Wireless Communication: UDP, IP, TCP, Network Layers & Congestion

This assignment delves into the intricacies of wireless communication, focusing on key protocols such as UDP, IP, and TCP. It explores the differences between UDP and IP, highlighting their reliability and checksum calculations. The assignment clarifies the roles of port addresses and IP addresses in identifying processes and computers, respectively, and distinguishes between connection-oriented and connectionless services, as well as reliable and unreliable services. It further elaborates on the three stages of connection-oriented transmission, including the three-way handshake for TCP connection establishment, and discusses flow control mechanisms at both the data link and transport layers. The document also addresses error control in TCP and the data link layer, concluding with an explanation of congestion control and the three phases of TCP congestion control policy. This student-contributed document is available on Desklib, a platform offering a wealth of study resources and solved assignments for students.

Running head: WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Wireless Communication
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author’s note

1WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
1. The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is defined as an unreliable and connectionless
transport protocol, which would be able to perform limited checking of errors. Some cases
include – If a certain process would send small messages and would not care about the
reliability, it would be used by UDP1. Sending of a particular message with the use of UDP
would take much level of interaction between a sender and receiver rather than using TCP.
2. UDP and IP are both unreliable and connectionless protocols. The primary difference
is based on reliability.
The IP would calculate a checksum for the IP header and not on data.
The UDP would calculate checksum based on the entire diagram.
3. The port addresses need not to be unique as long as the pair of IP addresses would be
able to uniquely identify a particular kind of process that would run on a particular host.
Port addresses would generally be shorter than IP addresses. This is because of the reason
that the domain would be based on a single system that would be smaller than the domain of
each of the IP addresses.
4. The primary function of the Network Layer would be based on delivering packets from
the source till destination across several forms of networks. The layer provides connection
services that would include the network layer flow control2.
The Transport Layer would be mainly responsible for the transportation of message from
the source till the destination. The layer could be either connection oriented or connectionless.
1 Johnston, Alan B. SIP: understanding the session initiation protocol. Artech House, 2015.
2 Quinn, Paul, and Tom Nadeau. Problem statement for service function chaining. No. RFC 7498. 2015.

2WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
5. The IP Address is mainly used for the identification of the computer. The Port Address
is a number that would be used for identifying the data coming from internet. The software that
includes Chrome, IE, Skype and many others3. The Port and IP address would be known as
socket, it would be used by another computer for the purpose of sending data to another
particular software of a computer.
6. The services based on connection-oriented would mainly involve the establishment and
the establishment and conclusion. The connection-less services would not require any form of
creation of connections and processes of termination based on transferring data.
7. In the field of computer networks, the reliable services could be defined as a form of
tested service that have been proved to be right. The reliable service would be able to produce
the positive outputs or results in the past. The unreliable service could be defined as such
services that have been proved to be wrong in the past.
8. The three kinds of stages based on the connection of establishment, transfer of data and
connection of termination phases are:
 Three-Way Handshake4
 Data Transfer
 Connection Termination
9. The three-way handshake could be defined as a method that could be used for the
creation of a connection between the client and server. It is a method based on three steps that
3 Troan, O., Wojciech Dec, Xing Li, Congxiao Bao, Satoru Matsushima, Tetsuya Murakami, and T.
Taylor. Mapping of Address and Port with Encapsulation (MAP-E). No. RFC 7597. 2015.
4 Lopez, Jessica A., Yali Sun, Peter B. Blair, and M. Shahid Mukhtar. "TCP three-way handshake: linking
developmental processes with plant immunity." Trends in plant science 20, no. 4 (2015): 238-245.

3WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
would require the client and server for the purpose of exchanging ACK and SYN based packets
before the actual form of data communication would begin.
10. Flow Control could be defined as the management of the flow of data between
different computers or nodes within a network5. This is due to the data to be handled at an
efficient manner. Too much of data that would arrive at a device could lead to overflow of data
that would mean that the data would be either lost or could be retransmitted.
11. The flow control within the data ink layer would be used for controlling the hop to
hop based transmission. The flow control within the transport layer would mainly apply to the
end to end transmission in which the source should not be pushed to more data than the receiver
would be able to process.
12. TCP would help in controlling of errors in a reliable manner. This would include the
mechanism based on the detection of corrupted segments, out-of-order segments, lost segments
and duplicated segments. They would also include a mechanism based on controlling of errors
based on the correction of errors after they would be detected.
13. The Error Detection in Link Layer would be used for the verification of the integrity
within the frames when they would be transmitted over the media.
The Error Control in Transport Layer would be used for sending the segments of data that
would be divided into multiple form of packets at the network layer. Each of the packet would be
divided into multiple frames at the link level6.
5 Bacon, Jean, David Eyers, Thomas FJ-M. Pasquier, Jatinder Singh, Ioannis Papagiannis, and Peter Pietzuch.
"Information flow control for secure cloud computing." IEEE Transactions on Network and Service
Management 11, no. 1 (2014): 76-89.
6 Gohil, Asvin, Hardik Modi, and Shobhit K. Patel. "5G technology of mobile communication: A survey."
In Intelligent Systems and Signal Processing (ISSP), 2013 International Conference on, pp. 288-292. IEEE, 2013.

4WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
14. Congestion control could be defined as a method of controlling the rate of congestion
within a network and the various methods of prevention7.
If a certain form of acknowledgement for a particular segment would not be received,
then it would be re-transmitted. TCP would make use of a congestion window in the side of the
server based on avoidance of congestion. The congestion window would be able to indicate the
maximum form of data that would be sent on a particular connection.
15. The Three Phases of TCP Congestion Control Policy are:
 Slow Start Phase
 Congestion Avoidance Phase
 Congestion Detection Phase
7 Winstein, Keith, and Hari Balakrishnan. "TCP ex machina: computer-generated congestion control." In ACM
SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 123-134. ACM, 2013.

5WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
References
[1] Johnston, Alan B. SIP: understanding the session initiation protocol. Artech House, 2015.
[2] Quinn, Paul, and Tom Nadeau. Problem statement for service function chaining. No. RFC
7498. 2015.
[3] Troan, O., Wojciech Dec, Xing Li, Congxiao Bao, Satoru Matsushima, Tetsuya Murakami,
and T. Taylor. Mapping of Address and Port with Encapsulation (MAP-E). No. RFC 7597. 2015.
[4] Lopez, Jessica A., Yali Sun, Peter B. Blair, and M. Shahid Mukhtar. "TCP three-way
handshake: linking developmental processes with plant immunity." Trends in plant science 20,
no. 4 (2015): 238-245.
[5] Bacon, Jean, David Eyers, Thomas FJ-M. Pasquier, Jatinder Singh, Ioannis Papagiannis, and
Peter Pietzuch. "Information flow control for secure cloud computing." IEEE Transactions on
Network and Service Management 11, no. 1 (2014): 76-89.
[6] Gohil, Asvin, Hardik Modi, and Shobhit K. Patel. "5G technology of mobile communication:
A survey." In Intelligent Systems and Signal Processing (ISSP), 2013 International Conference
on, pp. 288-292. IEEE, 2013.
[7] Winstein, Keith, and Hari Balakrishnan. "TCP ex machina: computer-generated congestion
control." In ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 123-134.
ACM, 2013.