International Management: A Detailed Analysis of Cross-Cultural Models

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Added on  2023/04/07

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This essay provides a detailed analysis of cross-cultural models in international management, with a focus on the Lewis Model, which categorizes cultures into linear-active, multi-active, and reactive types. The analysis includes the model's strengths and weaknesses, ethical issues across cultures, and the importance of cross-cultural communication. It also addresses managing change across cultures, highlighting Lewin's change management model (unfreeze, change, refreeze) as a method for organizations to adapt to economic crises, changes in law and regulations, social developments, global competition, and demographic trends. The essay references various authors and their contributions to understanding cultural dimensions, emphasizing the need for organizations to evolve continuously to survive in a globalized world. Desklib offers a wide array of resources, including past papers and solved assignments, to aid students in their academic pursuits.
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International
management
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Cross Cultural Models
In respect to determines cross-cultural model, Lewis Model has
been frame in respect to gain wide recognition. It is being
developed in 1990 by Richard Lewis's blockbuster. After
visiting the 135 nations and also working with more than 20
people which based on nationality or behaviour or religion
(Admin, 2015). This model is based on three different types of
categories that are explained under here:
Linear active group
Multi active group
Reactive group
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Linear active group
This group can easily identify that comprises with the time and
plan.
There are step by step plan and feelings are confronts with logic
dislike and losing face rarely.
This group are frame in North America, Britain, Australia and
New Zealand, etc. (Woo and et.al., 2014).
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Multi active group
These types of group are talks most of the time with various
things in one plan.
Outline are designed with only emotional display feelings.
There are good excuses that often interrupts for people
oriented.
In South America, India, Africa and Pakistan, etc. countries
making this type of group (Pfau-Effinger, 2017).
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Reactive group
Reactive people are listens most of the time reaction of partner's
action.
They are frame general principles polite, indirect conceals feelings
which cannot be confronts.
In this way, people oriented statements are promises over truth
patient.
This group has been frame in Asia which is hybrid nation (Berry
and et.al., 2015).
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Sample size
Lewis model is based on data drawn from 50,000 executives
those taking residential courses. In this way, they have taken
more than 1,50,000 online questionnaires in 68 different
nationalities.
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Method to collect data
To collect the relevant data, qualitative method was used by
Richard Lewis (Gielen and Roopnarine, 2016).
These method is used to carry effective research in term of
questionnaire.
Therefore, Richard has been used this method to carry his
research.
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Strength and weaknesses of the model
There are several authors proposed such dimensions regarding
cross culture.
Strength of the model
Edward Hall classified the groups in term of mono-chronic
and poly chronic which contains past or future oriented.
Kluckholn looked towards 5 dimensions such as attitude to
problem, time, nature, form of activity and nature of person
(Aknin and et.al., 2013).
Hofstede's saw 4 model that make power distance,
collectivism vs. individualism, femininity vs. masculinity and
avoidance the uncertainty.
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CONTINUE...
Weaknesses of the model
Richard Lewis has unrealistic assumption.
This model is considered only in underdeveloped countries
which is not matched and not applicable on all nations.
Views are not matched with different aspect of various authors
(Huesmann and Eron, 2013).
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Ethical issues across cultures
Ethics are concerned with people to do the work and act in
right way. Ethics issues are determines into the different terms
that are as follows:
Ancient Greek Ethics
Normative ethics
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Normative ethics
Consequentialism
Consequentialism argues that there are various morality actions determines in
term of outcomes and results. Morality right actions are produce good results
and consequence.
Deontology
It is an approach that focus on right and wrong action.
Virtue ethics
Virtue ethics are focus on inherent character of a person instead of nature (Woo
and et.al., 2014).
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Cross-cultural communications
Language is determines as the process in which communication is
done in body language, feelings and intentions consciously or
unconsciously. However, para language is a feature of non verbal
communication in which meaning is derived from person tone, pitch
and volume, etc. (Pfau-Effinger, 2017).
Facial expression are also important elements that express emotions
through body. On the other hand, in para language non verbal
components are classified as speech speed, tone and volume, etc.
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