Global Financial Crisis: Economic Impact and Proposed Reforms

This essay provides a comprehensive analysis of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), examining its potential causes such as deregulation and increased borrowing by banks and investors. It discusses the possibility of a recurrence, highlighting potential asset bubbles and rising global debt. The essay also assesses the scale and impact of the GFC on various economies, including Australia, China, the US, and Europe, noting the effects on manufacturing, trade, and employment. Furthermore, it identifies actual and proposed reforms implemented by governments to enhance financial stability and prevent future crises, such as strengthening financial institutions and addressing shadow banking risks. The conclusion emphasizes the GFC's significance as a major economic catastrophe and the importance of ongoing reforms to mitigate future risks.

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Discuss the possible causes of the financial crisis. Do you think GFC could be repeated
again? Discuss.
Explain the scale and impact of GFC in economies of different countries including your
own country. Identify some of the actual or proposed reforms which have eventuated.
Global Financial Crisis (GFC)
Global Financial Crisis (GFC) is considered the most significant worldwide economic
catastrophe since the Great Depression of 1929. The sub-prime mortgage crisis is an example of
the financial crisis that created an impact on the global financial markets across the world. The
aim of the paper is to discuss the possible causes that lead to the financial crises and the
examples crises. Further, it includes the opinion related to the aspect that GFC can be repeated
again (Dias, Rodrigues and Craig, 2016). The scale and impact of the GFC in economies of the
various countries include home country is discussed with the identification of the actual and
proposed reforms which have eventuated.
The global financial crisis (GFC) is referred to as the period of the extreme stress in the markets
of the global financial and banking system in between 2007 and early 2009. This has been found
that During GFC, a recession in the US housing was a catalyst for a financial crisis that spread to
rest of the world with the common linkage in the global financial system (Bénétrix, Lane, and
Shambaugh, 2015). During the period, numerous banks across the work faced losses and relied
on the support from the government to prevent the bankruptcy. Millions of people lost their jobs
as it was considered as the major advanced economies that experienced their deepest recession
since the year the 1930s when there was Great Depression.

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Possible causes of the financial crisis
The financial crises took place due to the different reasons and some of the possible causes that
lead to the financial crisis are discussed below:-
Deregulation
The financial crisis was majorly caused by deregulations in the industry of finance in which they
permit the banks to get engage in the hedge find trading with derivatives. This made the banks to
demand the more mortgages to provide the support to the profitable sale of these derivatives.
Further, the banks created the interest-only loans that become affordable for the subprime
borrowers. In the year 2004, the Federal Reserve raised fed funds rate similar to the way they
just resent the new mortgages interest rates (Amadeo, 2018). This results in the falls in the
housing prices because the supply of the product outpaced the demand. Moreover, the values of
the derivate crumble that makes the banks to stop lending the money to each other. This leads to
the financial crises that led the Great Recession.
Rise in borrowing by banks and investors
The rise in the borrowing by the banks and investors is one of the causes which led to the global
financial crisis. The banks and other investors in the market of US and aboard borrowed huge
amounts with the motive to expand their lending and to make the purchase of MBS products.
This shows that there was a rise in the leverage which magnifies the potential profit and losses.
As a result, this was found that prices of houses in which investors made the investment started
falling due to which banks stated facing losses because they had borrowed a large amount
(Reserve Bank of Australia, 2018).

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Further, the banks and other investors found a rise in the borrowed money for the very short
periods which majorly include overnight that contribute effectively in making the purchase of
assets that remain unsold quickly. Thus, this is the reason they became increasingly reliant on
lenders which majorly include the different banks who can easily contribute in extending the new
loans as existing short-term loans were repaid (Claessens and Van Horen, 2015).
GFC could be repeated again
History is replete with different crashes and bubbles due to which it is unavoidable that it will
happen again as every generation forgets and must relearn the lessons from the event that took
place in past through another bubble that is based on the collective euphoria that is all about the
new innovations. Providentially, this has been found that in the post-global financial crises
environment seen so far with the absence of the broad-based bubbles on the scale of the US
housing (Oliver, 2018). There was a flow in gold with the prices of some of the commodity in
the early decade but it did not get that big before the event bursting. The rise in the use of the
bitcoin and some other crypto were another example but they carried up before extracting in
adequate investors with the meaningful global impact. The boom of social media channels and e-
commerce stocks like Facebook and Amazon are considered as the candidates for the next crisis
in the global environment.

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(Source: Oliver, 2018)
The image given above reflects the major asset bubbles that can work as the reason behind other
global financial crises in the coming years. The post-global financial crisis-related pullback
shows the rise in the global debt which is high relative to the global GDP which is one of the
obvious concerns for the countries. However, the rise in the GDP doesn’t reflect that this is the
only reason which leads to another GFC. The ratio of the global debt to GDP is tending up which
shows that there is a rise in the debt in developed countries (Oliver, 2018). The post-GFC in
public debt and debt interest burdens are less due to the interest rate. Moreover, the other signs
which can lead to the crises include the scene for recessions and linked deep bear markets in
terms of the shares. Though this reason is not spreading as much now it is expected to be one of
the reasons due to which crisis can take place. In addition, the inflations is controlled and low,
monetary policy remains easy with this there is no excess spread of the overinvestment in
technology, housing and banks has achieved the success in the lending standards after the GFC
which will show that GFC will not take place in the future (Lane and Milesi-Ferretti, 2017).

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Further, the regulations related to the financial banks are tightened in which they maintain the
higher capital ratios and get more funds from depositors. GFC crisis risks are more in the
developing or emerging markets rather than the developed countries because they are warned
from the previous crisis. The analysis shows that another GFC is predictable in future but it will
be on different causes than the prior GFC.
Scale and impact of GFC in economies of different countries
Global financial crisis (GFC) has scale and impact on different countries’ economies and also on
the Australian economy. Australian economy was dealing with the issue of fall in the economy
which is evident that manufacturing industry today stands at 8.5% which was 12.1% in the year
2000 (Parliament of Australia, 2018). The impact of GFC on the manufacturing was less severe
than the first feared as it created the impact on the global recession was delayed and the sector's
long term decline remain to continue. Though, the major factors for this decline were the rise in
the value of the Australian dollar commencing in the year 2002 which led to a long-term
deterioration in the competitiveness of Australian manufacturing. In addition, the impact of GFC
was not limited to the manufacturing as it created the impact on the automotive industry and lead
to the high rate of the job losses (Parliament of Australia, 2018). The industry faced the sharp
decline in export with the fall in the local demand for the vehicles because the people were not
able to spend as they had limited power to spend the amount. This leads to the response of the
reforms by the government as they introduced the tax break with the other stimulus measures
with the motive to stabilise the local car market.
The trade of Australia was affected by the GFC as the Australia total merchandise trade reduced
by 11.6% in the year 2009 and experienced the first fall in exports since the year 1964-65. This

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was found that the company faced the fall in the export by $27.4 billion or 12.2% to $196.9
billion from their record peak in 2008 of $224.3 billion. Further, the import of the company also
decreases by $25.5 billion or 11.1 % to $203.2 billion (Pham, 2017). This fall in the trade of the
company affected the growth as well as the GDP of the country. Further, this has been found that
GFC not only affected the working of Australia but it also created the impact on the china, US
and European market and trade economies (Kerlin, et al, 2016). This has been evident that
manufacturing accounts for approx. 34 % of China's economy and was exposed to the real with
the immediate economic fallout from the GFC and global recession. In addition, the fall
experienced in China, the US and European and other manufacturing dramatically.
GFC originated in the developed countries mainly but it also created the impact on the
developing countries by bringing the reduction in the foreign investment, trade and remittances
which leads to the impact on the economies of the world’s poorest countries. This has been
found that by the end of 2010, the developing countries have lost an approx. of US $2.6 trillion
in the output. Further, the growth in the real GDP of the developing fell from 8.3% which was
witnessed in the year 2008 to 6.1% in the year 2008 with approx. 2.4% in the year 2009. Further,
this has been found that Eastern Europe and central Asia has faced the largest drop in the
percentage which is followed by the Latin America and Caribbean region. In addition, the IMF
suggests that the countries who are majorly dependent on the remittances like Morocco and
Tunisia could have lost up to 2% of the GDP as the result of declining flows. Thus, the analysis
shows the impact on the economies of the company which directly created an impact on the
people of the countries (Olatunji and Weihang, 2017). Further, it took a lot of time to recover
from the GFC impact and also require the resources which are must to be spent by the
companies.

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Actual or proposed reforms
GFC has made the government of different countries take the steps by forming the reforms that
can help in improving the countries performance and economies. The wide range of the reforms
efforts include’ forming more resilient financial institutions (this is mainly related to the banks),
addressing the too big to fall problems (this include systemically important financial
institutions), addressing the shadow banking risks and the forming the derivatives for the markets
safer which include the rise of financial market infrastructures (BBC News, 2018). Further, in
the year 2014 G20 president, Australian approach supported by the bank that is to focus the
G20's efforts on reaching the agreement and progressive implementation in the major reforms
(Reserve Bank of Australia, 2018). All these reforms help the financial system and banking to
look over the development of the countries and also to prevent the issues so that it won’t take
place. These issues need to be resolved as this is the only way through which the GFC condition
can be controlled and prevent for the future.
In the end, this can be concluded that the Global financial crisis is one the worldwide economic
catastrophe since the Great depression of 1929. The paper shows the discussion related to the
possible causes that lead to the financial crisis in the global market. This has been found that rise
in borrowing by banks and investors and deregulation. Further, the concept of GFC is explained
by the fact that it could be repeated again. In addition, the scale and impact of the GFC in
Australia as well in the other developing countries are explained. This impact leads to the actual
or proposed reforms that are formed by the countries government.

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References
Amadeo, K. (2018) Causes of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis [Online]. Available from:
https://www.thebalance.com/what-caused-2008-global-financial-crisis-3306176 [Accessed on
18th January 2018].
BBC News (2018) Banking reform: What has changed since the crisis? [Online]. Available
from: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-20811289 [Accessed on 18th January 2018].
Bénétrix, A.S., Lane, P.R. and Shambaugh, J.C. (2015) International currency exposures,
valuation effects and the global financial crisis. Journal of International Economics, 96, pp.S98-
S109.
Claessens, S. and Van Horen, N. (2015) The impact of the global financial crisis on banking
globalization. IMF Economic Review, 63(4), pp.868-918.
Dias, A., Rodrigues, L.L. and Craig, R. (2016) Global financial crisis and corporate social
responsibility disclosure. Social Responsibility Journal, 12(4), pp.654-671.
Kerlin, J., Malinowska-Misiąg, E., Smaga, P., Witkowski, B., Nowak, A.K., Kozłowska, A. and
Wiśniewski, P. (2016) European Bank Restructuring During the Global Financial Crisis.
Springer.
Lane, M.P.R. and Milesi-Ferretti, M.G.M. (2017) International financial integration in the
aftermath of the global financial crisis. International Monetary Fund.

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Olatunji, J. and Weihang, H. (2017) The Effect and Policy Analysis of Global Financial Crisis on
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Oliver, S. (2018) Seven lessons from the Global Financial Crisis for investors [Online].
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Pham, J. (2017) How did the GFC affect developing countries? [Online]. Available from:
http://economicstudents.com/2017/05/gfc-affect-developing-countries/ [Accessed on 18th January
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Reserve Bank of Australia (2018) The Regulatory Response to the Global Financial Crisis
[Online]. Available from:
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