Detailed Report: London Array Offshore Wind Farm Analysis

This report provides a detailed analysis of the London Array wind farm, a prominent offshore wind farm located off the coast of London. It begins with an executive summary and introduction, outlining the farm's capacity and significance in renewable energy. The report delves into the preliminary design considerations, including site selection and the need for renewable energy sources. It then explores the conceptual design of the wind turbines, differentiating between horizontal and vertical axis turbines, and discussing various blade designs. The report covers system testing, evaluation, and offshore design aspects. Furthermore, it examines the validation and optimization of the wind farm, including turbine operation and maintenance. An analysis section provides key statistics and technical specifications of the London Array. The report concludes with a comprehensive overview of the wind farm's design, operation, and contribution to sustainable energy.

A Report on Wind Farm at London Array 1
A REPORT ON WIND FARM AT LONDON ARRAY
A Report Paper on Wind Farm Array By
Student’s Name
Name of the Professor
Institutional Affiliation
City/ State
Year/Month/Day

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Executive Summary
This sheet grants the systematic information on Wind Farm at London Array. It is ranked
the world's leading developed- sized offshore wind farm. It was constructed with the generation
capacity of 630MWs. The report outline clearly the practical account of London Wind Farm
Array and all appropriate technical niceties and clarifications are shown with the required
recommendation then conclusion. A wind farm in London is the world’s wind farm that is
located 20km away from the shore. The wind farm is built on industrial offshore and it has 175
turbines producing 630MW. The power in the range of closely 25GW is going to be the future
development the wind farm because the renewable energy is what the project is grounded on.
Windmills are used in various places such as pumping water which may be in form of
groundwater and drainage, milling grains, and the electricity. People living around the farm
prefer this technique in various parts of the world because the energy is pure without pollution.
The turbines which are used in the first phase one are fixed with Siemens. The turbine and wind
power are closely 130m and each turbine is 89 meters high above the sea level. The main tower
is needed and bolter to transition place in order to install the turbine. This report on the wind
farm at London Array discusses among other things the preliminary design, detailed design, and
development, system optimization, validation, as well as evaluation of the wind form in London
Array.

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TABLE OF CONTENT
Item Page
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….…….4
PRELIMINARY DESIGN ………………………………………………….………..5
Need of Renewable Energy Source like Wind Farm ………………….……..5
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN ……………………………………………….…….……..6
Horizontal Wind Turbines……………………………………………………7
Vertical Wind Turbine………………………………………………………...7
Blades of wind mill…………………………………………………………...8
SYSTEM TEST AND EVALUATION………………………………………………9
Offshore design ………………………………………………………….…...9
VALIDATION AND OPTIMIZATION……………………………………………10
ANALYSIS OF THE WIND FARM…………………………………………….….11
CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………11
BIBLIOGRAPHY………..…………………………………………………………29

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INTRODUCTION
London wind farm is the world’s wind farm the located 20km away from the shore. The
wind farm is built on industrial offshore and it has 175 turbines producing 630MW. The huge
tones of power amounting to nearly 25GW is going to be the upcoming development of this wind
farm because it is grounded on London renewable energy project. The construction of London
Array began in 2009. The project entails 175 Siemens and two offshore substations. The London
Array began producing electricity in October 2012 with full operation of all 175 turbines. The
wind farm produced more than 2.2TW of electricity and London Array produces enough power
nearly half a million homes in a year and reduces carbon monoxide emissions by more than
925000 tonnes per year.
This report on the wind farm at London Array discusses among other things the
preliminary design, detailed design, and development, system optimization, validation, as well as
evaluation of the wind form in London Array. Energies in the world such as heat energy, light
energy, wind energy etc. are converted into the beneficial form of applications. The wind energy
is important in current days because it is environmentally friendly and it blows from an area with
a high-temperature area to a region of low-temperature areas. The wind produces electricity
through windmills where mechanical rotation is involved (Agency, 2016). The figure below
shows an example of a wind farm at London Array:

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Kilometer is used in various places such as pumping water which may be in form of
groundwater and drainage, milling grains, and the electricity. People living around the farm
prefer this technique in various parts of the world because the energy is pure without pollution. It
is suitable where the wind energy is high since the higher the quantity of wind the higher the
amount of energy that is will be produced by the turbine (Bern, 2010). The figure below shows a
satellite image of the wind farm at London:
Preliminary design of the Wind Farm at London Array
The London Array scheme commenced in 2001 with runs of environmental concern.
There are various reasons why this particular location was chosen. Some of the reasons include
depth of available, high wind speed, usable water ports that could enable construction along with
operations and also maintenance (Books, 2011). In the past, wind energy was used in the sailing
boats, in homes for the natural ventilation, wind wheels for machines. As the years passed by it

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was used in the oil mills for grain grinding to extract oils and in big ships for the wind driving
source. Nowadays, it is used in electricity extraction and to satisfy the human needs.
Importance of Renewable Energy such as Wind Farm
Energy acquired from the wind farm is clean and free from pollution hence being
considered environmental pleasant. This will assist in controlling earth surface pollution and also
windmills the temperature of the cutout surface because it is one kind of non-heating devices.
Water conversation is another very significant feature of wind energy because it necessarily does
not depend on water for the production of electricity. Wind energy is adequate in various regions
on earth surface hence helps in it in the production of wind energy. This is one source of
domestic energy, where villages can also implement (Castellano, 2015). The power generated
from the wind is unlimited and wind setup is pocket-friendly in entire cases.
The windmills can also be built on the farm where people also live. This is because this
kind of mill also gives rental benefit for the people such as the creation of employment for the
people. This report shows clearly the technical description of London Wind Farm with a
production capacity of 630MWs (Castellano, 2015).
Conceptual Design of Wind Farm at London Array
The operational design entails wind tower which is made up of 4 parts namely, tower,
gearbox and generator, Propeller blade and the base. The figure below shows a structural design
of a windmill:

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The wind turbines consist of propeller blades that are comparable to that of an aeroplane
propeller blade. Here, the fan is rotated by the wind and as a result, it produces electricity with
the help of rotational mechanical energy. The shaft of the mill is connected to the generator to
help in generating electricity (Fitzgerald, 2011). There are several types of windmills based on
the conceptual design which includes the vertical wind turbines and horizontal wind turbines as
explained below.
Horizontal Wind Turbines
In the horizontal wind turbine, the axis of the turbine is parallel to the earth surface. We
prefer these types' horizontal axis wind turbine [HAWT] windmills because wind streams
parallel to the surface of the earth regularly. The figure 4 below shows the horizontal axis wind
turbine (Glasdam, 2013).
.

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Vertical Wind Turbine
There is very distinct kind of turbines in where the very tough blade design is needed.
The type of turbines is commonly used in sloppy areas where wind’s direction is not
conventional and people are not occupying those areas (Goodall, 2014).
Blades of windmill
Mainly the windmill blades are 6 in nature namely, double blade, single blade, multi-
blade, three blade, upwind blades and Down-wind blades system (Hanna, 2016)
Single blade: Single blade is adopted in some mechanical applications. It is a distinctive system
which is not preferred because of its lesser efficiency and design constraints.
Double blade: This kind of system is used in irrigation applications and machines. The double
blade shorts contain two blades for the rotor.

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Three Blade: This is the most effective of all blades. Three blade mills are generally seen mills.
The conversion of energy is best in three blade mills hence it is ideal for all types of application
(Jayaweera, 2016).
Multiblade: In Multiblade, the system is changing as the blade design is the course of these
challenges. The designer has put into consideration the number of blades and what kinds of
material it has to include because the blades cause to rise to the weight of the mill.
Upwind blades System: This is a current technical discovery where the design of the blade will
be permitted to rotate the upwind (Johnson, 2014). This blade system has been incorporated due
to its ability to produce energy even during low wind quantity.
Downwind blades system: Downwind blade system has to adopt the rotating tower for higher
efficiencies. It is the opposite of upwind because it will rotate for the downwind only. There are
some sections of the wind farm where this blade system is being used especially when there is a
low flow of wind such as downhill or near human habitats.
System Test and Evaluation
Offshore design
Turbines in the sea or ocean around 20km away from the land are entailed in offshore
design. Each mill has cables and a generator, the generator cables are linked to the power place

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on the globe (Johnson, 2014). The design features include; a joined Heat and Power facility
where the Maidstone branch managed the building works, making use of local contractors
wherever possible; making most of the obtainable natural light through inert design actions and
an extensive grass rooftop to offer environmental values, water reduction, and good lagging.
The turbines which are used in the first phase one are fixed with Siemens. The turbine
and wind power are closely 130m and the individual turbine is 89meters high above the sea
level. The main tower is needed and bolter to transition place in order to install the turbine.
Thereafter the nacelle and hub are installed that contains turbine's main parts namely, gearbox,
control, and generator. When designing a windmill, protection must be ensured in order to avoid
any accidental miss happening near the turbine zone (King, 2017).
Validation and Optimization of Wind Farm at London Array
The turbines start working when the speed of wind is around 4 meters per second reason
and full complete power is achieved at 15m/s while these turbines keep shutting when the wind
speed is higher than 23m/s. The turbines are designed to run for 18 years, all around 24 hours
because they are served with huge power. Regular check on operation and regularity of these
turbine operations, computerized monitoring, storage facility, and control facility are done by a
technician (Lynn, 2011).

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The performance of the wind farm can be optimized for making some changes on the
blades which will maximize the production of energy by the turbines. This can be done through
using lighter and widely spaced blades which will make the harvest wind energy maximum. The
location of the wind farms can also be in a position such that even if there is low wind energy
(Matejicek, 2013). The location should be away from habitats and tall buildings. The motor used
in the turbine can also be modified such that even if the blades do not turn at a faster speed, the
mechanical energy can still be converted.
Safety of constructing big projects needs to be considered. Creation of the safety zone
around the turbines should be considered and at also keeping protection of technicians and the
labour-intensive force. Minor boats arriving near the turbine zone should be protected because
the tip of the wind turbine is made in such manner to retain the tipped minimum of 20 meters
beyond the sea level so as to evade high tide (Mohan, 2012).
Analysis of the Wind Farm
The turbines of the wind are Siemens 3.6MV with the quantity of turbines being 175. The
entire production is 630MV, the overall height of the blade tip is 147m, and the rotor thickness is
120 m with 87mts hub’s elevation. The weightiness of the blade is approximately 18 tones,
navelless is 190 tonnes. The speed cut out is 25 meters per second while the speed cut in the
wind is 4 meters per second, the shore distance is 20 kilometer while the dimension amid
turbines of wind is 650x1000m (Rule, 2012).
Those are the essential statistical records that relay full information concerning the
description of turbines that are applied in Wind Farm Array. The Wind Farm Array turbine
project description data provide an elegant information concerning the budget for the

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manufacturing process and assembling secondly the cost (Jayaweera, 2016). The quantity of
wind energy produced by this wind farm at London Array has been approximated to be 20% of
the total grid energy in the city.
Conclusion
The wind farm at London must contest with the conservative energy sources which are
not a stress-free task. The wind farm conceptual design is found through technical detail in their
structural manufacture and elaborated along with its technique description. Defense and
navigation section has relayed the greatest vital section of consideration while executing the
whole process because the turbine causes harm to the wildlife and also noise. This report on the
wind farm at London Array discusses among other things the preliminary design, detailed
design, and development, system optimization, validation, as well as evaluation of the wind form
in London Array.
Energies in the world such as heat energy, light energy, wind energy etc. are converted
into the beneficial form of applications. Mainly the windmill blades are 6 in nature namely,
double blade, single blade, multi-blade, three blade, upwind blades and Down-wind blades
system as discussed in above paper. The performance of the wind farm can be optimized for
making some changes on the blades which will maximize the production of energy by the
turbines. This can be done through using lighter and widely spaced blades which will make the
harvest wind energy maximum.
Bibliography
Agency, F. M. a. H., 2016. Ecological Research at the Offshore Windfarm alpha Ventus: Challenges,
Results, and Perspectives. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.
Bern, G., 2010. Investing in Energy: A Primer on the Economics of the Energy Industry. Toledo: John Wiley
& Sons.

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Books, L., 2011. Future Wind Farms: Windy Point|windy Flats, Sheringham Shoal Offshore Wind Farm,
Thorntonbank Wind Farm, London Array. London: General Books LLC.
Castellano, R. N., 2015. Alternative Energy Technologies: Opportunities and Markets. Michigan: Archives
contemporaines.
Fitzgerald, S., 2011. Wind Power. Toledo: Infobase Publishing.
Glasdam, J. B., 2013. Harmonics in Offshore Wind Power Plants: Application of Power Electronic Devices
in Transmission Systems. Michigan: Springer.
Goodall, C., 2014. Ten Technologies to Fix Energy and Climate. Colorado: Profile Books.
Hanna, N., 2016. Investing In Wind Power: A concise guide to the technologies and companies for
investors. London: Harriman House Limited.
Jayaweera, D., 2016. Smart Power Systems and Renewable Energy System Integration. New York:
Springer.
Johnson, R., 2014. Chasing the Wind: Inside the Alternative Energy Battle. Paris: Univ. of Tennessee
Press.
King, G. C., 2017. Physics of Energy Sources. Chicago: John Wiley & Sons.
Lynn, P. A., 2011. Onshore and Offshore Wind Energy: An Introduction. Colorado: John Wiley & Sons.
Matejicek, L., 2013. Assessment of Energy Sources Using GIS. London: Springer.
Mohan, S., 2012. 50 FAQs on Renewable Energy: know all about renewable energy and learn to make
use of it. Moscow: The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI).
The rule, T. A., 2012. Solar, Wind and Land: Conflicts in Renewable Energy Development. California:
Routledge.
Sunderasan, S., 2012. Cleaner-Energy Investments: Cases and Teaching Notes. London: Springer.

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