Research Proposal: Alzheimer's Disease and Early Diagnosis in UK

This research proposal delves into Alzheimer's disease and the critical impact of early diagnosis among older adults in the UK. The introduction highlights the challenges in diagnosing Alzheimer's and emphasizes its prevalence as a leading cause of dementia, differentiating it from normal aging. The research aims to analyze Alzheimer's and the effects of early diagnosis in the UK. Objectives include understanding the concept, evaluating causes and impacts, and examining interventions. The rationale underscores the importance of public awareness, particularly regarding lifestyle, genetic, and environmental factors. The literature review explores Alzheimer's, the causes and impact of early diagnosis, and potential interventions. The methodology outlines the search strategy, research philosophy, and methodological choices. The proposal addresses ethical considerations, including patient autonomy and beneficence. The conclusion suggests preventive strategies, including healthy diets, physical exercise, and management of vascular risks and psychological stress. A temporal plan and references are also included.

Research proposal

Table of Content.
TITLE..............................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
RESEARCH AIMS..........................................................................................................................1
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES............................................................................................................2
RESEARCH QUESTIONS.............................................................................................................2
RATIONALE FOR THE RESEARCH...........................................................................................2
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................2
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.....................................................................................................2
ETHICAL ISSUES..........................................................................................................................2
CONCLUSION OR RECOMMENDATION..................................................................................2
TEMPORAL PLAN.........................................................................................................................3
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................4

TITLE
“Alzheimer and the impact of early diagnose.”
INTRODUCTION
Dementia is generally a syndrome which can be caused by various different illnesses and
the most prevalent of which is Alzheimer's illness. In this, an accurate estimate of the prevalence
of Alzheimer's dementia is generally challenging to effectively identify as it is frequently more
challenging to determine the precise the subtypes of dementia. Therefore, it is mainly accepted
that illness of Alzheimer is quite responsible for around 2/3 among every dementia diagnosis. It
is known that neither Alzheimer's illness nor Alzheimer's dementia are an inevitable
consequences of ageing (Alzheimer’s Disease – Why We Need Early Diagnosis, 2019). The
research can examines how the diagnosis rates of Alzheimer's illness can be enhanced, the
specific implications of an early diagnosis for a people, career and community as well as the
necessity of reducing the possible risks in order to prevent or can delay the progression. Though,
there is no illness modifying agents that are capable of reversing the initial pathological
alterations are recently available, generally it can be possible to cope or can delay the
improvement of dementia in a proportion of the public by simply changing the exposure towards
a common risk elements (Dias et. al., 2019). Among older adults, it mainly affect the thinking
ability of a person as it leads to deterioration in the cognitive functioning such as the capability
to process the thoughts generally beyond what might be expected from the usual consequences of
the biological ageing. In addition to this, it can make influence over the thinking orientation,
calculation, language, learning capacity and judgement as well. A person cannot able to retain
their memory capacity in order to perform their daily living tasks. In this, the research will
discuss the concepts of Alzheimer and the impact of early diagnosis among older adults in the
UK. In this, there is a discussion about the causes and effects of Alzheimer among older adults,
along with this it will also include the effective interventions to reduce the prevalence of
Alzheimer among older people within UK.
RESEARCH AIMS
To analyse the concept of Alzheimer and the impact of early diagnosis among older adults in the
United Kingdom.
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RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
 To understand the concept of Alzheimer and its impact of early diagnosis among older
adults in the United Kingdom.
 To evaluate the causes and impact of Alzheimer and the impact of early diagnosis among
older adults in the United Kingdom.
 To examine the ways or interventions to reduce Alzheimer and the impact of early
diagnosis among older adults in the United Kingdom.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
 What are the concept of Alzheimer and its impact of early diagnosis among older adults
in the United Kingdom?
 What are the causes and impact of Alzheimer and its impact of early diagnosis among
older adults in the United Kingdom?
 What are the ways or interventions to reduce Alzheimer and the impact of early diagnosis
among older adults in the United Kingdom?
RATIONALE OF THE RESEARCH
The rationale of the investigation is well articulated as well as given within the context of
both personal and professional improvement. The study is mainly conducted in order to aware
the people about the impact of early diagnosis of Alzheimer's illness among older adults. The
illness is mainly caused by a combination of lifestyle, genetic as well as some of its
environmental elements which can make influence over the human brain with time. It is usually
caused by building up of the abnormal protein within and around the brain cells. In addition to
this, there is need to aware the public about the causes and impact of early diagnosis among older
age group people such that care providers can effectively able to provide significant
interventions and reduce its impact positively.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Concept of Alzheimer and its impact of early diagnosis among older adults in the United
Kingdom.
As per the view of Jill Rasmussen and Haya Langerman (2019), Alzheimer is generally a
leading cause of dementia. Therefore, neither Alzheimer's illness nor the Alzheimer's dementia
are an inevitable consequences of ageing. Dementia is mainly a syndrome which can be caused
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by various different illness and the most prevalent of which is an Alzheimer;s illness. In addition
to this, an exact measure of the prevalence of an Alzheimer's illness is generally very challenging
to identify the subtypes of dementia as well. It is determined by the author that Alzheimer's
illness is generally one of the most concern illness among the old age group people. In this, a
diagnosis is frequently experienced with the feelings as well as shock of disbelief, fear, anger,
despair, hopelessness and grief as well. In addition to this, the highest known risk element for
Alzheimer's illness is an enhancing age, as well as the majority of the people with such illness
are 65 and above them. In this, an Alzheimer's illness is generally considered to be younger onset
Alzheimer's if it can influence an individual under the age of 65. it is known that a healthy adult
brain generally has about 100 billion neurons and each of which with long, branching extensions.
In this, these such extensions can allow a person's neurons in order to form the associations with
other neurons. The connections are known as Synapses, the data can flows in a minute bursts of
the chemicals which are mainly released by one of the neurons as well as are taken up by the
another neurons (Dilworth-Anderson, Moon and Aranda, 2020). In addition to this, the collection
of the beta-amyloid protein fragments into clump extrinsic to the neurons as well as gathering of
abnormal protein forms known as tau intrinsic the neurons are the two of various human brain
alterations linked with Alzheimer's illness. The alterations are mainly followed by the damage as
well as destruction of the neurons known as neurodegeneration, that along with beta-amyloid
gathering and tau are generally the key characteristics of an Alzheimer's illness.
Causes and impact of Alzheimer and its impact of early diagnosis among older adults in the
United Kingdom.
As per the view of Chengxuan Qiu (2009), the shared information of the public within the
UK mainly suggest that the age-standardized prevalence among the people generally above 65
age years is about 6.5% for the dementia and about 4.5% for the Alzheimer's illness. Within the
UK, the research of the national representative sample of the people aged less than 70 age years
for the Alzheimer's illness of 9.8%. Across nation, the global prevalence of the dementia was
generally estimated to be about 4% among people aged above the 60 age years with having the
regional prevalence being 1.6% within UK. It is known by the author that having an early
diagnosis generally gives people with a positive chance of make advantage from the care
treatments. Having an early diagnosis can specifically make people more eligible for a broader
variety of the effective medical trails, that an advance study and can give the clinical advantages.
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Later diagnosis can efficiently triggers a variety of emotions, mainly consisting the fear, anger,
sadness and frustrations as well. In this, there are generally multiple decisions in order to make
about the care treatment, the living arrangements, livings as well as the end of life care. In
addition to this, the family conflicts are more common among them.
Ways or interventions to reduce Alzheimer and the impact of early diagnosis among older adults
in the United Kingdom.
As per the view of Gopalkumar Rakesh, Steven T. Szabo, George S. Alexopoulos,
and Anthony S. Zannas (2017), the psychosocial stressors, mostly the chronic as well as
perceived stress generally have been linked with reduced levels of cognitive performance within
various areas as well as with the faster cognitive declines in both healthy adults and the mild
cognitive impairment. Therefore, the chronic stress can indirectly impact the cognitive
functioning by simply moderating the influence of various other risk elements over the cognitive
functioning. It can include an example such as the metabolic risk elements can strongly
accelerate the eight years of cognitive low level in the chronically stressed care providers of a
relative with the Dementia as well. The specific interventions can be significantly influenced by
addressing other lifestyle parameters such as smoking level, consumption of alcohol and
education level can also impact the incidence of Alzheimer disorder.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is usually defined as a technique which is beneficial to influence
the process of selection and examine the information on the Alzheimer and the impact of early
diagnosis among older adults in the United Kingdom.
Search strategy
The search strategy is quite essential to gather the information and data that is associated
with the provided topic which is mainly based on Alzheimer and the impact of early diagnosis
among older adults in the United Kingdom. In order to gather the data and its selection that is
linked with the provided subject is purely based on multiple websites. To research the provided
subject, PubMed and PMC is selected as a leading aspect of data assembling platform that is
valid for the study procedures. Furthermore, both PMC and PubMed are broadly considered as a
great source of information which is quite helpful for collecting the data that is required for the
study purpose.
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Research philosophy
Research philosophy is a set of belief that can make consent of nature of the reality that is
being examined. Research philosophy generally include two elements like Ontology and
Epistemology. In the study, it will continue with Epistemology as it is the scientific study which
can show relevant data that can be proved without having any doubt. With help of Epistemology
method, the method mainly tries to insight the public satisfactory perceptions which is pointing
the fact that can relay over it. Through with this method, it can positively furnish adequate noesis
about Alzheimer and the impact of early diagnosis among older adults in the United Kingdom.
Methodological choices
Qualitative data: The qualitative information consist the assemblage of effective data which is
linked with non-numerical data.
Quantitative Choices: Quantitative choice is mainly founded over the numbers as well as digits
and can consist the number of survey of the whole population within a group.
Mixed methods: The mixed method is the method which is purely based over both the aspects
like qualitative and quantitative. The method is particularly followed during the research to
collect the effective data.
ETHICAL ISSUES
There are generally some of the ethical dilemmas that can be arises when working with
older age group people having Alzheimer's illness such as the autonomy of the patients with the
dementia can conflicted with the family carer's as well as the professional caregivers are required
to prevent the harm (Non-Maleficence). In this, the autonomy of an individual who is having
Alzheimer's illness can be conflicted with the beneficence of the family carers as well as the
professional care providers (Sargent et. al., 2021).
CONCLUSION OR RECOMMENDATION
From the above research, it is concluded that there are various preventive strategies
which have been studied to date, but there is recently some limited informations which are
available to encourage a cause-effect relationship among any of the effective strategy and the
improvement or progression of Alzheimer's illness. In this, there are also discussed the ethical
issues that generally arises among Alzheimer's patients which must be avoided in order to
provide an effective care treatment for them to improve their conditions. The research can
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indicate that there are multifactorial care intervention methods which are featured by healthy
diet, daily physical exercise along with an amelioration of the vascular risk elements, the major
depressive episodes as well as the psychological stress. Furthermore, it can be promising for the
prevention of the cognitive decline as well.
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TEMPORAL PLAN
January February March April May June
Introduction
Aim and
objective
Literature
review
Research
methodolog
y
Finding and
discussion
Conclusion
Submission
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Dias, A., Azariah, F., Anderson, S.J., Sequeira, M., Cohen, A., Morse, J.Q., Cuijpers, P., Patel,
V. and Reynolds, C.F., 2019. Effect of a lay counselor intervention on prevention of
major depression in older adults living in low-and middle-income countries: a
randomized clinical trial. JAMA psychiatry, 76(1), pp.13-20.
Dilworth-Anderson, P., Moon, H. and Aranda, M.P., 2020. Dementia caregiving research:
Expanding and reframing the lens of diversity, inclusivity, and intersectionality. The
Gerontologist, 60(5), pp.797-805.
Frost, R., Walters, K., Wilcock, J., Robinson, L., Dening, K.H., Knapp, M., Allan, L. and Rait,
G., 2020. Mapping post-diagnostic dementia care in England: an e-survey. Journal of
Integrated Care, 29(1), pp.22-36.
Goldman, D.P., Fillit, H. and Neumann, P., 2018. Accelerating Alzheimer's disease drug
innovations from the research pipeline to patients. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 14(6),
pp.833-836.
Low, L.F., McGrath, M., Swaffer, K. and Brodaty, H., 2019. Communicating a diagnosis of
dementia: a systematic mixed studies review of attitudes and practices of health
practitioners. Dementia, 18(7-8), pp.2856-2905.
Oudin, A., 2020. Short review: air pollution, noise and lack of greenness as risk factors for
Alzheimer's disease-epidemiologic and experimental evidence. Neurochemistry
international, 134, p.104646.
Park, H., Park, J.H., Na, H.R., Hiroyuki, S., Kim, G.M., Jung, M.K., Kim, W.K. and Park, K.W.,
2019. Combined intervention of physical activity, aerobic exercise, and cognitive
exercise intervention to prevent cognitive decline for patients with mild cognitive
impairment: A randomized controlled clinical study. Journal of clinical medicine, 8(7),
p.940.
Sadrameli, M., Bathini, P. and Alberi, L., 2020. Linking mechanisms of periodontitis to
Alzheimer's disease. Current opinion in neurology, 33(2), pp.230-238.
Sargent, L., Lageman, S., Thacker, L., Russell, S., Mackiewicz, M. and Price, E., 2021. Socially
Relevant Approaches to the Detection of Dementia in Minority Older
Adults. Innovation in Aging, 5(Supplement_1), pp.719-719.
Sprague, B.N., Freed, S.A., Webb, C.E., Phillips, C.B., Hyun, J. and Ross, L.A., 2019. The
impact of behavioral interventions on cognitive function in healthy older adults: A
systematic review. Ageing research reviews, 52, pp.32-52.
Online:
Alzheimer’s Disease – Why We Need Early Diagnosis, 2019 [Online] Available through:
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6935598/#:~:text=Early%20diagnosis
%20allows%20carers%20time,to%20a%20care%20giver%20role.>
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Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease: occurrence, determinants, and strategies toward
intervention, 2009 [Online] Available through:
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181909/>
Ethical dilemmas concerning autonomy when persons with dementia wish to live at home, 2016
[Online] Available through:
<https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-015-1217-
1#:~:text=This%20study%20revealed%20three%20main,family%20carers%20and
%20professional%20caregivers%3B>
Strategies for dementia prevention: latest evidence and implications, 2017 [Online] Available
through: <https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5546647/#section20-
2040622317712442title>
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