up with a better conclusion for a research project but
however, this method also has a disadvantage that it comes a lot of time because it involves in collection
and analysis of data that is unstructured.
Survey method
This is another method that the researchers use in collecting data for research projects. In this
methodology, the researcher asks the same questions to large groups of respondents (participants) which
is then analyzed. This data can got from already collected data in that same field or data that was
collected for other use so as to help to draw a conclusion. This data is easy to collect because it can be
collected even through internet.
This method may be of an advantage since it tries to discover the gaps and loopholes in other
researches done because it relates those researches and a wide population is covered but it could also be
of a disadvantage in that its priority is large numbers of population not the depth of the information
(Mubin et al. 2013, p.13)
Focus groups/experiments
This is where the researcher targets a certain group of people and this people are interviewed
together to get the needed information. It involves interaction or a discussion as a group on the specific
research project and then views are analyzed to get a conclusion. During this discussion, the researcher
may discover new insights on the topic that possibly was not identified earlier.
This method is of an advantage because it enables the researcher to get a common view about the
topic being researched. The discussions enables the “big research topic” be broken into small discussable
themes but the disadvantage of this method is that other members in the group may not want to speak
their ideas in front of other group members (Mubin et al. 2013, p.13)

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Case study methodology
Case study methodology specifies the researcher’s concentration in a research, in other words, the
researcher may choose a department or an organization. This research methodology considers the use of
questionnaires and interviews since it usually gather large quantities of data that needs to be analyzed and
understood for the researcher to get a conclusion out of it
Case studies are normally categorized in three types namely, a study that explores data, a study
that describes data and a study that explains data
Cased study method is of an advantage because it handles even difficult research projects and a
its disadvantage is that it consumes a lot of time and it involves a lot of paper work while collecting data.
Chosen methodologies.
Interview method
This research project will that provides a qualitative research to answer this topic about the
impacts of artificial intelligence in our societies. This method involves asking of open ended questions
that allows respondents and participants to a detailed information and using this method will also enable
the researcher get deep information. Interview is also suitable for this research project because it avails an
opportunity for anyone to participate and allows respondents (participants) to speak out what they want to
say about the impacts of artificial intelligence in their societies. This method also allows an opportunity
for clarifications if questions are not understood among others and for this reason, this research project
will consider 30 respondents (participants) from 3 different manufacturing organizations that employ
artificial intelligence in their organizations who will be asked to take part in this study (Mubin et al. 2013,
p.13)
Survey method

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The research will also employ survey method answer the research topic on the impacts of
artificial intelligence in our societies because it is easy and fast way to collect data amongst a large group
population in a short period of time. While interviews will be done to gather in depth and detailed
information, survey will be done to understand the exact figures to draw a comprehensive conclusions.
This method is also suitable because it does not consume the a lot of the participants while providing the
information and therefore, it will consider at least 200 participants from 3 different manufacturing
organizations to take part in this research project.
Conclusion.
The rise of artificial intelligence and robotics in societies have numerous effects in the societies.
Various literatures and researches have tackled in relation to this research in the past, which have shown
that artificial intelligence does exist in our societies but its major impacts in our societies are yet not an
unclear. Therefore, the research project will help in establishing the typical and substantial impacts
artificial intelligence and robotics have brought in the society today.
tasks start date end date
duratio
n
submitting research
proposal 5/1/2018 13-May-18 13
executing the research
study
5/15/201
8 3-Jun-18 18
submission of progress
report 6/6/2018 17-Jun-18 11
submission of final report
6/21/201
8 8/4/2018 14

INFLUENCE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS IN THE SOCIETY 12
submitting research proposal
executing the research study
submission of progress report
submission of final report
5/1/2018 5/11/2018 5/21/2018 5/31/2018 6/10/2018 6/20/2018 6/30/2018 7/10/2018
Chart Title

INFLUENCE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ROBOTICS IN THE SOCIETY 13
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