Airworthiness in Aviation: Regulations, Safety, and Innovations
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This report provides a comprehensive evaluation of airworthiness in the aviation industry, emphasizing its critical role in ensuring the safety and security of air travel. It begins by defining airworthiness and highlighting its importance in maintaining a competitive edge in the aviation market, where safety is paramount. The report delves into the initial and continuous airworthiness requirements, referencing key regulations such as EASA's Part 21 (Subparts G, J, and H) and Part M, to specify infrastructure needs during aircraft design, manufacturing, operation, and maintenance. It explains the relationship between certification and compliance with airworthiness regulations, using examples like CS25, AD, ICAO, and NAA certificates. Furthermore, the report analyzes a case study to identify a major safety problem related to airworthiness, the actions taken to address it, and evaluates the effectiveness of those actions. Finally, it identifies technical innovations and systems developments aimed at improving aviation safety, underscoring the industry's commitment to continuous improvement and risk mitigation. The report concludes by reinforcing the significance of airworthiness in fostering a safer and more reliable aviation environment.
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Running head: AIRWORTHINESS
Airworthiness
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Author Note
Airworthiness
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1AIRWORTHINESS
Introduction:
The modern aviation industry is observed to be significantly competitive with the
increased number of organizations participating in the industry. The conventional carriers
which were present in the industry are observed to face notable amount of intense
competition from the part of the new entries of the industry. It is observed that the many of
the new organizations concentrated on the low cost carriers are significantly making the
survival of the conventional organizations, difficult. However the competition in the modern
aviation industry is observed to have the base on many of the aspects which are the safety and
security of the customers, the quality of the services offered to the customers, the effective
management of the timing, the costing of the services offered to the customers and the
reputation of the carriers. One of the above mentioned aspects which is the costing of the
services that the companies offer to the customers of it, is observed to be the fundamental
criteria for the intense competition in the industry.
Many of the modern organizations are observed to be focus on the low cost carriers
and that is significant for them ion the increment of the competition as the other organization
are observed to be notably affected from that. This is the central idea for the increased
competition in the mentioned industry as notable numbers of organizations are focused in
employing competitive pricing policy for their customers to make sure that they be able to
attract their customers. Apart from this, another crucial factor responsible for the increment in
the market competitions is seen to be the airworthiness. The concept of the airworthiness is
related to the safety and the security of the aviation operations. The customers are seen to be
notably influenced by the organizations capable of providing the much required safety and
that is pretty visible with the statistics of the sales as well1. The companies that have the
1 De Florio, Filippo. Airworthiness: An introduction to aircraft certification and operations. Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2016.
Introduction:
The modern aviation industry is observed to be significantly competitive with the
increased number of organizations participating in the industry. The conventional carriers
which were present in the industry are observed to face notable amount of intense
competition from the part of the new entries of the industry. It is observed that the many of
the new organizations concentrated on the low cost carriers are significantly making the
survival of the conventional organizations, difficult. However the competition in the modern
aviation industry is observed to have the base on many of the aspects which are the safety and
security of the customers, the quality of the services offered to the customers, the effective
management of the timing, the costing of the services offered to the customers and the
reputation of the carriers. One of the above mentioned aspects which is the costing of the
services that the companies offer to the customers of it, is observed to be the fundamental
criteria for the intense competition in the industry.
Many of the modern organizations are observed to be focus on the low cost carriers
and that is significant for them ion the increment of the competition as the other organization
are observed to be notably affected from that. This is the central idea for the increased
competition in the mentioned industry as notable numbers of organizations are focused in
employing competitive pricing policy for their customers to make sure that they be able to
attract their customers. Apart from this, another crucial factor responsible for the increment in
the market competitions is seen to be the airworthiness. The concept of the airworthiness is
related to the safety and the security of the aviation operations. The customers are seen to be
notably influenced by the organizations capable of providing the much required safety and
that is pretty visible with the statistics of the sales as well1. The companies that have the
1 De Florio, Filippo. Airworthiness: An introduction to aircraft certification and operations. Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2016.
2AIRWORTHINESS
reputation to produce the quality and safe services are seen to dominate the market. With the
increasing number of accidents in the aviation industry, many of the analysts are seen to
consider the safety to be the prime concern for the customers and they rate it to be more
important than the pricing for the customers during the time of purchasing. The concept of
the safety that is associated with the aviation industry is seen to be divided into parts which
are external and the internal. While the external are concerned with the issues like the storm,
inappropriate weather and the accidents due to the hitting of the other flying birds, the
internal are concentrated with the notable disturbances or inappropriateness in the mechanism
or machineries of the flights2. One of the main factors responsible in the increased amount of
safety concern of the modern day aviation industry is seen to be the issues related with the
airworthiness.
The paper is focused in the evaluation of the concept of airworthiness with a precise
focus on the implementation of it through the required infrastructure and design of the
aircrafts. The paper also analyses the two different parts of the airworthiness which are the
initial airworthiness and the continuous airworthiness. Along with this, the paper also
explains the relationship between the certification and the compliance on the basis of the
various certifications such as the AD, ICAO and NAA. Along with this, the paper evaluates a
case of airworthiness for the description of the impact of the airworthiness. In addition to this,
the paper identifies the technical innovations and the development of the system in order to
improve the safety of the flights and the customers.
The concept of the airworthiness is defined as the measure of the appropriateness of
aircrafts for the safe flights. It is significantly important for the aviation industry in the
production of the safe and secure service to the customers. The conduction of the tests for the
airworthiness is observed to be controlled by the employees before the travelling. It is a
2 Easa.europa.eu 2019, "| EASA". EASA, https://www.easa.europa.eu/.
reputation to produce the quality and safe services are seen to dominate the market. With the
increasing number of accidents in the aviation industry, many of the analysts are seen to
consider the safety to be the prime concern for the customers and they rate it to be more
important than the pricing for the customers during the time of purchasing. The concept of
the safety that is associated with the aviation industry is seen to be divided into parts which
are external and the internal. While the external are concerned with the issues like the storm,
inappropriate weather and the accidents due to the hitting of the other flying birds, the
internal are concentrated with the notable disturbances or inappropriateness in the mechanism
or machineries of the flights2. One of the main factors responsible in the increased amount of
safety concern of the modern day aviation industry is seen to be the issues related with the
airworthiness.
The paper is focused in the evaluation of the concept of airworthiness with a precise
focus on the implementation of it through the required infrastructure and design of the
aircrafts. The paper also analyses the two different parts of the airworthiness which are the
initial airworthiness and the continuous airworthiness. Along with this, the paper also
explains the relationship between the certification and the compliance on the basis of the
various certifications such as the AD, ICAO and NAA. Along with this, the paper evaluates a
case of airworthiness for the description of the impact of the airworthiness. In addition to this,
the paper identifies the technical innovations and the development of the system in order to
improve the safety of the flights and the customers.
The concept of the airworthiness is defined as the measure of the appropriateness of
aircrafts for the safe flights. It is significantly important for the aviation industry in the
production of the safe and secure service to the customers. The conduction of the tests for the
airworthiness is observed to be controlled by the employees before the travelling. It is a
2 Easa.europa.eu 2019, "| EASA". EASA, https://www.easa.europa.eu/.
3AIRWORTHINESS
routine check-up of the aircrafts for making sure that all the machinery and the parts of the
aircrafts to be used in flying is in fit condition. The airworthiness of the aircrafts are seen to
be issued through the process of certification from the part of the state aircraft registry
national aviation authority. The maintenance of the airworthiness is performed through
making sure that none operates the aircrafts which are not in the airworthy condition. At the
same time , Code of Federal Regulations in United States, Title 14, Subchapter F, Part 91.7
confirm the fact that the pilot in command will be the person responsible for the evaluation of
the condition of the aircrafts regarding the airworthiness so that the aircraft can be used for
the safe operations. In addition to this, the pilot in command has all the authority to
discontinue the operations of the aircrafts in any sort of situation where it is felt that the
mechanical, electrical and the structural condition of the aircrafts are not airworthy for a safe
operation.
The main regulation dedicated for the determination of the airworthiness was
produced by the International Civil Aviation Organization in the Chicago convention of the
International Civil Aviation where the concept of the airworthiness was defined in terms of
the engine, aircraft, propeller and the other parts which constitutes the aircraft. Hence, the
concept of the airworthiness is considered to be the status of the aircraft, engine, propeller
and the other parts which are constructed in accordance to the approved design of it and is
maintained to a certain condition which is suitable for airworthy operations3. In addition to
the guidelines for the consideration of the airworthy status also covers the fact that the
aircrafts are used in the approved standards and limitations and along with that, the aircrafts
are operated by certain individuals who are certified for such operations from approved
3 Clothier, Reece A., et al. "Challenges to the development of an airworthiness regulatory framework for
unmanned aircraft systems." AIAC16: 16th Australian International Aerospace Congress. Engineers Australia,
2015.
routine check-up of the aircrafts for making sure that all the machinery and the parts of the
aircrafts to be used in flying is in fit condition. The airworthiness of the aircrafts are seen to
be issued through the process of certification from the part of the state aircraft registry
national aviation authority. The maintenance of the airworthiness is performed through
making sure that none operates the aircrafts which are not in the airworthy condition. At the
same time , Code of Federal Regulations in United States, Title 14, Subchapter F, Part 91.7
confirm the fact that the pilot in command will be the person responsible for the evaluation of
the condition of the aircrafts regarding the airworthiness so that the aircraft can be used for
the safe operations. In addition to this, the pilot in command has all the authority to
discontinue the operations of the aircrafts in any sort of situation where it is felt that the
mechanical, electrical and the structural condition of the aircrafts are not airworthy for a safe
operation.
The main regulation dedicated for the determination of the airworthiness was
produced by the International Civil Aviation Organization in the Chicago convention of the
International Civil Aviation where the concept of the airworthiness was defined in terms of
the engine, aircraft, propeller and the other parts which constitutes the aircraft. Hence, the
concept of the airworthiness is considered to be the status of the aircraft, engine, propeller
and the other parts which are constructed in accordance to the approved design of it and is
maintained to a certain condition which is suitable for airworthy operations3. In addition to
the guidelines for the consideration of the airworthy status also covers the fact that the
aircrafts are used in the approved standards and limitations and along with that, the aircrafts
are operated by certain individuals who are certified for such operations from approved
3 Clothier, Reece A., et al. "Challenges to the development of an airworthiness regulatory framework for
unmanned aircraft systems." AIAC16: 16th Australian International Aerospace Congress. Engineers Australia,
2015.
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4AIRWORTHINESS
organizations and their actions are considered to be the accepted on behalf of the state of
aircraft registry.
Airworthiness Requirements:
Initial Airworthiness:
The regulations for the required infrastructures during the designing and
manufacturing of the aircrafts is seen to be based on the European Union Aviation Safety
Agency. The part 21 of the recommended legislation from the part of the mentioned authority
is seen to be the fundamental clauses of legislation for the Initial airworthiness. The part 21
of the legislation is seen to include the various aspects such as the General Provisions, Design
Organization Approval and Production Organization Approval. Apart from this, the
mentioned part of the legislation also includes subparts such as the Type -Certificates and
restricted Type –Certificates, changes to Type –Certificates and restricted Type –Certificates,
Certificates of Airworthiness and restricted Certificates of Airworthiness, Production without
Production Organization Approval, Permit to Fly, Repairs, Noise Certificates, Parts and
Appliances, Identification of Products, Parts and Appliances, Supplemental Type –
Certificates and European Technical Standard Order Authorisation4.
Subpart G of the Part 21 of the EASA legislation:
The subpart G of the Part 21 of the above mentioned legislation is focused in the
Production Organization Approval (POA). The main focus of the sub part of the above
mentioned legislation is divided into various parts such as the scope for the Applicable
Design Data, the portrayal of the needs of an approval, linkage between the design and the
production organizations, application form and manner, Quality system and the various
4 Maddalon, Jeffrey M., et al. "Perspectives on unmanned aircraft classification for civil airworthiness
standards." (2013).
organizations and their actions are considered to be the accepted on behalf of the state of
aircraft registry.
Airworthiness Requirements:
Initial Airworthiness:
The regulations for the required infrastructures during the designing and
manufacturing of the aircrafts is seen to be based on the European Union Aviation Safety
Agency. The part 21 of the recommended legislation from the part of the mentioned authority
is seen to be the fundamental clauses of legislation for the Initial airworthiness. The part 21
of the legislation is seen to include the various aspects such as the General Provisions, Design
Organization Approval and Production Organization Approval. Apart from this, the
mentioned part of the legislation also includes subparts such as the Type -Certificates and
restricted Type –Certificates, changes to Type –Certificates and restricted Type –Certificates,
Certificates of Airworthiness and restricted Certificates of Airworthiness, Production without
Production Organization Approval, Permit to Fly, Repairs, Noise Certificates, Parts and
Appliances, Identification of Products, Parts and Appliances, Supplemental Type –
Certificates and European Technical Standard Order Authorisation4.
Subpart G of the Part 21 of the EASA legislation:
The subpart G of the Part 21 of the above mentioned legislation is focused in the
Production Organization Approval (POA). The main focus of the sub part of the above
mentioned legislation is divided into various parts such as the scope for the Applicable
Design Data, the portrayal of the needs of an approval, linkage between the design and the
production organizations, application form and manner, Quality system and the various
4 Maddalon, Jeffrey M., et al. "Perspectives on unmanned aircraft classification for civil airworthiness
standards." (2013).
5AIRWORTHINESS
elements of the quality system. The legislation also covers the vendor and the sub-contractor
assessment, audit and the control of the operations and the other party supplier certification,
Independent Quality Assurance functions, Monitoring functions, Production Organization
Exposition, approval requirements regarding the airworthiness, noise, fuel venting along with
the exhaust emissions, Employee Certification, Evidence Authorisation, management of the
changes, transferability, terms of approval and the management of the changes in it,
Investigations and the identification of the absence of the satisfactory control along with the
condition for the safe operations5.
The Subpart is significant in stating the fact that POA holder or the applicant is
responsible for aligning the procedures with the correct transcription of the original design
data during the development of the own manufacturing data from the design data package
which is expected to be delivered by the design organizations.
The subpart plays a crucial role in confirming the fact that procedures and the
processes are expected to reflect the manner in which the information regarding the
airworthiness, noise, fuel venting and the emissions of the exhaust is to be used to issue and
update the production or the quality data. This is significant in the determination of the
conformity of the parts, appliances and the products. The sub part also confirms that the
procedure is in need to define the traceability of the above mentioned data for each individual
parts or the products so that the certification of the condition for the safe operations and the
issuing a statement of conformity becomes easier.
Subpart J of the Part 21 of the EASA legislation:
The subpart J of the part 21 of the EASA legislation is based on the Design
Organization Approval. The mentioned subpart covers the aspects such as the Design
5 Oster Jr, Clinton V., John S. Strong, and C. Kurt Zorn. "Analyzing aviation safety: problems, challenges,
opportunities." Research in transportation economics 43.1 (2013): 148-164.
elements of the quality system. The legislation also covers the vendor and the sub-contractor
assessment, audit and the control of the operations and the other party supplier certification,
Independent Quality Assurance functions, Monitoring functions, Production Organization
Exposition, approval requirements regarding the airworthiness, noise, fuel venting along with
the exhaust emissions, Employee Certification, Evidence Authorisation, management of the
changes, transferability, terms of approval and the management of the changes in it,
Investigations and the identification of the absence of the satisfactory control along with the
condition for the safe operations5.
The Subpart is significant in stating the fact that POA holder or the applicant is
responsible for aligning the procedures with the correct transcription of the original design
data during the development of the own manufacturing data from the design data package
which is expected to be delivered by the design organizations.
The subpart plays a crucial role in confirming the fact that procedures and the
processes are expected to reflect the manner in which the information regarding the
airworthiness, noise, fuel venting and the emissions of the exhaust is to be used to issue and
update the production or the quality data. This is significant in the determination of the
conformity of the parts, appliances and the products. The sub part also confirms that the
procedure is in need to define the traceability of the above mentioned data for each individual
parts or the products so that the certification of the condition for the safe operations and the
issuing a statement of conformity becomes easier.
Subpart J of the Part 21 of the EASA legislation:
The subpart J of the part 21 of the EASA legislation is based on the Design
Organization Approval. The mentioned subpart covers the aspects such as the Design
5 Oster Jr, Clinton V., John S. Strong, and C. Kurt Zorn. "Analyzing aviation safety: problems, challenges,
opportunities." Research in transportation economics 43.1 (2013): 148-164.
6AIRWORTHINESS
Assurance System, Design Assurance System for the minor changes to type design and the
min repairs to products, Independent System Monitoring, Independent checking function of
the demonstration of the compliances, Data Requirements, statement of the qualifications and
experiences, Requirements for approval, management of the significant changes in the design
assurance system, Transferability, Terms of Approval, Investigations, compliances and the
classification of the changes, Procedure for the minor changes and the type of design or the
minor repairs, procedure for the approval of the conditions for the issue of permit to fly,
procedure for the issue of a permit to fly, procedure for the approval for the minor revisions
to the aircraft flight manual along with issue of information and instructions6.
The mentioned sub part is of great significance in confirming the fact that the
procedure for the approval of the conditions for the issue of a permit to fly is conducted
through the evaluation of the aircraft configuration where the various parts of the aircrafts are
checked on the basis of the predefined ratings. This is significant in making sure that that the
initial airworthiness of the aircraft is assessed.
The procedure also determines the conditions that are in need to be complied for the
safe and secure operations of the flight. Along with that, the documentation of the condition
of the aircraft is significant for the assessment of the flight’s airworthiness. The mentioned
stages of the subpart plays the role of a framework for the design of the parts and
compliances of the products.
Subpart H of the Part 21 of the EASA legislation:
The subpart H of the part 21 of the EASA legislation is concerned with the certificates
of airworthiness and the restricted certificates of the airworthiness. The subpart notably
contributes to the certification of the airworthiness for the new aircrafts. The subpart plays a
6 Cui, Qiang, and Ye Li. "The change trend and influencing factors of civil aviation safety efficiency: the case of
Chinese airline companies." Safety science 75 (2015): 56-63.
Assurance System, Design Assurance System for the minor changes to type design and the
min repairs to products, Independent System Monitoring, Independent checking function of
the demonstration of the compliances, Data Requirements, statement of the qualifications and
experiences, Requirements for approval, management of the significant changes in the design
assurance system, Transferability, Terms of Approval, Investigations, compliances and the
classification of the changes, Procedure for the minor changes and the type of design or the
minor repairs, procedure for the approval of the conditions for the issue of permit to fly,
procedure for the issue of a permit to fly, procedure for the approval for the minor revisions
to the aircraft flight manual along with issue of information and instructions6.
The mentioned sub part is of great significance in confirming the fact that the
procedure for the approval of the conditions for the issue of a permit to fly is conducted
through the evaluation of the aircraft configuration where the various parts of the aircrafts are
checked on the basis of the predefined ratings. This is significant in making sure that that the
initial airworthiness of the aircraft is assessed.
The procedure also determines the conditions that are in need to be complied for the
safe and secure operations of the flight. Along with that, the documentation of the condition
of the aircraft is significant for the assessment of the flight’s airworthiness. The mentioned
stages of the subpart plays the role of a framework for the design of the parts and
compliances of the products.
Subpart H of the Part 21 of the EASA legislation:
The subpart H of the part 21 of the EASA legislation is concerned with the certificates
of airworthiness and the restricted certificates of the airworthiness. The subpart notably
contributes to the certification of the airworthiness for the new aircrafts. The subpart plays a
6 Cui, Qiang, and Ye Li. "The change trend and influencing factors of civil aviation safety efficiency: the case of
Chinese airline companies." Safety science 75 (2015): 56-63.
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7AIRWORTHINESS
crucial in the verification of the statement of conformity with a precise focus on the
requirement of the sub part F or G or on the export certificate of the airworthiness7. The
verification is conducted by the competent authority or the National Aviation Authority.
Type Certificates:
The impact of the type certificates is observed to be significant as it signifies the
airworthiness of a particular type of aircraft in accordance to the manufacturing design of the
product. It plays a crucial role in the identification of the fact whether the product is designed
in accordance to the approved design of the products and also verifies whether the design of
the product is able to satisfy the airworthiness requirements. The type certificate is seen to be
issued by a regulatory body and usually issued for once only. The certification ensures that
the regulatory body has verified the actual design of the product in comparison of the
approved design of the products. During the process of investigation, the regulatory body is
seen to conduct an analysis to determine whether the design of the aircraft is in accordance to
the requirements of the identified type of equipment. The evaluation for the type certificates
is conducted through the comparison with the established requirements by the regulatory
body of the aviation operations and the general requirements for the evaluation are observed
to be in the form of Minimum Operating Performance Standards (MOPS) and other
documents like the DO-160 series, DO-178 series and the DO-254 series8. These are
developed through the joint initiative of the RTCA, Inc. and EUROCAE.
Continuous Airworthiness:
The continuous airworthiness is a state of the aircraft where it is airworthy throughout
the life cycle. The statement of being air worthy is also communicated as the state of being
7 Gratton, Guy. Initial airworthiness: Determining the acceptability of new airborne systems. Springer, 2018.
8 Seywald, Klaus, et al. "Airworthiness investigation of a highly nonplanar flexible wing concept." Proceedings
of the 29th Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. 2014.
crucial in the verification of the statement of conformity with a precise focus on the
requirement of the sub part F or G or on the export certificate of the airworthiness7. The
verification is conducted by the competent authority or the National Aviation Authority.
Type Certificates:
The impact of the type certificates is observed to be significant as it signifies the
airworthiness of a particular type of aircraft in accordance to the manufacturing design of the
product. It plays a crucial role in the identification of the fact whether the product is designed
in accordance to the approved design of the products and also verifies whether the design of
the product is able to satisfy the airworthiness requirements. The type certificate is seen to be
issued by a regulatory body and usually issued for once only. The certification ensures that
the regulatory body has verified the actual design of the product in comparison of the
approved design of the products. During the process of investigation, the regulatory body is
seen to conduct an analysis to determine whether the design of the aircraft is in accordance to
the requirements of the identified type of equipment. The evaluation for the type certificates
is conducted through the comparison with the established requirements by the regulatory
body of the aviation operations and the general requirements for the evaluation are observed
to be in the form of Minimum Operating Performance Standards (MOPS) and other
documents like the DO-160 series, DO-178 series and the DO-254 series8. These are
developed through the joint initiative of the RTCA, Inc. and EUROCAE.
Continuous Airworthiness:
The continuous airworthiness is a state of the aircraft where it is airworthy throughout
the life cycle. The statement of being air worthy is also communicated as the state of being
7 Gratton, Guy. Initial airworthiness: Determining the acceptability of new airborne systems. Springer, 2018.
8 Seywald, Klaus, et al. "Airworthiness investigation of a highly nonplanar flexible wing concept." Proceedings
of the 29th Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. 2014.
8AIRWORTHINESS
technically fit for the flight as well. In accordance to the manual of the ICAO, it is described
that all the processes that lead to a certain state where a particular aeroplane complies with all
the technical conditions set for the issue of the airworthiness certificates at any point of life
cycle and contributes to the safe operation of the flight, are the steps for the effective
management of the continuous airworthiness. In accordance to the Annex 8 of ICAO, the
airworthiness is divided into two parts which are the continued and the continuing
airworthiness where the continued airworthiness is considered to be the Type airworthiness or
the Initial airworthiness9. It is seen that the operators from the countries of the European
Union and the other countries which follow the EASA legislation, are seen to focus on the
establishment of the Continuing Airworthiness Management Organization (CAMO). The
establishment of the CAMO is notably helpful in the effective supervision of the activities for
the continuing airworthiness management.
Part M in the Continuing Airworthiness:
The part M of the EASA legislation is significant in managing the concerns regarding
the continuing airworthiness. The part M of the legislation is divided into two part which are
section A and the section B where the section A is concerned with the Technical
requirements for the effective maintenance of the parts and the appliances that lead to the
continuing airworthiness and the section is applicable to industry10. On the other hand, section
B is concerned with the procedures for the competent authorities and is applicable to the
regulators.
9 Clothier, Reece A., et al. "Challenges to the development of an airworthiness regulatory framework for
unmanned aircraft systems." AIAC16: 16th Australian International Aerospace Congress. Engineers Australia,
2015.
10 Purton, Leon, and Kyriakos Kourousis. "Military airworthiness management frameworks: a critical review."
Procedia Engineering 80 (2014): 545-564.
technically fit for the flight as well. In accordance to the manual of the ICAO, it is described
that all the processes that lead to a certain state where a particular aeroplane complies with all
the technical conditions set for the issue of the airworthiness certificates at any point of life
cycle and contributes to the safe operation of the flight, are the steps for the effective
management of the continuous airworthiness. In accordance to the Annex 8 of ICAO, the
airworthiness is divided into two parts which are the continued and the continuing
airworthiness where the continued airworthiness is considered to be the Type airworthiness or
the Initial airworthiness9. It is seen that the operators from the countries of the European
Union and the other countries which follow the EASA legislation, are seen to focus on the
establishment of the Continuing Airworthiness Management Organization (CAMO). The
establishment of the CAMO is notably helpful in the effective supervision of the activities for
the continuing airworthiness management.
Part M in the Continuing Airworthiness:
The part M of the EASA legislation is significant in managing the concerns regarding
the continuing airworthiness. The part M of the legislation is divided into two part which are
section A and the section B where the section A is concerned with the Technical
requirements for the effective maintenance of the parts and the appliances that lead to the
continuing airworthiness and the section is applicable to industry10. On the other hand, section
B is concerned with the procedures for the competent authorities and is applicable to the
regulators.
9 Clothier, Reece A., et al. "Challenges to the development of an airworthiness regulatory framework for
unmanned aircraft systems." AIAC16: 16th Australian International Aerospace Congress. Engineers Australia,
2015.
10 Purton, Leon, and Kyriakos Kourousis. "Military airworthiness management frameworks: a critical review."
Procedia Engineering 80 (2014): 545-564.
9AIRWORTHINESS
The section A is seen to be of great significance as it covers the various aspects of the
technical requirements such as the General, Accountability, Maintenance Standards,
Components, Maintenance Organization, Continuing Airworthiness, Continuing
Airworthiness Management Organization, Airworthiness Release Certificate and the
Certificate of Release to Service11.
CAMO in the Continuing Airworthiness:
As mentioned, the importance of the continuing airworthiness management
organization is significant and that is pretty evident with the fact that each of the steps of the
Part M of the above mentioned legislation promotes the continuing airworthiness manager to
be responsible for the containing airworthiness management through the regulatory
requirements described in it. In addition to this, the legislation is notably important in stating
the responsibilities of the continuing airworthiness manager such as the management of the
Technical Records, Maintenance Planning along with the management of the engineering and
the reliability operations. It is observed that the general operations include the development
and the maintenance programme for the aircraft, the presentation of the programmes to the
competent authority, effective management of the approval of the modifications and the
repairs, coordination of the scheduled maintenance, application of Ads, the replacement of
the service LLP along with the inspection of the components for the effective conduction of
the works12. The list also includes the effective management of the continuing airworthiness
records and along with controlling the mass and the balance statement so that it reflects the
current status of the aircrafts.
11 Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Part-M - Continuing Airworthiness Requirements". EASA, 2019,
https://www.easa.europa.eu/acceptable-means-compliance-and-guidance-material-group/part-m-continuing-
airworthiness-requirements.
12 Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Continuing Airworthiness Organisations | EASA". EASA, 2019,
https://www.easa.europa.eu/easa-and-you/aircraft-products/continuing-airworthiness-organisations.
The section A is seen to be of great significance as it covers the various aspects of the
technical requirements such as the General, Accountability, Maintenance Standards,
Components, Maintenance Organization, Continuing Airworthiness, Continuing
Airworthiness Management Organization, Airworthiness Release Certificate and the
Certificate of Release to Service11.
CAMO in the Continuing Airworthiness:
As mentioned, the importance of the continuing airworthiness management
organization is significant and that is pretty evident with the fact that each of the steps of the
Part M of the above mentioned legislation promotes the continuing airworthiness manager to
be responsible for the containing airworthiness management through the regulatory
requirements described in it. In addition to this, the legislation is notably important in stating
the responsibilities of the continuing airworthiness manager such as the management of the
Technical Records, Maintenance Planning along with the management of the engineering and
the reliability operations. It is observed that the general operations include the development
and the maintenance programme for the aircraft, the presentation of the programmes to the
competent authority, effective management of the approval of the modifications and the
repairs, coordination of the scheduled maintenance, application of Ads, the replacement of
the service LLP along with the inspection of the components for the effective conduction of
the works12. The list also includes the effective management of the continuing airworthiness
records and along with controlling the mass and the balance statement so that it reflects the
current status of the aircrafts.
11 Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Part-M - Continuing Airworthiness Requirements". EASA, 2019,
https://www.easa.europa.eu/acceptable-means-compliance-and-guidance-material-group/part-m-continuing-
airworthiness-requirements.
12 Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Continuing Airworthiness Organisations | EASA". EASA, 2019,
https://www.easa.europa.eu/easa-and-you/aircraft-products/continuing-airworthiness-organisations.
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10AIRWORTHINESS
Part 145 in the Continuing Airworthiness:
The part 145 of the EASA legislation is important in the effective management of the
continuing airworthiness. The part 145 approval produces a certification for the design,
production, maintenance and the operations of the aircraft components which is based on the
requirements for the continuing airworthiness. The major focus of the certification under the
part is observed to be the repair and the maintenance programs. The part 145 plays a crucial
in the decoration of the repair and the maintenance activities so that it is effectively aligned
with the requirements of the continuing airworthiness13. The repair and maintenances
operations under the section are framed to contribute the airworthiness of the aircrafts.
Part 147 and 66 in the Continuing Airworthiness:
The part is manly focused in the training and the developmental activities for the
improvement. It is observed that the part has notable amount of importance for the approval
of the Maintenance Training Organizations. The part 147 is observed to have two different
part in the form of the basic training and the aircraft type rating training14. The basic training
covers the requirements for the issue of a part 66 maintenance license of the aircrafts and on
the other hand, the aircraft type rating training is observed to be concerned with the
13 Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Foreign Part-145 Organisations | EASA". EASA, 2019,
https://www.easa.europa.eu/easa-and-you/aircraft-products/continuing-airworthiness-organisations/foreign-part-
145-organisations.
14 Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Part-66/Part-147 And Contracting Of Continuing Airworthiness Management
Workshops | EASA". EASA, 2019, https://www.easa.europa.eu/newsroom-and-events/events/part-66part-147-
and-contracting-continuing-airworthiness-management.
Part 145 in the Continuing Airworthiness:
The part 145 of the EASA legislation is important in the effective management of the
continuing airworthiness. The part 145 approval produces a certification for the design,
production, maintenance and the operations of the aircraft components which is based on the
requirements for the continuing airworthiness. The major focus of the certification under the
part is observed to be the repair and the maintenance programs. The part 145 plays a crucial
in the decoration of the repair and the maintenance activities so that it is effectively aligned
with the requirements of the continuing airworthiness13. The repair and maintenances
operations under the section are framed to contribute the airworthiness of the aircrafts.
Part 147 and 66 in the Continuing Airworthiness:
The part is manly focused in the training and the developmental activities for the
improvement. It is observed that the part has notable amount of importance for the approval
of the Maintenance Training Organizations. The part 147 is observed to have two different
part in the form of the basic training and the aircraft type rating training14. The basic training
covers the requirements for the issue of a part 66 maintenance license of the aircrafts and on
the other hand, the aircraft type rating training is observed to be concerned with the
13 Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Foreign Part-145 Organisations | EASA". EASA, 2019,
https://www.easa.europa.eu/easa-and-you/aircraft-products/continuing-airworthiness-organisations/foreign-part-
145-organisations.
14 Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Part-66/Part-147 And Contracting Of Continuing Airworthiness Management
Workshops | EASA". EASA, 2019, https://www.easa.europa.eu/newsroom-and-events/events/part-66part-147-
and-contracting-continuing-airworthiness-management.
11AIRWORTHINESS
requirements for the effective authorisation of the type ratings to the part par 66 aircraft
maintenance license15.
The part 66 is concerned with the process of the licensing for the aircraft engineer and
the license rating. The part 66 is observed to affect the individuals who are licensed aircraft
maintenance engineer through aligning their operations in accordance to the requirements of
the continuing airworthiness. The part also affects operations of the aircraft owners,
registered operators and the operator’s certificate holders for the same management as well.
The major focus of the licensing activity through the part 66 is on the effective management
of the continuing airworthiness.
Impact of the Certification on the agreement of the Airworthiness Regulations:
The general operations of the aviation industry is significantly based on the strict
implementation of the rules and regulations. The certification plays an important role in the
maintenance of operations in accordance to the legislation of the competent authority. As the
aviation operations are remarkably sensitive and risky, the importance of the legislation in the
proper maintenance of it and the importance of the certificates in the compliance of the
operations with the legislation becomes significantly crucial. The production of the permit for
the commercial passenger or the cargo operations is observed to be conducted through the
certification of the airworthiness of the aircrafts. Apart from the cargo operations or
commercial passenger, a special airworthiness certificate is much needed to be issued for the
legal and safe operations of the aircrafts such as crop- sprayers. Hence it is pretty evident that
the aviation operations of the aircrafts are notably dependent on the certification from the
state aviation authority for the legal operations.
15 Hu, Tao, et al. "Study on airworthiness problems of operating in supercooled large drops icing conditions for
transport category airplanes." Procedia Engineering 80 (2014): 467-478.
requirements for the effective authorisation of the type ratings to the part par 66 aircraft
maintenance license15.
The part 66 is concerned with the process of the licensing for the aircraft engineer and
the license rating. The part 66 is observed to affect the individuals who are licensed aircraft
maintenance engineer through aligning their operations in accordance to the requirements of
the continuing airworthiness. The part also affects operations of the aircraft owners,
registered operators and the operator’s certificate holders for the same management as well.
The major focus of the licensing activity through the part 66 is on the effective management
of the continuing airworthiness.
Impact of the Certification on the agreement of the Airworthiness Regulations:
The general operations of the aviation industry is significantly based on the strict
implementation of the rules and regulations. The certification plays an important role in the
maintenance of operations in accordance to the legislation of the competent authority. As the
aviation operations are remarkably sensitive and risky, the importance of the legislation in the
proper maintenance of it and the importance of the certificates in the compliance of the
operations with the legislation becomes significantly crucial. The production of the permit for
the commercial passenger or the cargo operations is observed to be conducted through the
certification of the airworthiness of the aircrafts. Apart from the cargo operations or
commercial passenger, a special airworthiness certificate is much needed to be issued for the
legal and safe operations of the aircrafts such as crop- sprayers. Hence it is pretty evident that
the aviation operations of the aircrafts are notably dependent on the certification from the
state aviation authority for the legal operations.
15 Hu, Tao, et al. "Study on airworthiness problems of operating in supercooled large drops icing conditions for
transport category airplanes." Procedia Engineering 80 (2014): 467-478.
12AIRWORTHINESS
The impact of many of the aviation related modern legislations such as CS25, AD,
ICAO and NAA are observed to be significant in the case.
Impact of CS25:
The CS-25 is the certification specification specified by the EASA authority for the
large aeroplanes. The code of standards covers the various aspects of the aircraft designing
and the specification regarding the infrastructure of the aircrafts with a precise focus on the
general requirements, flight requirement, structure, design and construction, power plant,
equipment, operating limitations and information and the Gas Turbine Auxiliary Power Unit
Installations. The code is observed to be applied for the turbine powered large aeroplanes. In
the subpart of flight requirements, the code plays a crucial role in confirming the
requirements related to the proof of compliance, load distribution limits, Weight limits,
Removable ballast, Propeller speed and pitch limits, centre of gravity limits, take off, take off
path and take off speed limits. In the subpart of the aircraft structure, the code is observed to
specify the definitions of the Laminate level design values or allowables, Lamina level
material properties, Point design, Damage16.
In addition to this, it also contributes to the Environmental design criteria framework
and the material system design values17. The implementation of the code is significant in the
effective management of the execution of the legislation framed for the safe operations of the
aircrafts. The code forces the aviation organizations to precisely focus on the implementation
16 Easa.europa.eu 2019, "CS-25 Large Aeroplanes". EASA, 2019, https://www.easa.europa.eu/certification-
specifications/cs-25-large-aeroplanes.
17 Johnson, Daniel P. "Civil Aviation and CyberSecurity." Pobrane z: http://sites. nationalacademies.
org/cs/groups/depssite/documents/webpage/deps_084768. pdf (2013).
The impact of many of the aviation related modern legislations such as CS25, AD,
ICAO and NAA are observed to be significant in the case.
Impact of CS25:
The CS-25 is the certification specification specified by the EASA authority for the
large aeroplanes. The code of standards covers the various aspects of the aircraft designing
and the specification regarding the infrastructure of the aircrafts with a precise focus on the
general requirements, flight requirement, structure, design and construction, power plant,
equipment, operating limitations and information and the Gas Turbine Auxiliary Power Unit
Installations. The code is observed to be applied for the turbine powered large aeroplanes. In
the subpart of flight requirements, the code plays a crucial role in confirming the
requirements related to the proof of compliance, load distribution limits, Weight limits,
Removable ballast, Propeller speed and pitch limits, centre of gravity limits, take off, take off
path and take off speed limits. In the subpart of the aircraft structure, the code is observed to
specify the definitions of the Laminate level design values or allowables, Lamina level
material properties, Point design, Damage16.
In addition to this, it also contributes to the Environmental design criteria framework
and the material system design values17. The implementation of the code is significant in the
effective management of the execution of the legislation framed for the safe operations of the
aircrafts. The code forces the aviation organizations to precisely focus on the implementation
16 Easa.europa.eu 2019, "CS-25 Large Aeroplanes". EASA, 2019, https://www.easa.europa.eu/certification-
specifications/cs-25-large-aeroplanes.
17 Johnson, Daniel P. "Civil Aviation and CyberSecurity." Pobrane z: http://sites. nationalacademies.
org/cs/groups/depssite/documents/webpage/deps_084768. pdf (2013).
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13AIRWORTHINESS
of the legislative requirements and the denial of the certification required for the execution of
the aviation operations is seen to be the consequences in case of any sort of violation of the
code.
Type Certificates:
As mentioned earlier, the type certificates are focused in the specification of the
airworthiness of a particular aircraft in accordance to the manufacturing design of the
product. The importance of the type certificates is pretty evident with the fact that it verifies
whether a particular aircraft is framed in accordance to the approved manufacturing design of
the product or not and also evaluates whether the design of the product is able to satisfy the
airworthiness requirements. The certification is seen to be notably important in making sure
that the aircraft is in airworthy condition to fly and at the same time the certification makes
sure that the requirements for the airworthy and safe operations is managed.
Airworthiness Directives:
As the safety in the modern aviation operations is observed to be a major concern of
majority of the aviation organizations, the production of the alerts regarding the deficiency in
the safety of the aircrafts is of great significance. The Airworthiness Directive which is
commonly known as AD serves the need of notifying the owners or the certified operators of
the aircrafts regarding the safety deficiency in a particular model of aircraft, parts, engines,
various systems and avionics18. This makes sure that the owners or the certified operators of
those models of aircrafts are alerted regarding the need of correcting the deficiency19. From
18 Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Airworthiness Directives | EASA". EASA, 2019, https://www.easa.europa.eu/easa-and-
you/aircraft-products/airworthiness-directives-ad.
19 Ikatrinasari, Zulfa Fitri, and Erlana Ichsan Haryanto. "Implementation of Lean Service with Value Stream
Mapping at Directorate Airworthiness and Aircraft Operation, Ministry of Transportation Republic of
Indonesia." Journal of Service Science and Management 7.04 (2014): 291.
of the legislative requirements and the denial of the certification required for the execution of
the aviation operations is seen to be the consequences in case of any sort of violation of the
code.
Type Certificates:
As mentioned earlier, the type certificates are focused in the specification of the
airworthiness of a particular aircraft in accordance to the manufacturing design of the
product. The importance of the type certificates is pretty evident with the fact that it verifies
whether a particular aircraft is framed in accordance to the approved manufacturing design of
the product or not and also evaluates whether the design of the product is able to satisfy the
airworthiness requirements. The certification is seen to be notably important in making sure
that the aircraft is in airworthy condition to fly and at the same time the certification makes
sure that the requirements for the airworthy and safe operations is managed.
Airworthiness Directives:
As the safety in the modern aviation operations is observed to be a major concern of
majority of the aviation organizations, the production of the alerts regarding the deficiency in
the safety of the aircrafts is of great significance. The Airworthiness Directive which is
commonly known as AD serves the need of notifying the owners or the certified operators of
the aircrafts regarding the safety deficiency in a particular model of aircraft, parts, engines,
various systems and avionics18. This makes sure that the owners or the certified operators of
those models of aircrafts are alerted regarding the need of correcting the deficiency19. From
18 Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Airworthiness Directives | EASA". EASA, 2019, https://www.easa.europa.eu/easa-and-
you/aircraft-products/airworthiness-directives-ad.
19 Ikatrinasari, Zulfa Fitri, and Erlana Ichsan Haryanto. "Implementation of Lean Service with Value Stream
Mapping at Directorate Airworthiness and Aircraft Operation, Ministry of Transportation Republic of
Indonesia." Journal of Service Science and Management 7.04 (2014): 291.
14AIRWORTHINESS
the legislation regarding the certification of the airworthiness, it is pretty visible that a
certified aircraft which does not have an outstanding airworthiness directive complied with it,
is considered to be un- airworthy. Hence the legislation forces the operators to comply with
the airworthiness directives to make sure that the necessary requirements for alerting the
certified operators regarding the safety deficiency is framed in an appropriate manner.
ICAO:
ICAO is known as the International Civil Aviation Organization which is the
specialised agency of the United Nations. The mentioned regulatory body plays a crucial role
in the effective creation of the principles and the techniques for the International Air
Navigation and along with that, notably contributes to process of planning and development
of the International Air Transport in ensuring that the flights are operating in a safe and
secure manner. Apart from this, the mentioned agency is seen to adopt various quality and
safety standards for their recommendation of the best practices regarding the air navigation,
the infrastructures of the aircrafts, inspection of the aircrafts for the identification of the
faulty parts, protection against the illegal interferences along with the production of the
guidelines for crossing International borders.
In addition to this, the concerned agency is seen to be instrumental in defining the air
accident protocols for the investigation of the air accidents. The concerned agency is
observed to have significantly strong guidelines for the effective maintenances of the various
important aspects of the airworthiness along with the safety of the aviation operations. The 3rd
edition of the Document 9760 is one of the main module for the specification of the
airworthiness regulations prescribed by the mentioned agency. The module is divided into 5
parts starting from the definitions and abbreviations regarding the various important parts and
the operations of the aviation, airworthiness organization structure and the responsibilities of
the legislation regarding the certification of the airworthiness, it is pretty visible that a
certified aircraft which does not have an outstanding airworthiness directive complied with it,
is considered to be un- airworthy. Hence the legislation forces the operators to comply with
the airworthiness directives to make sure that the necessary requirements for alerting the
certified operators regarding the safety deficiency is framed in an appropriate manner.
ICAO:
ICAO is known as the International Civil Aviation Organization which is the
specialised agency of the United Nations. The mentioned regulatory body plays a crucial role
in the effective creation of the principles and the techniques for the International Air
Navigation and along with that, notably contributes to process of planning and development
of the International Air Transport in ensuring that the flights are operating in a safe and
secure manner. Apart from this, the mentioned agency is seen to adopt various quality and
safety standards for their recommendation of the best practices regarding the air navigation,
the infrastructures of the aircrafts, inspection of the aircrafts for the identification of the
faulty parts, protection against the illegal interferences along with the production of the
guidelines for crossing International borders.
In addition to this, the concerned agency is seen to be instrumental in defining the air
accident protocols for the investigation of the air accidents. The concerned agency is
observed to have significantly strong guidelines for the effective maintenances of the various
important aspects of the airworthiness along with the safety of the aviation operations. The 3rd
edition of the Document 9760 is one of the main module for the specification of the
airworthiness regulations prescribed by the mentioned agency. The module is divided into 5
parts starting from the definitions and abbreviations regarding the various important parts and
the operations of the aviation, airworthiness organization structure and the responsibilities of
15AIRWORTHINESS
state, state of registry, state of operator along with the state of design and manufacturer20. The
mentioned document plays a crucial role in defining the procedure and requirements for the
certification of the registration (C of R) along with the certification of the Airworthiness (C
of A).
Apart from these two, the documentation also signifies the requirements for the Noise
Certificate, special fight permit, the procedure for the of approval of the major repairs and the
modifications in order to reshape the aircrafts to the airworthy conditions, procedure for the
approval of the maintenance of the programmes along with the identification of the
organization assignable for the programme and the maintenance of the airworthiness of the
aircrafts. Apart from this, the document is significant for the specification of the requirements
regarding the Air Operator Certificates on the various aspects of the airworthiness. The
document is instrumental in the elaboration of the operations specifications along with the
description of the requirement for the continuing airworthiness21. The part, design and
manufacture is seen to be important in the specification of the requirement regarding the type
certification, production approval and certification along with the requirements for the
continuing airworthiness of the aircrafts. Hence it is pretty visible that the organization has
strong guidelines in place for the effective management of the aircraft operations in
accordance to the regulatory framework of the airworthiness.
NAA:
NAA is known as the National Aviation Authority or Civil Aviation Authority which
is a government statutory authority present in each of the nations for the effective
management of the aircraft registry and the operation related to the approval and regulation of
20 Icao.int, 2019, https://www.icao.int/Pages/default.aspx.
21 Icao.int, 2019, https://www.icao.int/Pages/default.aspx.
state, state of registry, state of operator along with the state of design and manufacturer20. The
mentioned document plays a crucial role in defining the procedure and requirements for the
certification of the registration (C of R) along with the certification of the Airworthiness (C
of A).
Apart from these two, the documentation also signifies the requirements for the Noise
Certificate, special fight permit, the procedure for the of approval of the major repairs and the
modifications in order to reshape the aircrafts to the airworthy conditions, procedure for the
approval of the maintenance of the programmes along with the identification of the
organization assignable for the programme and the maintenance of the airworthiness of the
aircrafts. Apart from this, the document is significant for the specification of the requirements
regarding the Air Operator Certificates on the various aspects of the airworthiness. The
document is instrumental in the elaboration of the operations specifications along with the
description of the requirement for the continuing airworthiness21. The part, design and
manufacture is seen to be important in the specification of the requirement regarding the type
certification, production approval and certification along with the requirements for the
continuing airworthiness of the aircrafts. Hence it is pretty visible that the organization has
strong guidelines in place for the effective management of the aircraft operations in
accordance to the regulatory framework of the airworthiness.
NAA:
NAA is known as the National Aviation Authority or Civil Aviation Authority which
is a government statutory authority present in each of the nations for the effective
management of the aircraft registry and the operation related to the approval and regulation of
20 Icao.int, 2019, https://www.icao.int/Pages/default.aspx.
21 Icao.int, 2019, https://www.icao.int/Pages/default.aspx.
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16AIRWORTHINESS
the civil aviation. NAA is observed to have significant role in the airworthy operations of the
aircraft through the effective maintenance of the operations detailed below:
The mentioned body has a significant impact on the effective management of the
design of aircraft, engines along with other airborne and the ground based equipment of the
aircrafts for the safe and secure operations.
NAA plays a crucial role in specifying the condition for the effective manufacturing
of the aircrafts and the testing of the other associated equipment which has the potential to
lead the fights to a safe and airworthy operations.
NAA described guidelines for the effective maintenance and the operations of the
aircrafts and the equipment for the safe operations is observed to be widely accepted by the
aviation organizations.
The concerned body plays an effective role in specifying the criteria for the licensing
of the pilots with a precise focus on the responsibilities of the pilots in effective identification
of the airworthiness of the aircrafts. In addition to this, the effective management of the
navigational aids and the formation of the standards for the effective controlling of the air
traffic is observed to be great contribution from the part of NAA in making sure that the
commercial and other aviation organizations are focused in the effective management of the
safe operations through the efficient implementation of the regulations related with the
airworthiness.
Innovations for the improvement of the safety in the aviation operations:
It is seen that the aviation industry is significantly focused in the effective
management of the technology and the innovative ideas for the safe and secure operations.
The modern business world is observed to welcome the incorporation of the technology and
the presence and up gradation of the technology in a significant manner for the betterment of
the civil aviation. NAA is observed to have significant role in the airworthy operations of the
aircraft through the effective maintenance of the operations detailed below:
The mentioned body has a significant impact on the effective management of the
design of aircraft, engines along with other airborne and the ground based equipment of the
aircrafts for the safe and secure operations.
NAA plays a crucial role in specifying the condition for the effective manufacturing
of the aircrafts and the testing of the other associated equipment which has the potential to
lead the fights to a safe and airworthy operations.
NAA described guidelines for the effective maintenance and the operations of the
aircrafts and the equipment for the safe operations is observed to be widely accepted by the
aviation organizations.
The concerned body plays an effective role in specifying the criteria for the licensing
of the pilots with a precise focus on the responsibilities of the pilots in effective identification
of the airworthiness of the aircrafts. In addition to this, the effective management of the
navigational aids and the formation of the standards for the effective controlling of the air
traffic is observed to be great contribution from the part of NAA in making sure that the
commercial and other aviation organizations are focused in the effective management of the
safe operations through the efficient implementation of the regulations related with the
airworthiness.
Innovations for the improvement of the safety in the aviation operations:
It is seen that the aviation industry is significantly focused in the effective
management of the technology and the innovative ideas for the safe and secure operations.
The modern business world is observed to welcome the incorporation of the technology and
the presence and up gradation of the technology in a significant manner for the betterment of
17AIRWORTHINESS
the services. Aviation being one of the pioneer industry in incorporating the technology and
the technological innovations, it is seen to achieve the presence of the technology in the most
expressive manner. One of the critical issue in the safe and secure operations of the aviation
industry is observed to be the air traffic management. The history of the aviation operations
includes considerable number of instances where major casualty took place due to the
accidents that actually occurred due to absence of the effective traffic management. In
addition to this, many of the aircrafts are seen to be lost due to the above mentioned issue and
as a result, major casualty took place. Hence the effective management of the air traffic is
observed to be of great significance for the organizations and that can be managed in an
effective manner through the efficient inclusion of the technology.
One of the crucial technological inclusion in the modern aviation industry to manage
the traffic in appropriate manner is observed to be the geospatial technology in the air traffic
management. The geospatial technology is seen to be significantly helpful in the effective
management of the process of planning, deployment, delivery, maintenance and the
management of the aviation infrastructure. The cockpit resource management and the flight
management in the modern aircraft fleet is observed to be notably restructured and the
geospatial technology was observed to be one of the fundamental technology used for the
implementation of the restructuring22. The contribution of the mentioned technology is
expressively visible with the replacement of the paper charts and maps by the electronic flight
bags. Adding to the list, electronic route bulletins, electronic aeronautical information
publications, electronic terrain obstacle data along with the aerodrome data are significant
results of the usage of the geospatial technology23.
22 Kawasaki, Akiyuki, Merrick Lex Berman, and Wendy Guan. "The growing role of web ‐based geospatial
technology in disaster response and support." Disasters 37.2 (2013): 201-221.
23 Stahler, Gerald J., Jeremy Mennis, and David A. Baron. "Geospatial technology and the “exposome”: new
perspectives on addiction." American journal of public health 103.8 (2013): 1354-1356.
the services. Aviation being one of the pioneer industry in incorporating the technology and
the technological innovations, it is seen to achieve the presence of the technology in the most
expressive manner. One of the critical issue in the safe and secure operations of the aviation
industry is observed to be the air traffic management. The history of the aviation operations
includes considerable number of instances where major casualty took place due to the
accidents that actually occurred due to absence of the effective traffic management. In
addition to this, many of the aircrafts are seen to be lost due to the above mentioned issue and
as a result, major casualty took place. Hence the effective management of the air traffic is
observed to be of great significance for the organizations and that can be managed in an
effective manner through the efficient inclusion of the technology.
One of the crucial technological inclusion in the modern aviation industry to manage
the traffic in appropriate manner is observed to be the geospatial technology in the air traffic
management. The geospatial technology is seen to be significantly helpful in the effective
management of the process of planning, deployment, delivery, maintenance and the
management of the aviation infrastructure. The cockpit resource management and the flight
management in the modern aircraft fleet is observed to be notably restructured and the
geospatial technology was observed to be one of the fundamental technology used for the
implementation of the restructuring22. The contribution of the mentioned technology is
expressively visible with the replacement of the paper charts and maps by the electronic flight
bags. Adding to the list, electronic route bulletins, electronic aeronautical information
publications, electronic terrain obstacle data along with the aerodrome data are significant
results of the usage of the geospatial technology23.
22 Kawasaki, Akiyuki, Merrick Lex Berman, and Wendy Guan. "The growing role of web ‐based geospatial
technology in disaster response and support." Disasters 37.2 (2013): 201-221.
23 Stahler, Gerald J., Jeremy Mennis, and David A. Baron. "Geospatial technology and the “exposome”: new
perspectives on addiction." American journal of public health 103.8 (2013): 1354-1356.
18AIRWORTHINESS
Apart from this, the effective management of the safety operations in the aviation
industry is seen to be notably influenced with another technology which is the Geographic
formation System. The implementation of GIS is observed to be significant in the
remodelling of spatial components of the data of the cost effective workflows24. Apart from
this, the management of the management of the track flight paths, noise level and the height
clearances is seen to be managed with higher degree of accuracy following the mentioned
technology. The improvement in the management of the airspace planning, routing
applications along with the better usage of the facilities management applications is achieved
in a better manner by the air traffic control regulators through the implementation of the GIS
technology. The application of the mentioned technology in the effective management of
databases for the improved management of the air traffic is a massive opportunity for the
organizations, operating in the aviation industry, to align their services in such a manner that
increases the safety of the operations.
The application of the GIS is notably helpful for the pilots and the air traffic control
staffs for the improved management of the aeronautical charts which is instrumental in the
establishment of the better communication. One of the major issue in the aviation industry is
seen to be the bird strikes. A considerable number of cases of the accidents are seen to be the
result of the collision between the birds and the aircrafts. However the application of the GIS
technology with the effective gathering of the data regarding the movement of the birds
during a particular season and the information regarding the number of birds’ population is
seen to be significantly helpful in the effective production of the real time maps. The map
notably helps the aviation organizations to achieve the idea regarding the movement of the
birds to make sure that the aircrafts passing those regions do not collide with the birds25.
24 Wheatley, David, and Mark Gillings. Spatial technology and archaeology: the archaeological applications of
GIS. CRC Press, 2013.
25 Li, Xingxing, et al. "Precise positioning with current multi-constellation global navigation satellite systems:
GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou." Scientific reports 5 (2015): 8328.
Apart from this, the effective management of the safety operations in the aviation
industry is seen to be notably influenced with another technology which is the Geographic
formation System. The implementation of GIS is observed to be significant in the
remodelling of spatial components of the data of the cost effective workflows24. Apart from
this, the management of the management of the track flight paths, noise level and the height
clearances is seen to be managed with higher degree of accuracy following the mentioned
technology. The improvement in the management of the airspace planning, routing
applications along with the better usage of the facilities management applications is achieved
in a better manner by the air traffic control regulators through the implementation of the GIS
technology. The application of the mentioned technology in the effective management of
databases for the improved management of the air traffic is a massive opportunity for the
organizations, operating in the aviation industry, to align their services in such a manner that
increases the safety of the operations.
The application of the GIS is notably helpful for the pilots and the air traffic control
staffs for the improved management of the aeronautical charts which is instrumental in the
establishment of the better communication. One of the major issue in the aviation industry is
seen to be the bird strikes. A considerable number of cases of the accidents are seen to be the
result of the collision between the birds and the aircrafts. However the application of the GIS
technology with the effective gathering of the data regarding the movement of the birds
during a particular season and the information regarding the number of birds’ population is
seen to be significantly helpful in the effective production of the real time maps. The map
notably helps the aviation organizations to achieve the idea regarding the movement of the
birds to make sure that the aircrafts passing those regions do not collide with the birds25.
24 Wheatley, David, and Mark Gillings. Spatial technology and archaeology: the archaeological applications of
GIS. CRC Press, 2013.
25 Li, Xingxing, et al. "Precise positioning with current multi-constellation global navigation satellite systems:
GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou." Scientific reports 5 (2015): 8328.
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19AIRWORTHINESS
However it is an old concern which is seen to require the modern solution in the form of the
GIS.
Apart from this, the navigation of aircraft is considered to be one of the prime concern
of the control authority. However, the concern is seen to be notably reduced with the
implementation of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The fundamental usage of
the technology is to navigate the aircrafts. Along with that, the operations such as the
identification of the accurate locations for the aircrafts, surveillance applications for
transferring the computed data of the aircrafts to the air traffic control through the data link
for providing an alternative to radar surveillance26. Hence it is pretty visible that the usage of
the GNSS helps in the better exchange of the real time information and data to track the
aircrafts. However, a significant scope of incorporation of the modern innovations still
present in the mentioned industry and that is pretty evident with the number of the accidents
that is taking place in the aviation industry.
Case study:
It is seen that the impact of the airworthy regulations in the modern aviation industry
is significant. The regulations of the aviation industry is seen to be significant in covering up
the major aspects of the operational activities of the aviation industry. The major aspects such
as the height of the aircraft, length of the runway, Take off Run Available, Take off Distance
Available, Accelerate-Stop Distance Available, Landing Distance Available along with the
Emergency Distance Available are seen to be significantly incorporated into the guidelines
for the safe operations of the aviation industry. Apart from this, the incorporation of the
runway thresholds, runway safety area, blasts pads, displaced thresholds, Touch Down Zone,
Fixed Distance Marks, Center Line into the legislations of the safe aviation operations is seen
26 Grewal, Mohinder S., Angus P. Andrews, and Chris G. Bartone. Global navigation satellite systems, inertial
navigation, and integration. John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
However it is an old concern which is seen to require the modern solution in the form of the
GIS.
Apart from this, the navigation of aircraft is considered to be one of the prime concern
of the control authority. However, the concern is seen to be notably reduced with the
implementation of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The fundamental usage of
the technology is to navigate the aircrafts. Along with that, the operations such as the
identification of the accurate locations for the aircrafts, surveillance applications for
transferring the computed data of the aircrafts to the air traffic control through the data link
for providing an alternative to radar surveillance26. Hence it is pretty visible that the usage of
the GNSS helps in the better exchange of the real time information and data to track the
aircrafts. However, a significant scope of incorporation of the modern innovations still
present in the mentioned industry and that is pretty evident with the number of the accidents
that is taking place in the aviation industry.
Case study:
It is seen that the impact of the airworthy regulations in the modern aviation industry
is significant. The regulations of the aviation industry is seen to be significant in covering up
the major aspects of the operational activities of the aviation industry. The major aspects such
as the height of the aircraft, length of the runway, Take off Run Available, Take off Distance
Available, Accelerate-Stop Distance Available, Landing Distance Available along with the
Emergency Distance Available are seen to be significantly incorporated into the guidelines
for the safe operations of the aviation industry. Apart from this, the incorporation of the
runway thresholds, runway safety area, blasts pads, displaced thresholds, Touch Down Zone,
Fixed Distance Marks, Center Line into the legislations of the safe aviation operations is seen
26 Grewal, Mohinder S., Angus P. Andrews, and Chris G. Bartone. Global navigation satellite systems, inertial
navigation, and integration. John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
20AIRWORTHINESS
to be significant. Adding to this, Runway end identifier lights, Runway end lights, Runway
edge lights, Runway centerline lighting system, Touchdown zone lights, Taxiway centerline
lead-off lights, Land and hold short lights along with Approach lighting system are
considered to be major aspects of the of the regulatory framework in place for the effective
and safe management of the aviation operations.
The strict implementation of the regulatory framework and the related legislation is
seen to be one of the major factor of the aviation industry and the reason is pretty visible with
the increasing the number of accidents that the organizations and the aviation industry are
able to observe. The effective management of the guidelines specified by the aviation
authorities is seen to be crucial in the process of approval for the licensing. However, it is
seen that a majority of the cases of the accidents is seen to occur due to the numbers of faults
in the designing and the manufacturing of the aircrafts and the absence of the desired
airworthiness of the aircrafts.
One such incident which seen to trigger incorporation of the emergency airworthiness
directives into the requirements for the airworthy condition of the aircrafts and the helicopters
was seen to be in the form of the accident of the AW169 in United Kingdom. The major
reason behind the accident was observed to be factors or the requirements that were in need
to be checked during the evaluation of the airworthiness. The low forward speed of the
helicopter along with the loss of the yaw control were seen to be the major reasons for the
loosing of the control which led to the severe accident27. Apart from this, it was seen that AD
supersedes the preceding AD and repeats the requirements of the superseded AD. The
incorporation of the onetime visual evaluation of the tail rotor servo actuator installations was
seen to be significant in the effective management of the scope of the repeat of such cases.
Hence it was observed that the European Aviation Safety Agency, with significant amount of
27 Easa.europa.eu 2019, "| EASA". EASA, https://www.easa.europa.eu/.
to be significant. Adding to this, Runway end identifier lights, Runway end lights, Runway
edge lights, Runway centerline lighting system, Touchdown zone lights, Taxiway centerline
lead-off lights, Land and hold short lights along with Approach lighting system are
considered to be major aspects of the of the regulatory framework in place for the effective
and safe management of the aviation operations.
The strict implementation of the regulatory framework and the related legislation is
seen to be one of the major factor of the aviation industry and the reason is pretty visible with
the increasing the number of accidents that the organizations and the aviation industry are
able to observe. The effective management of the guidelines specified by the aviation
authorities is seen to be crucial in the process of approval for the licensing. However, it is
seen that a majority of the cases of the accidents is seen to occur due to the numbers of faults
in the designing and the manufacturing of the aircrafts and the absence of the desired
airworthiness of the aircrafts.
One such incident which seen to trigger incorporation of the emergency airworthiness
directives into the requirements for the airworthy condition of the aircrafts and the helicopters
was seen to be in the form of the accident of the AW169 in United Kingdom. The major
reason behind the accident was observed to be factors or the requirements that were in need
to be checked during the evaluation of the airworthiness. The low forward speed of the
helicopter along with the loss of the yaw control were seen to be the major reasons for the
loosing of the control which led to the severe accident27. Apart from this, it was seen that AD
supersedes the preceding AD and repeats the requirements of the superseded AD. The
incorporation of the onetime visual evaluation of the tail rotor servo actuator installations was
seen to be significant in the effective management of the scope of the repeat of such cases.
Hence it was observed that the European Aviation Safety Agency, with significant amount of
27 Easa.europa.eu 2019, "| EASA". EASA, https://www.easa.europa.eu/.
21AIRWORTHINESS
urgency, issued the mandatory incorporation of the emergency airworthiness directive as a
necessary adjustment for the increasing air accidents. This made sure that the airworthiness of
the aircrafts is managed in an efficient manner.
The production of the effective solution made the organization restructure their
operations in such a manner that suits the airworthy and safe operations of the aircrafts.
Adding to this, the step for the modification into the safety requirements of the aircraft was of
great significance in strengthening the structure for the best practices of the organizations in
order to make sure that assurance and the implementation the effective and safe operations of
the aviation organizations is achieved. With a precise focus on the case, the implementation
of the guidelines regarding the airworthy operations along with the effective monitoring of
the operations of the pilots in making sure that the requirements for the airworthy operations
is achieved in a significant manner. Considering the appropriateness and the ease in the
business operations of the aviation organizations, the effective maintenance of the legislation
regarding the airworthiness is observed to be one of the most crucial and favourable aspect of
the business.
Conclusion:
On a concluding note, it is pretty visible that the concept of the airworthiness has a
great significant in the aviation industry. The mentioned form of the concern is in need to be
managed by the pilots in at the primary stages and the effective maintenances of the
requirements and the guidelines is seen to be a crucial factor the organizations in managing
the adverse impact of the insecure operations. The licensing criterion of the pilots, engineers
and the effective personnel responsible for timely management of the airworthiness was
significantly helpful in the appropriate management of the airworthiness.
urgency, issued the mandatory incorporation of the emergency airworthiness directive as a
necessary adjustment for the increasing air accidents. This made sure that the airworthiness of
the aircrafts is managed in an efficient manner.
The production of the effective solution made the organization restructure their
operations in such a manner that suits the airworthy and safe operations of the aircrafts.
Adding to this, the step for the modification into the safety requirements of the aircraft was of
great significance in strengthening the structure for the best practices of the organizations in
order to make sure that assurance and the implementation the effective and safe operations of
the aviation organizations is achieved. With a precise focus on the case, the implementation
of the guidelines regarding the airworthy operations along with the effective monitoring of
the operations of the pilots in making sure that the requirements for the airworthy operations
is achieved in a significant manner. Considering the appropriateness and the ease in the
business operations of the aviation organizations, the effective maintenance of the legislation
regarding the airworthiness is observed to be one of the most crucial and favourable aspect of
the business.
Conclusion:
On a concluding note, it is pretty visible that the concept of the airworthiness has a
great significant in the aviation industry. The mentioned form of the concern is in need to be
managed by the pilots in at the primary stages and the effective maintenances of the
requirements and the guidelines is seen to be a crucial factor the organizations in managing
the adverse impact of the insecure operations. The licensing criterion of the pilots, engineers
and the effective personnel responsible for timely management of the airworthiness was
significantly helpful in the appropriate management of the airworthiness.
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22AIRWORTHINESS
23AIRWORTHINESS
References:
Clothier, Reece A., et al. "Challenges to the development of an airworthiness regulatory
framework for unmanned aircraft systems." AIAC16: 16th Australian International
Aerospace Congress. Engineers Australia, 2015.
Clothier, Reece A., et al. "Challenges to the development of an airworthiness regulatory
framework for unmanned aircraft systems." AIAC16: 16th Australian International
Aerospace Congress. Engineers Australia, 2015.
Cui, Qiang, and Ye Li. "The change trend and influencing factors of civil aviation safety
efficiency: the case of Chinese airline companies." Safety science 75 (2015): 56-63.
De Florio, Filippo. Airworthiness: An introduction to aircraft certification and operations.
Butterworth-Heinemann, 2016.
Easa.europa.eu 2019, "| EASA". EASA, https://www.easa.europa.eu/.
Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Airworthiness Directives | EASA". EASA, 2019,
https://www.easa.europa.eu/easa-and-you/aircraft-products/airworthiness-directives-ad.
Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Continuing Airworthiness Organisations | EASA". EASA, 2019,
https://www.easa.europa.eu/easa-and-you/aircraft-products/continuing-airworthiness-
organisations.
Easa.europa.eu 2019, "CS-25 Large Aeroplanes". EASA, 2019,
https://www.easa.europa.eu/certification-specifications/cs-25-large-aeroplanes.
Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Foreign Part-145 Organisations | EASA". EASA, 2019,
https://www.easa.europa.eu/easa-and-you/aircraft-products/continuing-airworthiness-
organisations/foreign-part-145-organisations.
References:
Clothier, Reece A., et al. "Challenges to the development of an airworthiness regulatory
framework for unmanned aircraft systems." AIAC16: 16th Australian International
Aerospace Congress. Engineers Australia, 2015.
Clothier, Reece A., et al. "Challenges to the development of an airworthiness regulatory
framework for unmanned aircraft systems." AIAC16: 16th Australian International
Aerospace Congress. Engineers Australia, 2015.
Cui, Qiang, and Ye Li. "The change trend and influencing factors of civil aviation safety
efficiency: the case of Chinese airline companies." Safety science 75 (2015): 56-63.
De Florio, Filippo. Airworthiness: An introduction to aircraft certification and operations.
Butterworth-Heinemann, 2016.
Easa.europa.eu 2019, "| EASA". EASA, https://www.easa.europa.eu/.
Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Airworthiness Directives | EASA". EASA, 2019,
https://www.easa.europa.eu/easa-and-you/aircraft-products/airworthiness-directives-ad.
Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Continuing Airworthiness Organisations | EASA". EASA, 2019,
https://www.easa.europa.eu/easa-and-you/aircraft-products/continuing-airworthiness-
organisations.
Easa.europa.eu 2019, "CS-25 Large Aeroplanes". EASA, 2019,
https://www.easa.europa.eu/certification-specifications/cs-25-large-aeroplanes.
Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Foreign Part-145 Organisations | EASA". EASA, 2019,
https://www.easa.europa.eu/easa-and-you/aircraft-products/continuing-airworthiness-
organisations/foreign-part-145-organisations.
24AIRWORTHINESS
Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Part-66/Part-147 And Contracting Of Continuing Airworthiness
Management Workshops | EASA". EASA, 2019, https://www.easa.europa.eu/newsroom-and-
events/events/part-66part-147-and-contracting-continuing-airworthiness-management.
Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Part-M - Continuing Airworthiness Requirements". EASA, 2019,
https://www.easa.europa.eu/acceptable-means-compliance-and-guidance-material-group/part-
m-continuing-airworthiness-requirements.
Gratton, Guy. Initial airworthiness: Determining the acceptability of new airborne systems.
Springer, 2018.
Grewal, Mohinder S., Angus P. Andrews, and Chris G. Bartone. Global navigation satellite
systems, inertial navigation, and integration. John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
Hu, Tao, et al. "Study on airworthiness problems of operating in supercooled large drops
icing conditions for transport category airplanes." Procedia Engineering 80 (2014): 467-478.
Icao.int, 2019, https://www.icao.int/Pages/default.aspx.
Ikatrinasari, Zulfa Fitri, and Erlana Ichsan Haryanto. "Implementation of Lean Service with
Value Stream Mapping at Directorate Airworthiness and Aircraft Operation, Ministry of
Transportation Republic of Indonesia." Journal of Service Science and Management 7.04
(2014): 291.
Johnson, Daniel P. "Civil Aviation and CyberSecurity." Pobrane z: http://sites.
nationalacademies. org/cs/groups/depssite/documents/webpage/deps_084768. pdf (2013).
Kawasaki, Akiyuki, Merrick Lex Berman, and Wendy Guan. "The growing role of web‐
based geospatial technology in disaster response and support." Disasters 37.2 (2013): 201-
221.
Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Part-66/Part-147 And Contracting Of Continuing Airworthiness
Management Workshops | EASA". EASA, 2019, https://www.easa.europa.eu/newsroom-and-
events/events/part-66part-147-and-contracting-continuing-airworthiness-management.
Easa.europa.eu 2019, "Part-M - Continuing Airworthiness Requirements". EASA, 2019,
https://www.easa.europa.eu/acceptable-means-compliance-and-guidance-material-group/part-
m-continuing-airworthiness-requirements.
Gratton, Guy. Initial airworthiness: Determining the acceptability of new airborne systems.
Springer, 2018.
Grewal, Mohinder S., Angus P. Andrews, and Chris G. Bartone. Global navigation satellite
systems, inertial navigation, and integration. John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
Hu, Tao, et al. "Study on airworthiness problems of operating in supercooled large drops
icing conditions for transport category airplanes." Procedia Engineering 80 (2014): 467-478.
Icao.int, 2019, https://www.icao.int/Pages/default.aspx.
Ikatrinasari, Zulfa Fitri, and Erlana Ichsan Haryanto. "Implementation of Lean Service with
Value Stream Mapping at Directorate Airworthiness and Aircraft Operation, Ministry of
Transportation Republic of Indonesia." Journal of Service Science and Management 7.04
(2014): 291.
Johnson, Daniel P. "Civil Aviation and CyberSecurity." Pobrane z: http://sites.
nationalacademies. org/cs/groups/depssite/documents/webpage/deps_084768. pdf (2013).
Kawasaki, Akiyuki, Merrick Lex Berman, and Wendy Guan. "The growing role of web‐
based geospatial technology in disaster response and support." Disasters 37.2 (2013): 201-
221.
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25AIRWORTHINESS
Li, Xingxing, et al. "Precise positioning with current multi-constellation global navigation
satellite systems: GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou." Scientific reports 5 (2015): 8328.
Maddalon, Jeffrey M., et al. "Perspectives on unmanned aircraft classification for civil
airworthiness standards." (2013).
Neteler, Markus, and Helena Mitasova. Open source GIS: a GRASS GIS approach. Vol. 689.
Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
Oster Jr, Clinton V., John S. Strong, and C. Kurt Zorn. "Analyzing aviation safety: problems,
challenges, opportunities." Research in transportation economics 43.1 (2013): 148-164.
Purton, Leon, and Kyriakos Kourousis. "Military airworthiness management frameworks: a
critical review." Procedia Engineering 80 (2014): 545-564.
Seywald, Klaus, et al. "Airworthiness investigation of a highly nonplanar flexible wing
concept." Proceedings of the 29th Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical
Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. 2014.
Stahler, Gerald J., Jeremy Mennis, and David A. Baron. "Geospatial technology and the
“exposome”: new perspectives on addiction." American journal of public health 103.8
(2013): 1354-1356.
Wheatley, David, and Mark Gillings. Spatial technology and archaeology: the
archaeological applications of GIS. CRC Press, 2013.
Li, Xingxing, et al. "Precise positioning with current multi-constellation global navigation
satellite systems: GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou." Scientific reports 5 (2015): 8328.
Maddalon, Jeffrey M., et al. "Perspectives on unmanned aircraft classification for civil
airworthiness standards." (2013).
Neteler, Markus, and Helena Mitasova. Open source GIS: a GRASS GIS approach. Vol. 689.
Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
Oster Jr, Clinton V., John S. Strong, and C. Kurt Zorn. "Analyzing aviation safety: problems,
challenges, opportunities." Research in transportation economics 43.1 (2013): 148-164.
Purton, Leon, and Kyriakos Kourousis. "Military airworthiness management frameworks: a
critical review." Procedia Engineering 80 (2014): 545-564.
Seywald, Klaus, et al. "Airworthiness investigation of a highly nonplanar flexible wing
concept." Proceedings of the 29th Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical
Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia. 2014.
Stahler, Gerald J., Jeremy Mennis, and David A. Baron. "Geospatial technology and the
“exposome”: new perspectives on addiction." American journal of public health 103.8
(2013): 1354-1356.
Wheatley, David, and Mark Gillings. Spatial technology and archaeology: the
archaeological applications of GIS. CRC Press, 2013.
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