Comprehensive Analysis of the Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Era in Pakistan

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto era in Pakistan, spanning from 1971 to 1977. It delves into Bhutto's early life, political career, and the founding of the Pakistan Peoples Party. The report examines significant events like the Simla Accords and Lahore Summit, and critically assesses his economic, industrial, land, educational, and banking reforms. It also explores the labor policies and social security measures implemented during his tenure. The analysis further investigates the consequences of nationalization, the impact of reforms on various sectors, and the circumstances leading to Bhutto's downfall. The report highlights the key aspects of Bhutto's leadership, including his efforts to prevent further division of the country and his socialist economic policies. This assignment, contributed to Desklib, offers valuable insights into the complex and transformative period of Pakistan's history under Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.

ANALYSIS OF ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO ERA (SIMLA ACCORDS,
LAHORE SUMMIT, REFORMS, AND FALL OF BHUTTO)
BY
GROUP- 4
SUBMITTED TO
GHULAM SHABIR
DEPARTMENT OF ENLISH
SESSION 2019-2023

GROUP MEMBERS
S.NO NAME ROLL NO.
01 MUQADAS FATIMA 19011502-053
02 RABIA IRFAN 19011502-054
03 PAKEEZA SHAHZADI 19011502-063
04 SHAISTA MUNAWAR 19011502-067

ASSIGNMENT 1
Introduction
On 5 January 1928, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was born. He served as the president of Pakistan from
1971 to 1973 and as the prime minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. He founded a political
party named Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) on November 30, 1967 in Lahore.
Born into a rich and wealthy family, when Bhutto joined the government headed by President
Ayub Khan, he was one of Pakistan’s youngest politician. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was elected the
youngest member of Pakistan’s United Nation Delegation in 1957. Bhutto became the youngest
minister of cabinet in 1958 when President Field Marshal Ayub Khan, who had seized power
through military coup, gave him charge of Energy ministry and imposed martial law in country.
Eventually he was appointed to Ministry of Commerce and Ministry of Information and Industry
in 1960.
Early Life
Born to Sir Shah Nawaz and Khursheed Begum near Larkana, Zulfiqar was their third child.
Their first, Sikander Ali, died in 1914 from pneumonia at the age of seven and the second, Imdad
Ali, died in 1953 from liver failure at the age of 39. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto belonged to family of
Sindhi Bhutto Muslim Rajput. His father was the dewan of Junagadh’s princely state, and
enjoyed a powerful relationship with British Raj officials. When a young boy, Bhutto moved to
Bombay’s Worli Seaface to study at both the Cathedral and John Connon School then he became
Pakistan Movement participant, as well. In 1943 his wedding with Shireen Amir Begum was
organized.
Bhutto was accepted to study political science at the University of Southern California in 1947.
In 1949, as an undergraduate, Bhutto was moved to University of California, Berkeley, where he
obtained BA.(Honors) Political Science degree in 1950. There, Bhutto took interest in socialism
ideas, presenting a series of lecture on their viability in Islamic countries. Bhutto’s father had
played a controversial role in Junagadh’s affairs during this period. Coming to power in a coup
d’état, he secured his state accession to Pakistan which was eventually failed in Dec 1947 by
Indian intrusion.

Bhutto moved to United Kingdom in June 1950, to attend law school at Christ Church, Oxford,
and obtained an LLB, followed by a degree and a M.Sc. (Honors) Degree in Political Science.
On completion of his studies, he was appointed to the bar of Lincoln’s Inn in 1953. He was a
fellow of Barrister Ijaz Hussain Batalvi who later appeared as prosecutor at his trial.
On 8 September 1951, Bhutto married second wife, an Iranian-Kurdish woman, Nusrat Ispahani
in Karachi. Benazir, their first child, was born in the year 1953. Murtaza accompanied her in
1954, Sanam in 1957 and Shahnawaz in 1958.
Political Career
Returning to Pakistan in 1953, Lincoln’s Inn Barrister Bhutto worked as a lawyer in Karachi
before leaving it for politics. Bhutto appointed his foreign minister shortly after the 1958 military
coup of Ayub Khan. He represented Pakistan in the UN Security Council during 1965 Indo-Pak
war as a foreign minister of Pakistan. After Ayub Khan’s Tashkent treaty with India in Russia,
Bhutto was enraged and went to the television and criticized Ayub Khan for selling nation’s
honor and pride which became the reason of his deposition.
He founded his own political Party named Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP) in
1967. General elections were held in Pakistan in 1970 and Bhutto’s PPP gained a lot of
appreciation in West Pakistan. Wherever he spoke in West Pakistan, he received popular
acclaim. Yet East Pakistanis had no interest in what Bhutto had say. Many Bengali’s didn’t
understand any of his Urdu or English Slogans. Sheikh Mujib ur Rehman, head of Awami
League was the only politician most Bengali’s endorsed. In Pakistan’s first national election in
1970, they overwhelmingly voted for him. Bhutto’s PPP won election in West Pakistan, but
there have been 10 million more people in East Pakistan, so that the Awami League of Mujib got
a majority of seats in the National Assembly. Mujib should have become the first constitutionally
elected head of state of Pakistan, but Bhutto refused to acknowledge him. In this battle to gain
power Yahya Khan then Army General imposed martial law on country and civil war broke out
which ended with the creation of Bangladesh.
After the fall of Dhaka on 16 Dec, 1971, Bhutto became the president and first civilian chief
martial law administrator on 20 Dec, 1971.

Here are the important reforms of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s six and half year’s period.
1. Economic Reforms
While working to prevent any further division of the country, Bhutto implemented the
socialist economic policies. Bhutto effectively nationalized major heavy mechanical,
chemical and electrical engineering industries and all of the industries came under direct
state control. Industries, such as KESC, came under full government control in the KESC
decision without any private intervention. Bhutto rejected the state capitalism policies of
Ayub Khan and implemented egalitarian policies to reduce the wealthy becoming richer
and poor becoming poorer. The Port Qasim, Pakistan Steel Mills, Heavy Mechanical
Complex and several cement factories were also built by Bhutto.
Bhutto’s nationalization initiatives were implemented with the aim of putting employs in
charge of manufacturing resources and defending jobs and small businesses. Though,
economic historians concluded that the nationalization policy had dire consequences on
Pakistan’s economy, diminishing the credibility of Bhutto. Conservative analyst argued
that nationalization policies have weakened the trust of consumer and government
corruption raised but military government never proved any corruption charges against
Bhutto.
Bhutto established the National Development Finance Corporation (NDFC) as a part of
his investment policies. This financial entity started service in July 1973 with an initial
government fund of 100 million Rs. It was focused at funding public sectors business
project, but its framework was later modified to finance the corporate sector too. At
present, NFDC is the largest development finance institution conducting diversified
operations in the field of finance and investment banking. By the mid-1990s NDFC had a
capital pool of US$ 878 million and the Bhutto government boosted the amount of
private and public demand in the economy from less than Rs 7,000 million in 1971–72 to
more than Rs 17,000 million in 1974–75.
2. Land and Agricultural Reforms
During the period of Bhutto government many land reforms were introduced.

The major land reforms included the decrease of land ceilings and the implementation of
lease security for contractor farmers. The land limit was set at 150 acres (0.61 km2) of
irrigated land and 300 acres (1.2 km2) of non-irrigated soil.
Bhutto was a keen supporter to help smallholder farmers. He claimed that if farmers were
vulnerable and dispirited then the agricultural power of Pakistan would be frail, claiming
that farmers would not feel mentally secure until the country achieved food self-
sufficiency. The Bhutto government therefore initiated programs to place the country on
the path to self-sufficiency in rice hulling, sugar puttering and wheat husking industries.
The State has implemented initiatives to tackle water pollution and turbidity. Tax
exemptions were also initiated to enable small-scale peasants to expand agriculture.
Bhutto's nationalization of Sindh-based manufacturing greatly helped the poor but
offended the dominant feudal rulers horribly.
3. Industrial Reforms
Bhutto also paid a great attention in industrials reforms and the development of industry
in Pakistan. Some of his reforms are:
Key sectors such as steel, chemical and cement were privatized in the first phase. This
was achieved in 1972. The next big step in privatization took place on 1 January 1974,
when Bhutto privatized all banks. The final step in the sequence was the privatization of
all flour, rice and cotton mills across the country. This privatization process was not as
successful as Bhutto expected. The majority of the privatized units were small enterprises
that could not be de-nationalized.
In the final analysis, nationalization caused significant damages not only to the national
economy but to the people of Pakistan as well.
4. Educational Reforms
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto himself belongs to a literate and educational family and understands
the importance of modern education for the battered Pakistani nation that’s why he
played an important role in the history of Pakistan’s modern education.
The Bhutto government founded a large number of rural and urban schools, including
around 6,500 elementary schools, 900 middle schools, 407 high schools, 51 intermediate
colleges, and 21 community colleges. Bhutto also rejected the Western education system,
and much of the literature was sent back to the Western world; instead, his government

wanted local scholars to write books. While the local books were made accessible to the
public, the debate accompanied these amendments. His government announced schools
obligatory for study of Islam and Pakistan. Book banks were established in most
universities and the students were provided with over 400,000 copies of textbooks.
Bhutto is accredited with founding the world-class Quaid-e-Azam University and Allama
Iqbal Open University in Islamabad in 1974, and for founding Dera Ismail Khan
University in 1973. The Institute of Theoretical Physics was founded in his tenure as
Foreign Minister, and with the aid of Abdus Salam in 1967. Bhutto made groundbreaking
initiatives as prime minister to extend the educational network. In 1975, Bhutto founded
the Allama Iqbal Medical College.
Bhutto founded the Engineering Council, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Pakistan
Academy of Letters, and Razmak Cadet College in North Waziristan in 1976. Another
four new universities in Multan, Bahawalpur, and Khairpur were established. The
People's Open University is another groundbreaking initiative from Islamabad that has
started to operate. The Government's education policy calls for the remission of tuition
and the allocation of a variety of higher education scholarships to the children of tight-
paid employees. Following the 1977 election, seven thousand additional hostel seats were
scheduled for addition to the current accommodation. Bhutto said he was informed "of the
difficulties and deficiencies faced by college students in many of the existing hostels. Directions
have, therefore, been issued that fans, water-coolers and pay-telephones must be provided in
each and every hostel in as short a time as physically possible."
5. Banking Reforms
Banking reforms were adopted to include more resources for small-scale farmers and
companies, such as requiring banks to guarantee that 70% of retail credit would be for
12.5-acre or fewer small-scale landlords, a radical concept at a time when banks alone
were the wealthy classes. At the end of the Bhutto government accumulation of wealth
had diminished relative to the height of the Ayub Khan period when 22 families owned
66% of economic property, dominated banking and 97% of insurance.
6. Labour Policy and Social Security
Labor policy was one of Bhutto's most critical key elements of governance and a
thorough labour reform introduced by the Bhutto government. Soon after taking power,
Bhutto's government put certain limitations on employees ' termination.

In 1972 the Bhutto government first provided employees with certain old age benefits
through community pensions, increased pension levels and increased gratuity levels.
Nonetheless, the program would not profit instantly, and the government launched an
old-age pension plan that would provide workers with a salary of Rs.75 a month upon
retiring at the age of 55 for men and 50 for women, on condition that the worker had
accomplished a minimum of 15 years of insurable job. Bhutto didn't want to opt with the
western model where workers usually contribute to their old-age care together with the
employers. Considering the circumstances in Pakistan, the government of Bhutto did not
want the financial burden of this system to fall on the worker. It was proposed that the
scheme would be funded by employers ' contributions to the extent of 5% of the wage
bill.
In 1973, the government established labour courts for the timely resolution of workers '
complaints, and through the nationalization program, the government also launched a
system for workers ' inclusion in management. This system called for staff involvement
by 20 percent in manufacturing-level management committees. The government removed
the obligation of the workforce to the Social Security Fund; instead, employers were
needed to increase their contribution from 4% to 6%. Under the Worker's Compensation
Act, the Government improved insurance rates.
There are lots of reforms which were implemented in ZA Bhutto era and those reforms
had long lasting effects on the social and economic system of Pakistan.
CONSTITUTION OF 1973:
The constitution of 1973 also known as the constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan
was drafted by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s government.

As a result of the general elections held on 7 December 1970 and the split of East
Pakistan, the National Assembly conducted its first session at the State Bank of Pakistan
building in Islamabad no earlier than 14 April 1972. 144 leaders from West Pakistan and
two from former East Pakistan, Nurul Amin and Raja Tridev Roy, who have opted for
Pakistan, attended the first NA session.
The temporary constitution was enacted by the NA which, given the conditions that
existed at the time, provided for a Presidential system of government. Under this law the
National Assembly will not be disbanded before 14 August 1973. In fact, the National
Assembly had already introduced a proposal to draft a new constitution.
Correspondingly, on April 22, 1972, a Constitution Committee, headed by Mian
Mahmud Ali Kasuri and consisting of 24 members, held its first meeting. The Committee
was especially mindful of Pakistan's tragic political history and historical shortcomings
during its proceedings. It established the factors which had contributed to the collapse of
the country's institutional system on more than one occasion. It had paved the door for
the tyrants and fascists to seize power at the detriment of the poor people and the country.
The Committee leaders, as advocates of the people, tried to arrive at a legislative
structure that would eliminate the repetition of previous shortcomings. The draft
Constitution tried to do its best to break the duality between the administrative authority's
myth and fact. It also offered successful countermeasures against any effort to usurp the
Constitution by defining this offence as committing Acts of treason bearing a felony,
death sentence, punishment. There's also agreement among committee representatives
that Pakistan's future constitution would allow for a federal and legislative system of
government in which the National Assembly should be completely accountable to the
parliament.
In its second session, which began on May 18, 1972, the Committee held general
discussions on the Bill of rights, the initial rules, human freedoms, legal values, the
judiciary and Pakistan's services.
Important features of constitution of 1973 are:

1. Written Form
Unlike the earlier 1956 and 1962 Constitutions, the 1973 Constitution is a written text.
This is rather detailed and consists of 12 sections of 280 papers.
2. Introductory and objective resolution
It begins with an introduction and asserts that the state religion is to be Islam. The
principles and provisions set out in the Priorities Resolution have been fully adopted into
the Constitution.
3. Islamic system
The introduction of Islamic laws has brought an exceptional Islamic dimension to the
Constitution of 1973. This means the country must have an Islamic structure.
4. Rigid Constitution
It's a strict Constitution. No government will change that at will. Making amendments to
it isn't easy. For this reason, a two-thirds majority of both Houses is required.
5. Federal System
The 1973 Constitution implemented a Federal structure in the state. Pakistan's union is
made up of one federal government, and four provincial governments. The Federal
Government shall be headed by a President chosen by Majlis-e-Shoora (Parliament)
members.
6. Method of Election
The 1973 constitution provides a straightforward system of voting. The Citizens directly
elect the representatives of the National Parliament, the Provincial Assemblies.
7. Fundamental Rights
The Constitution of 1973 grants the following basic rights to Pakistani citizens.
Human security Safeguards from arbitrary arrest and imprisonment Abolition against
slavery and forced labour, Freedom of expression, Freedom of assembly, Freedom of
association, Freedom of religion, Freedom of speech, Qualified right to keep land Dignity
before law. The right to maintain language, script and culture Safeguards against
discriminations in services.

8. Rule of law
In Pakistan the Constitution of 1973 defines the rule of law. Every citizen should be
deprived of his or her constitutional rights according to the rule of law. All Pakistani
people are equal before law.
9. National Language
The 1973 Constitution established Urdu as Pakistan's national language. However
English has been maintained for 15 years as the official language. Regional languages
have also been granted full security.
10. Parliamentary System
In the state, the Constitution of 1973 establishes a legislative system of government. The
Prime Minister is Parliamentary structure head. He is member of the (Parliamentary)
Majlis-e-Shoora. It is chosen on the basis of direct citizen mandate. The Prime Minister
chooses from the Members of Parliament a cabinet of federal ministers that oversees the
country's affairs. The Prime Minister holds specific powers according to the 1973
Constitution.
Simla Accords
This agreement was signed by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan's Prime Minister, and Indira
Gandhi, India's Prime Minister, at Simla (also spelt "Shimla") in India. The Treaty also
opened the way for Pakistan to recognize Bangladesh diplomatically.
The treaty was the result of the two countries ' determination to "end the tension and
dispute that has hitherto interfered with their affairs." It proposed the steps to be taken to
further normalize bilateral relations and also set forth the principles which would guide
their future relationships.
Details of Simla Accords are given as follows:
 Both countries must "settle their differences by bilateral agreements through
peacefully" India has, on several occasions, maintained that the Kashmir issue is

a bilateral issue and must be resolved by bilateral agreements under the 1972
Simla Agreement. The deal turned the cease-fire line of 17 December 1971 into
the control line (LOC) between India and Pakistan, and it was agreed that' no
party should try to change it unilaterally, regardless of territorial discrepancies
and legal perceptions.'
 The deal transformed the cease-of 17 December 1971 into the Line of Control
(LOC) between India and Pakistan, and it was decided that' neither party would
try to change it unilaterally, irrespective of bilateral disagreements and legal
interpretations. ‘Some Indian officials subsequently argued that a secret
compromise was made, to transform this LOC into an international boundary,
throughout an o' Pakistani officials, however, have rejected this at all. India has
argued this recognition of a new "cease-fire thread" by both states as rendering the
United Nations Military Observer Group irrelevant in India and Pakistan.
According to India, UNMOGIP's aim was to track the cease-fire line as defined in
the 1949 Karachi Agreement which no longer exists. Pakistan, however, has a
different solution to this topic and both countries still operate the UN mission.
 The deal was the result of the two countries ' determination to "end the tension
and rivalry that has hitherto interfered with their affairs." It proposed the steps to
be taken to further normalize bilateral relations and also laid forth the principles
which would guide their future relationships.
Important points of Simla Accords:
i. The rules and aims of the United Nations Charter shall regulate relations between
the two countries.
ii. The two parties are committed to address their disagreements through diplomatic
means by bilateral agreements or by some other, mutually agreed diplomatic
means. Neither country shall arbitrarily alter the situation before the final
resolution of all of the problems between the two countries nor shall each prohibit

the organization, aid or promotion of any actions harmful to the preservation of
peace and vibrant relations.
iii. The foundation for unity, good neighborliness and permanent peace between them
is the dedication of both countries to peaceful coexistence on the grounds of
dignity and mutual gain, regard for each other's territorial integrity and
sovereignty and non-interference in each other's internal affairs. That the basic
problems and sources of tension that have marred the relations between the two
countries over the last 25 years need to be addressed by diplomatic means.
iv. Ethnic unity, sovereignty, democratic freedom and constitutional equality shall
also be shared between each other.
v. We shall refrain from intimidating or using force against each other's territorial
integrity or political freedom in compliance with the Charter of the United
Nations.
To begin the process of establishing permanent peace, the two governments decide
that:
i. Indian and Pakistani troops shall be removed from the international border at their
hands.
ii. In Jammu and Kashmir, both sides shall maintain the line of control arising from
the December 17, 1971 ceasefire, without regard to the accepted status of either
side. Neither party shall attempt to change it arbitrarily, irrespective of the shared
disagreements and legal definitions. In breach of this paragraph, all sides further
agree to withdraw from the threat or the use of force.
iii. Withdrawals shall begin with the entering into force of this Agreement and shall
be concluded within 30 days afterwards.
The governments decided that their respective leaders will meet again in the future at a
mutually suitable time and that, in the interim, the two sides ' delegates will meet to
negotiate further the modalities and plans for maintaining permanent peace and
normalizing relations, including issues of repatriation of prisoners of war and civilian
interns.

Simla agreement is also ratified by both parties in their respective constitutions. Save for
Kashmir, the Simla Treaty ensured the evacuation of troops from territory controlled by
both sides during wartime. Both the POW's had gone home in the following two years as
well.
Lahore Summit
Lahore welcomed all the Islamic world leaders at the Organization of Islamic
Cooperation (OIC) summit on 22 February 1974. The city was joyous as its leader
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto presided over the summit which was attended by some of the biggest
names in then world politics. It was a paradigm-making meeting and its influence on the
globe was obviously greater than the first summit meeting at Rabat five years ago.
Mr. Z. A. Bhutto, Pakistan's Prime Minister, merits high praise for effectively welcoming
so many world leaders from Muslim countries at a time when the Muslim world is
afflicted with deadly dangers on all directions. So it is comforting to hear that in
addressing the challenges of Muslim unity so confronting the Palestinian issue, these
dignitaries did some noisy thinking. In the last twenty-five years, many of the countries
that participated in the Islamic Summit Conference have arisen from the clutches of
global imperialism. And there are those of them who lead a backward life. And it is a
remarkable fact that they are both working hard to meet a high standard of living set by
Islam.
Another very surprising characteristic was the lack of any ethnic sentiment among the
representatives who had come from Africa's hot zones and from the temperate areas of
Iran, Turkey and regions surrounding the Mediterranean's southern shores. They were
utterly oblivious to the racial prejudice as they had gathered to represent Islam that does
not consider any race or colors difference in their voters.
The differing social and political values of the countries portrayed by their delegates at
the conference were another striking aspect. For example, the tribal organization, in its
most hierarchical form, is still dominant in some countries; and the national structure is

present in others. And in some countries there is dictatorship but in some there is
democracy and parliamentary form of government. Even social and economic
organizations vary.
The summit conference opening
The Conference on the Islamic Summit began at 6 P.M, during Prime Minister Bhutto's
presidency, with a recitation from the Holy Quran. Prime Minister Bhutto said in his
opening speech that the crisis in the Middle East was an outgrowth of Palestine's
problem, and that its center was Jerusalem. The countries that had funded Palestine's
partition in 1947 had a strong duty to address the atrocities committed against the
Palestinian people. Explaining further the aim of the Summit Conference, he said the
states that had gathered at Lahore were pledged to seeking to restore the rightful rights of
the Palestinian people.
The Bangladesh Problem
Ever since Yahya Khan's military operation started on 25 March 1971, East Pakistan's
issue has been a hot boiling pot. Indian military involvement aggravated the problem. It
was a blatant military assault on a country that had no conflict with India but India's
appetite for conquest pushed her fascists in East Pakistan to try their luck. So they
succeeded in separating East Pakistan from West Pakistan, in collusion with a great force.
The reality is as plain as daylight, however, that East Pakistan would never have been cut
off from West Pakistan without India's military interference. As Pakistan's troops
surrendered in East Pakistan, walking off the field free for India's intervention, there was
no way out of this problem except through granting recognition to Bangladesh, which had
endured so much over the last two years that it had almost excised itself through a kind of
vindication and established a certain sense of friendship with West Pakistan.
On the other hand, other Muslim forces thought it was obligatory on Bangladesh to be
represented at the Islamic Summit Conference, being a majority Muslim nation. Hence
they started to work on this goal and sounded through different sources to Mr. Mujibur
Rahman. Mr. Mujibur Rahman's only obstacle to a normalization of relations was the
issue of the acknowledgment of Bangladesh's equal and separate status. The National

Assembly's will for approval have already been received by Prime Minister Bhutto, but
he deferred the announcement until a suitable time. A group of Muslim Foreign Ministers
also met Mr. Mujibur Rahman in Dacca a day before the Summit and carried the news
that after acknowledgment Mr. Mujibur Rahman would be attending the event.
So Prime Minister Bhutto declared the recognition of Bangladesh on the evening of 22
February 1974, one hour and fifteen minutes before the start of the Islamic Summit
Conference. He made it clear in revealing the acknowledgment he was not doing so under
any influence. He had been told by super powers to offer respect but he had dismissed
their demands. Likewise he had not given any priority to the importunities of India. He
denounced all of this character's stresses but the only burden that served on him was that
of people's health. He appeared to have made the decision with the sole consideration of
Pakistan's welfare.
Prime Minister Bhutto continues to state that Bangladesh was a reality and if that fact
could be avoided he would have done so, but pure talk could not ignore reality. He
opposed having the powers responsible for it to reap "the fruit of war" by acknowledging
Bangladesh Pakistan.
After his declaration of Bangladesh's recognition, Mr. Mujibur Rahman arrived in the
morning of 20 February 1974 at the head of a delegation from Bangladesh.
The Lahore Declaration
These are some important declarations of the leaders attended Lahore Summit:
1. The conviction that their shared faith is an unalterable link between their societies: that
the Islamic communities ' solidarity is based not on animosity towards any other human
being, nor on disparities of race and culture, but on the progressive and everlasting
precepts of liberty, brotherhood and equality before the law, liberation from bigotry and
oppression and the struggle against injustice.
2. Their attribution with the peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America's joint struggle for
socioeconomic progress and stability for all nations of the world.

3. Want that their attempts to foster a society founded on democracy and social justice be
imbued with a sense of friendliness and solidarity with other religions, in accordance with
Islamic values.
4. A determination to preserve and foster unity among Muslim countries, to respect each
other's freedom and territorial integrity, to refrain from interfering in each other's internal
affairs, to settle their differences by peaceful means in a fraternal spirit and to use,
wherever possible, the mediating power or good offices of the brotherly Muslim State or
States for such a determination.
5. Awareness of the valiant part played by the front-line states and the Palestinian
opposition in the Ramazan War, as well as the Arab initiative and Muslim unity that
became more prevalent at that crucial time.
In order to cope with the situation of Middle East they declared:
1. The Arab cause is the cause of all countries hostile to violence and does not tolerate
the use of force for land or other purposes.
2. The Arab countries should be granted full and successful assistance to reclaim all
their seized territories, using any means possible.
3. The issue of the Palestinian people is the cause of all those who trust in a people's
right to define their own fate for themselves and their independent choice.
4. The restoration of the full democratic rights of the Palestinian peoples to their
territories is the central and necessary condition for seeking a solution to the question
of the Middle East and creating a permanent peace based on justice.
The Kings, Heads of State and Government and the delegates accepted statements on
Jerusalem, the Middle East and the Palestinian issue, the Muslim Cooperation Fund,
development, foreign economic ties and other subjects. All are added to this Declaration
and are therefore an essential part thereof. They are leading their delegates at the United
Nations and other foreign organizations to meet together in order to pursue shared and
negotiated approaches in fulfillment of these and common goals.
Nuclear Programme

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was the architect of Pakistan's nuclear bomb program and, due to his
strategic and active leadership in heading this nuclear deterrence programme, Bhutto is often
referred to as the Father of the Nuclear Deterrence Program. Bhutto's interest in nuclear
technology was said to have begun during his college years in the United States when Bhutto
attended a political deterrence course.
As Foreign Minister, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited Vienna in October 1965, where nuclear
engineer Munir Ahmad Khan served at a senior technical post at the IAEA, told him of the
position of the Indian nuclear program, and Pakistan had to establish its own nuclear power.
Each insisted on Pakistan's need to develop a nuclear arsenal that would match India's
nuclear capability.
Promptly after the 1965 war, Bhutto, in a press event, famously stated that "even if we have
to eat grass, we're going to make nuclear bomb. We have no other choice."
Bhutto campaigned for Salam in 1965 and succeeded in naming Salam as the head of
Pakistan's IAEA delegation, helping Salam lobby for the construction of nuclear power
plants. In November 1972, Bhutto advised Salam to fly to the United States to avoid the war
and advised him to return with the main literature on nuclear history. By the end of the week
of December 1972, Salam returned to Pakistan in his massive suitcases, complete with
literature about the Manhattan Project. In 1974, Bhutto initiated a more vigorous and serious
political campaign on the nuclear problems surrounding the United States and the Western
world. Speaking to the governments of the nation and of the West, Bhutto made crystal clear
and maintained:
Pakistan was open to a kind of "nuclear threat and blackmail" unparalleled elsewhere.... If
the world's community failed to provide political security to Pakistan and other countries
against the nuclear blackmail, these countries would be restrict to launch atomic bomb
programs of their own!...Troths provided by the United Nations were not "Enough!"...
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, statement written in Eating Grass, source
About two weeks after the 1971 winter war, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto convened a conference of
nuclear scientists and engineers in Multan on 20 January 1972. While at the Multan meeting,
organized by Bhutto's science advisor Abdus Salam, scientists wondered why the president, who
had so much in his hands during those difficult days, paid so much attention to the nuclear

scientists and engineers. At the meeting Bhutto spoke steadily about the recent war and the future
of the world, finding out that the country's life was in major moral risk.
Following India's nuclear test–codename Smiling Buddha–in May 1974, Bhutto felt and
perceived this test as a final prediction of Pakistan's demise. Soon following India's nuclear test,
Bhutto said in a press conference, "India's nuclear program is intended to threaten Pakistan and
create" hegemony in the subcontinent. Given Pakistan's meager financial capital, Bhutto was so
passionate about Pakistan's nuclear energy programme that he said "Pakistanis should eat grass
but make a nuclear bomb."
The militarization of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission began on 20 January 1972 and
was enforced in its initial years by General Tikka Khan, the Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan
Army. At the end of 1972 Bhutto inaugurated the Karachi Nuclear Power Plant (KANUPP-I)
during his role as President of Pakistan. Under Bhutto's institutional influence, the nuclear
weapons program was set up vaguely, based on the 1940s Manhattan Project. And, senior
scholars had direct access to Bhutto, who kept him updated about every inch of the creation.
Bhutto's Science Advisor, Abdus Salam's office also sat in the Secretariat of the Prime Minister
of Bhutto. Upon Bhutto's behest, Salam had set up and headed the Theoretical Physics Group
(TPG), which signaled the launch of the nuclear deterrence programme. The TPG planned and
produced both the nuclear bombs and the entire programme. Munir Ahmad Khan later had him
directly accepted the budget for program growth.
At the time Bhutto was expelled this crash plan had thoroughly evolved in terms of both
technological and science advancement. By 1977, PAEC and KRL had developed their uranium
enrichment and plutonium reprocessing facilities, and the PAEC selection for test sites was
carried out at Chagai Hills. Both organisations submitted feasibility reports on their projects. The
design of the first fission bomb had been completed by the PAEC Theoretical Physics
Community in 1977, and KRL scientists succeeded in separating the Uranium fissile isotopes
from the electromagnetic isotopes.
Bhutto's decision later turned out to be right in 1983, when PAEC had performed a cold test near
Kirana Hills, apparently made from non-fissioned plutonium.
In all, Bhutto understood that in 1978 when his friend Munir Ahmad Khan paid a visit to him in
his jail cell, Pakistan had become a nuclear weapons state.

Decline and fall of Bhutto
As his tenure continued, Bhutto began facing tremendous opposition and growing unpopularity.
Originally, the opposition leader Abdul Wali Khan and his National Awami Party (NAP), a
nationalist socialist faction, started to disintegrate the capitalist and communist population
gathered under Bhutto's leadership, thereby splitting and siding with liberal fronts. Despite the
two parties ' political similarities, tensions between them were getting even more violent. That
started with the ousting of the NAP provincial government in Balochistan by the federal
government for suspected secessionist activities, and ended with the NAP ban. Most of the top
NAP leadership was eventually arrested after Bhutto's trusted Hyatt Scherpaoi was killed in a
Peshawar bomb blast.
Bhutto's respected research adviser Abdus Salam also fled Pakistan in 1974, after Ahmadiyyah
Muslims were branded non-Muslims by parliament. Upon Salam's retirement, nuclear weapons
work delayed the progress as Dr. Mubashir Hassan, now the Science Adviser named by Bhutto,
will concentrate more on politics than on scientific studies. Most Bhutto faithful civilian officials
and military officers were replaced by new ones. Bhutto met new colleagues and associates.
Political dissent also rose within the PPP, and the assassination of the father of dissident leader
Ahmad Raza Kasuri led to public outrage and intra-animosity as Bhutto was charged with
masterminding the murder. Powerful PPP figures including former Punjab governor Ghulam
Mustafa Khar have publicly denounced Bhutto and called for demonstrations against his rule.
The North-West Frontier Province and Balochistan's political instability escalated as civil
liberties remained suspended and an estimated 100,000 soldiers stationed there were accused of
human rights violations and vast numbers of civilians were killed.
Military Coup
On 3 July 1977, the then-General-Major K.M. Arif visited Bhutto secretly, announcing that a
coup had been launched in the General Headquarters of Combatants (GHQ). General Arif urged
Bhutto to "rush talks with the PNA until it was too late" at this clandestine conference.
Intensifying political and civil unrest forced Bhutto to have talks with PNA leaders, resulting in a
deal to suspend parliament and fresh elections under a national unity administration.

On 5 July 1977, forces arrested Bhutto and his cabinet members on the orders of General Zia. It
is widely accepted that the coup took place under the pretext of rebellion, given the fact that
Bhutto had signed an accord with the opposition.
Bhutto had excellent intellect within the army, and until the end officers including Major-
General Tajamül Hussain Malik remained loyal to him. General Zia-ul-Haq has, however,
approved a training program for Special Air Service (SAS) officers. General Zia-ul-Haq directed
many of the supportive officers of Bhutto to attend the first session. Senior officer classes were
postponed until midnight, however. None of the officers had been permitted to leave until the
coup before late evening. At the time preparations were made for the takeover.
General Zia declared the implementation of martial law, revocation of the constitution and
dissolution of all legislatures and pledge of elections within 90 days. Zia also ordered senior PPP
and PNA members to be detained but vowed to hold elections in October. On 29 July, Bhutto
was released and received a huge crowd of supporters in his hometown of Larkana. He started to
travel around Pakistan immediately, giving speeches to very large audiences and plotting his
political return. On 3 September Bhutto was convicted again before his release on parole on 13
September.
Arrest and Trial
The Army again arrested Bhutto on 3 September on suspicion of ordering the murder of a
political rival in March 1974. A 35-year-old politician Ahmed Raza Kasuri and his family were
assaulted and his father, Nawab Muhammad Ahmad Khan Kasuri, was killed. Kasuri believed he
was the real victim and accused Bhutto of orchestrating the attack.
Bhutto's wife Nusrat Bhutto, headed by Fakhruddin G. Ibrahim, Yahya Bakhtiar and Abdulhafiz
Pirzada, formed a team of top Pakistani lawyers for Bhutto's defense.10 days after his detention,
Bhutto was released after a judge, Justice KMA Samdani, considered the facts to be
"contradictory and insufficient." Therefore, Justice Samdani was subsequently suspended from
the bench and put at the mercy of the law ministry. Three days later Zia imprisoned Bhutto again
on the same grounds, this time under "martial law." Zia cancelled the scheduled elections while
the PPP mobilized protests among Bhutto's supporters.

The case lasted five months, and Bhutto stood in court in a specially made jail for the jury.
Proceedings commenced on 24 October 1977. Masood Mahmood, the National Security Force's
director general (since he called the Federal Investigation Agency), testified against Bhutto.
Mahmood was arrested shortly after Zia's overthrow, and was jailed for two months before
taking the stand. He said in his testimony that Bhutto had ordered the assassination of Kasuri,
and that four Federal Security Force leaders had planned the attack on orders from Bhutto. They
arrested the four suspected killers and later confessed. Both were taken to trial as "co-accused,"
but one of them denied his testimony, arguing that under torture it had been coerced from him.
The complainant was missing in court the next day and the defense said he had unexpectedly
"fallen ill."
The defense team of Bhutto successfully contested the case and confronted the prosecution with
evidence from an army logbook provided by the prosecution.
Death sentence and appeal
Bhutto was found not guilty of murder on 18 March 1978, but sentenced to death. On 12 March
1978, Bhutto's former legal minister, Abdul Hafiz Pirzada, petitioned the Supreme Court to
liberate Mubashir Hassan, Bhutto's research advisor, and to revisit Bhutto's death sentence on the
grounds of the controversial decision.
Hassan's release was refused by the Supreme Court as he was detained by military authorities,
but the court decided to hear the claims. Following 12 days of hearings, the Supreme Court ruled
that the President of Pakistan could turn a death sentence into life imprisonment. Pirzada filed an
application with the then Chief Martial Law Administrator. General Zia-ul-Haq, however, did
not move promptly, saying that the application was incomplete.
Pirzada was emotionally shattered and told Bhutto about the progress, and the purpose of
General Zia-ul-Haq. But Bhutto has not pursued an appeal. After being transferred to a cell in
Rawalpindi Central Jail, his relatives sued on his behalf, and a trial began in May before the
Supreme Court. Bhutto had a week to prep. Bhutto has given a detailed counter argument to the
allegations, though Zia has delayed its publication. The court was presided over by Chief Justice
S. Anwarul Haq, while loyal to Zia, who also acted as Acting President while Zia was out of the
country. Bhutto's attorneys succeeded in winning Bhutto's right before the Supreme Court to

pursue his own defense. Bhutto appeared in person before a crowded courtroom in Rawalpindi
on 18 December 1978.
The appeal was dismissed by the Supreme Court on 24 March 1979. Zia upheld sentences to
death. Bhutto was hanged at Rawalpindi Central Jail on 4 April 1979 and buried at Garhi Khuda
Baksh Village Cemetery.
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